词汇学名词解释,复习提纲

词汇学名词解释,复习提纲词汇学名词解释,复习提纲词汇学名词解释,复习提纲V:1.0精细整理，仅供参考词汇学名词解释,复习提纲日期：20xx年X月第一章：Awordcanbedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunctionThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary.①OldEnglish(OE)(449-1100)OEischracterizedbythefrequentuseofcompounds.SomeOEcompoundsinvolvingalliterationhavesurvivedinModern85%ofOEwordsarenolongerinuse.②MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)MEischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.（lawandgovernmentaladministration）③ModernEnglish(1500-thepresent)Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyanditscauses：A.markedprogressofscienceandtechnology（software,hardware）,politicalandculturalchanges（creditcard,fringebenefit,pressurecooker）C.influenceofotherculturesandlanguages（maotai,sputnik）classificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria1.Byorigin：nativewordsandloanwords。Nativewords(Anglo-SaxonoriginofOE)Loanwords(borrowedfromotherlanguage)featuresofbasicwordstock:toformcollocations.levelofusage(1)Commonwords:stylisticallyneutral,appropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeech(2)Literarywords:chieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.A.archaicwords:Theyaresometimesemployedinpoetry,businessletters,legaldocuments,religiousspeeches,andproses.words（thedeep(thesea),slumber(sleep)maiden(girl),etc.）(3)colloquialwords：mainlyusedinspokenEnglish,orininformalwriting.(4)slangwords（kickthebucket,top-notchteachers,buzz(telephonecall)(5)technicalwords（psychoanalysis,interlanguage,discovery,assaultandcoversation）3.BynotionFunctionwords:determiners,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries.Contentwords:nouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs.第二章：Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Theclassificationofmorpheme：andboundmorphemes：Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance.Itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.2.rootsandaffixes1)roots:Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.A.freeroots：InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes.B.boundroots：Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin.2)affixesA.inflectionalaffixes:plurality,tense,comparativeorsuperlativedegree.B.derivationalaffixes(prefixesandsuffixes)第三章：1.Derivation(1)prefixes：Prefixescanbeclassifiedintothefollowingcategoriesbytheir.表“方式”的前缀（）B.表“态度”的前缀C.表“程度”的前缀D.表“时间”的前缀E.表“地点”的前缀F.表“否定”的前缀G.表“大小”的前缀(2)suffixes(1)-ee:加于动词后，表示受事者或施事者(2)-eer:由其构成的名词有时含有贬义，表达作者或说话人对某人的蔑视态度(3）-er:由其构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活泼，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4)-ism(5)-wise:(intermsof,sofaras...isconcerned)在......方面，就......来说isaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzero–derivation.Typesofconversion1.①NtoVconversionA.toputin/onN把.......放入.......使.......处于.......B.togiveN,toprovidewithN给予，提供C.todepriveofN去掉D.to......withN用......来做E.tobe/actasNwithrespectto像......那样F.tomake/oN使......成为......，把.......改变为......G.tosend/gobyNH.tospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyN②Adjtothistypeofverbmeans"tomake/become...adj.”Someadjectivescanonlybeconvertedintotransitiveverbs.③adv.toV（toup.Todown）④conjunctiontoV（tobut）2.①VtoN这一类词常与动词have,take,give,make等词搭配使用形成一个短语2)表示行动的结果（afind,acatch,acough,etc.）3)原动词表示一种行动或行为，转化为名词后表示行为的主体，如：（abore,acheat,asneak,acoach,agoodkick）②AtoN(1)PartialconversionA.表示一种类的概念，指具有某种特点的一类人，不指个别人。B.以-s,-sh,-se,-ch结尾表示民族概念的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族C.表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西D.最高级形容词转化为名词，其中一些词用在固定词组或英语习语词组中。E.过去分词构成的形容词转化为名词。这类词前面加定冠词，不指一般人，而指特定的人。(2)Completeconversion3.NtoA.英语中的名词可以直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形容词词尾，也不需要任何格的变化，这样的定语就是名词定语.3.Compoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorewordstoformanewunit,acompoundword.Classificationofcompounds1.Nouncompounds(1)a+n（harddisk,easychair,deadline)(2)n+n（mousemat,DreamTeam,informationhighway,etc.)（3)adv+n（after-effect,overburden）(4)gerund+n（chewinggum,readinglamp）(5）presentparticiple+n（rulingclass,floatingbridge(6)v+n（swearword,driveway）(7)n+v（nightfall,toothpick,watersupply,snowfall）(8)v+adv(show-off,put-off)(9）adv+v(downfall,upset,upstart)2.adjectivecompounds(1)由状语转化而成的复合形容词（anoff-thecuffopinion(临时想起的一点意见）(2）短语动词（astand-upcollar(竖领）(3）动词不定式（take-homepay(扣除税后的实得工资）across-borderraid(越界袭击）(4）定语从句压缩（adifficult-to-operatemachine）3.verbcompounds第四章：Acronymy:Initialism词首字母缩略词andAcronyms首字母缩略词Initialisms(首字母缩略词）Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropernameatechnicalterm,oraphrase.（BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation),VIP(VeryImportantPerson)Threetypesoflettersrepresentfullwords:（CIA=CentralIntelligenceAgencyofthe）lettersrepresentelementsinacompoundorjustpartofaword:（ID=Identification(card)3.Aletterrepresentsthecompleteformofthefirstword,whilethesecondwordisinfullform.(V-Day=VictoryDay)Acronyms:arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.(SAM=surface-to-airmissileSALT=StrategicArmsLimitationTalks)Rapidgrowthofacronymsandinitialisms:space-savingandtime-savingdevicesClipping:1.Backclippings:(ad=advertisement;gas=gasoline)clippings:(chute=parachute;)andbackclippings:（flu=influenza;fridge=refrigerator）4.Phraseclippings:（pub=publichouse;pop=popularmusic）Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfull.Firstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondword:（botel(boat+hotel):汽艇游客旅馆）2.Firstpartofthefirstword+Firstpartofthesecondword:（psywar(psychological+warfare):心理战）3.Wholeformofthefirstword+lastpartpartofthesecondword:（viedophone(viedo+telephone))4.Firstpartofthefirstword+Wholeformofthesecondword:（helipad(helicopter+pad)从文体色彩来看，拼缀词可分为以下三大类：1.俚语或临时语2.科技用语3.报刊用语Back-formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.WordsFromProperNamesFromnamesofpeopleFromnamesofplacesFromtrdemarksFromliterature第五章：WordMeaningandSemanticFeatures1.ConventionalityandMotivationConventionality归略法：MostEnglishwordsareconventioal,arbitrarysymbols;consequently,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditsMotivation有理据的：Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.①Phoneticmotivation:Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwords,whosepronounciationsuggeststheshowacloserelationshipofsoundtosense.（miaowofacat;roarofalion;quackofaduck）②Morphologicalmotivation:Whenawordismorphologicallymotivated,adirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.（anticancer,kilometer,etc.）③Semanticmotivation:Itreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactors.Itisakindofmentalassociation.隐喻：在20世纪的绝大部分的时间里，隐喻被认为是语义演变的主要因素。相似性是构成隐喻的基础，是词义得以演变的依据theeyeofaneedle(针眼）theeyeofapotato(土豆的芽眼）相似性包括外观相似、功能相似、褒贬相似、心理相似等。隐喻的分类（1）结构隐喻：一个概念通过隐喻的方式系统地用另一个概念表达出来，两个概念具有结构上的相似性（2）方位隐喻：方位隐喻是指参照空间方位而构建的一系列隐喻概念。（3）本体隐喻：用关于物体的概念或概念结构来认识和理解我们的经验，如可将抽象的概念喻说成具体的物体，可使后者的有关特征映射到前者上去。（4）容器隐喻：将本体（不是容器的事物，如大地、视野、事件、行动、状态、心境等）视为一种容器（5）拟人隐喻：将事体视为具有人性。转喻：转喻基于邻近联想突显性（salience)一件事情、一个物体或一个概念有很多属性，而人的认知往往更多地注意到其最突出、最容易记忆和理解的属性，即突显属性。语境依赖性typesofwordmeaninggrammaticalmeaning语法意义指词中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义，如词的词性、名词的单复数、动词的时态。Lexicalmeaning①denotativemeaning/conceptualmeaning/cognitivemeaningItisthecentralfactorinlinguisticdenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.Itisthataspectoflexicalmeaningwhichmakescommunicationpossible.②Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind③Comparedwithconceptualmeaning,connotativemeaningisperipheral,andrelativelyunstable,thatis,itmayvaryaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Socialorstylisticmeaning：OneoftheconsequencesofthewayinwhichEnglishhasdevelopedoverthepast1,500yearshasbeentheemergenceofdifferentstyles.ThishasbeenpartlyduetotheinfluxofnewwordsfromotherlanguagessuchasLatinandFrenchandpartlytothevarietyofsocialneedswhichEnglishhashadtofulfill..Affective.Reflexivemeaning：Reflexivemeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeanings,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.meaning：Theassociationsawordgetsbecauseofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitslinguisticcontextarecalledcollocativemeanings.meaningi：mainlyamatterofchoicebetweenalternativegrammaticalconstructions.3.文化差异：文化差异往往和不可译性联系起来，主要表现在带有文化含义的语项翻译上。英汉两种语言所体现出来的文化异同表现在多个方面，但主要集中在概念意义和联想意义上，可粗略归类为等额对应、差额对应和文化空缺。(1)等额对应，是指甲文化语境下的某一表达形式在另一语言文化背景下能找到现成的表达形式。（入乡随俗WheninRome,doastheRomansdo）(2)差额对应指英汉两种语言都拥有某一文化概念，但两种概念在文化语义层面并不完全对应。(母亲望子成龙Themotherlongstoseehersonbecomeadragon.)4.英汉文化差异的表现(1)动物的联想意义(狗急跳墙Acorneredbeastwilldosomethingdesperate)(2)颜色的联想意义(红包redenvelope红娘matchmaker)第六章：：Whenawordhastwoormoremeaningsthatarerelatedconceptuallyorhistorically,itissaidtobepolysemousorisalsoanessentialfeatureoflanguage’seconomyandefficiency.approachestopolysemy：Oneisdiachronic,theotherissynchronic.ProcessesleadingtopolysemyA.Concatenation2.语境是帮助译者确定多义词词义的最有效的途径。我们在此主要探讨两种语境，即话题语境和搭配语境在翻译实践中确定多义词词义的作用。1.话题语境：话题指话语所涉及的主题或内容common一词在法律领域与其他词搭配完全丧失了“普通的；共有的”等含义。（commonassurance物权证书）2.搭配语境：搭配语境指的是句子成分内部词与词的搭配使用3.Homonymy.Typesofhomonyms:①Perfecthomonyms:wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.②Homophones:wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.③Homographs:wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.4.Thestylisticvalueofpolysemyandhomonymy:Contextplaysaveryimportantroleinthehearer’sinterpretationofwordsofthesetwoandhomonymouswordsarestylisticallyusefultoachievehumourorirony,ortoheightendramaticeffect.第七章：1.Synonymy：Therearealsowordsthatsounddifferentbuthavethesamemeaning.Suchwordsarecalledsynonyms,andthesenserelationof“samenessofmeaning”iscalledsynonymy.Twokindsofsynonyms①Complete(perfect)synonyms：areveryrare.Examplesarespirantsandfricativesinphonetics,word-formationandword-buildinginlexicology.②Relativesynonyms：differfromcompletesynonymsinthefollowingrespects:(1)Indegreeofagivenqualityorin(2)Inaffectiveandstylisticmeaning(3)Incollocationanddistribution：Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareoftencalledantonyms.AndtheoppositenessofmeaningiscalledofAntonyms（1）Contraries(相对性反义词)Contrariesdisplayatypeofsemanticcontrast,illustratedbysuchpairsasrichandpoor,heavyandlight,.Complementaries(Contradictories)(互补反义词)Complementariesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticcontrast.Inacomplementarypairthecontrastbetweenthetwotermsisabsolute,thatistheyareinsucharelationshipthat“theassertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother:anentitycannotbebothatonce.”3.Conversives(反向或逆反反义词)Antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofmorphologicalstructure1.Rootantonyms：Wordslikelove-hate,up-downarerootantonymsfortheyarewordswithdifferent.Derivationalantonyms：Wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes.Somerelevantpointsaboutantonyms1.Markedandunmarkedmembers：Antonymsoftendonothaveequalstatuswithrespecttomarkedness.Incertainpairsofgradableantonyms,onewordismarkedandtheotherunmarked.2.Somewordswithoutantonyms3.Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances：1)Differentcircumstancesgiverisetodifferentantonyms:2)Differentcontextsbringaboutdifferentantonyms3)Somewordswithdifferentcollocationshavedifferentantonyms4.Lexicalantonymsvs.syntacticnegation：Lexicalantonymyisoftenstrongerthansyntacticnegation(usingnot).Hyponymy：WeknowthattheEnglishwordsred,white,blue,etc.are“colour”terms,thatis,theyhavethefeatureindicatingacategorytowhichtheyallbelong.Semantic(Lexical)fields第八章：Twotypesofcontextcontext语言语境(1)Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.(2)Grammaticalgrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword(3)Verbalverbalcontext,initsbroadsense,maycoveranentirepassage,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.context(Contextofsituation)非语言语境(1)Theactualspeechsituationinwhichawordoccurs(2)Theentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventhastobeset.Thevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaning1.Eliminatingambiguities：Ambiguityreferstoaword,phrase,sentenceoragroupofsentenceswithmorethanonepossibleinterpretationormeaning2.Conveyingemotionalovertone3.Indicatingreferentsandtherangeofthemeaningofaword1.Suggestedwaysforthecorrectcomprehensionofwordmeaninguseofanup-to-dateandadequatemonolingualdictionary2.AgoodknowledgeofthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingoftheabilitytodeterminethemeaningofawordfromitscontext第九章：CausesofchangesinwordmeaningHistoricalcauseSocialcauseForeigninfluencesLinguisticcausePsychologicalcause词义演变三动因①客观动因：客观世界每一个引起人们注意的变化都会及时地反映到词义中。②主观动因：语言的使用者是人，人的主观世界如思想观念和心理感情等的变化必然导致词义演变。③语言动因：词义的演变跟语言本身的发展也有关。由于语言接触，出现借词的大量涌入，使原有词的词义发生演变。FourtendenciesinsemanticchangeRestrictionofmeaning(specialization)1.词义的缩小（specializationornarrowing）指词从原先表达外延较宽的概念缩小到外延较狭窄的概念。（1）从泛指到特指：meat原指“各种食物”，在sweetmeat（甜食）,greenmeat（蔬菜）（2）从抽象到具体：room一词从前的意义是“空间”、“地方”（3）从普通名词到专有名词.prophet(预言者，先知）写成theProphet时，伊斯兰教徒都知道是指穆罕默德；（4)从一般词语到术语。许多科学术语都来自一般词语。recovery(恢复），ofmeaning(generalization)词义的扩大指从原先表达外延较狭窄的概念扩大到外延较宽的概念，其结果是新义大于旧义，旧义包含在新义之中。（1）从特指到泛指bird(幼鸟-----鸟）（2）从具体到抽象grasp的原义是用手“抓牢，握紧”，指的是具体的动作。（3）从术语到一般词语bullish(股市看涨的)源自股市的“牛市的”、“行情看涨的”（4）从专有名词到普通名词sandwitch(三明治，夹肉面包