2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号76

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

这部长达103分钟的纪录片《穹顶之下》于2月28日登上中国各大视频网站，它是由前央视记者柴静自费拍摄制作。影片一经发布就迅速引起公众对于空气污染的关注，也鼓励了人们要有所行动。新任环保部长陈吉宁表示，他已经联系了柴静并表达了感谢。在3月1日的新闻发布会上，他表示，保护环境从来不是环保部门的“个人行为”，欢迎人人贡献出自己的一份力。与此同时，一些专家也提醒观众，在被视频感动的同时，也要注意到片子也有其不足之处。

【答案】UndertheDome,a103-minutedocumentaryself-fundedbyformernewsanchorChaiJing,wasreleasedonvideo-sharingwebsitesinChinaonFeb28.Ithasrapidlypushedthepublicawarenessaboutairpollutionandencouragedpeopletojoinineffortstomakeadifference.ChenJining,newlyappointedministerofenvironmentalprotection,saidhehadcontactedChaitoexpresshisappreciation.“Protectingtheenvironmentisnevera‘personalaffair’ofenvironmentalauthorities.Wewelcomeeverybody’scontribution,”ChentoldthepressonMarch1st.Meanwhile,expertsremindmovedviewersofthefilm’slimitations.

2.单选题

Thatpartofthecityhaslongbeen______foritsstreetviolence.

问题1选项

A.notorious

B.responsible

C.historical

D.illegal

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项notorious“声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”；B选项responsible“负责的，可靠的；有责任的”；C选项historical“历史的；史学的；基于史实的”；D选项illegal“非法的；违法的；违反规则的”。句意：该市的那个地区长期以来因街头暴力而臭名昭著。因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists.Afterall,thereisnonaturalreasonwhy2,500peopleshouldaccidentallyshootthemselveseachyearorwhy7,000shoulddrownor55,000dieintheircars.Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.

AfewyearsagoaCanadianpsychologistnamedGeraldWildebecameinterestedinthisphenomenon.HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.Wildedevelopedanintriguingtheorycalled“riskhomeostasis”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger.If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.Otherstudieshaveshownthatwhereanintersectionismadesafer,theaccidentrateinvariablyfallstherebutrisestoacompensatinglevelelsewherealongthesamestretchofroad.Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.

Inallevents,itisbecomingclearerandclearertoscientiststhatthefactorsinfluencingourlifespanarefarmoresubtleandcomplexthanhadbeenpreviouslythought.Itnowappearsthatifyouwishtolivealonglife,itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions:eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.Youmustalsohavetherightattitude.ScientistsattheDukeUniversityMedicalCentermadea15-yearstudyof500persons’personalitiesandfound,somewhattotheirsurprise,thatpeoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.

1.Whatsocialscientistshavelongfeltpuzzledaboutiswhy______.

2.Inhisresearch,GeraldWildefindsthattechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandards______.

3.Accordingtothetheoryof“riskhomeostasis”,sometrafficaccidentsresultfrom_______.

4.Bysaying“...statisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers”(Para.2),theauthormeans______.

5.Whichofthefollowingmaycontributetoalongerlifespan?

问题1选项

A.themortalityratecannotbepredicted

B.thedeathtollremainedstableyearafteryear

C.aquotaforeachtypeofdeathhasnotcomeintobeing

D.peoplelosttheirliveseveryyearforthisorthatreason

问题2选项

A.havehelpedsolvetheproblemofsohighdeathrate

B.haveoddlyaccountedformortalityratesinthepastcentury

C.havereducedmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeaths

D.haveachievednoeffectinbringingdownthenumberofdeaths

问题3选项

A.ourinnatedesireforrisk

B.ourfastandrecklessdriving

C.ourignoranceofseatbeltbenefits

D.ourinstinctiveinterestinspeeding

问题4选项

A.wearingseatbeltsdoesnothaveanybenefitsfromthestatisticpointofview

B.deathsfromwearingseatbeltsarethesameasthosefromnotwearingthem

C.deathsfromotherreasonscounterbalancethebenefitsofwearingseatbelts

D.wearingseatbeltsdoesnotnecessarilyreducedeathsfromtrafficaccidents

问题5选项

A.Showingadequatetrustinsteadofsuspicionofothers.

B.Eatingthefoodlowinfatanddrivingwithgreatcare.

C.Cultivatinganoptimisticpersonalityandneverlosingheart.

D.Lookingonthebrightsideanddevelopingabalancedlevelofrisk.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists...Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.（死亡率的可预测性长期以来一直困扰着社会科学家……没有人为每种死亡类型设定一个限额。他们只是年复一年地遵循着一种一成不变的模式。）”由此可知B选项“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”说法正确。A选项“死亡率无法预测”，文章的意思为死亡人数年复一年保持稳定，所以社会科学家很难预测死亡率的变化，并不是说死亡率不可预测，所以A选项说法错误；C选项“还没有形成每种死亡类型的限额”和D选项“人们每年因为这个或那个原因而失去生命”虽然文中都有提到，但这些都是死亡人数保持稳定的原因，不是主要困扰社会科学家们的问题。因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.（他注意到，整个世纪以来，尽管在这段时间里发生了所有的技术进步和安全标准提高，西方世界的暴力和意外死亡死亡率一直保持着奇怪的稳定。）”，由此可知技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数，所以D选项“没有达到降低死亡人数的效果”说法正确。A选项“帮助解决了高死亡率的问题”、B选项“在过去的一个世纪中对死亡率的解释很奇怪”以及C选项“减少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事实，因此D选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger...Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.（根据这一理论，人们本能地生活在一定程度的风险中。当某物变得更安全时，人们会以某种方式绕过该措施，重新确认原来的危险水平……这样看来，我们对危险有一种天生的需求。）”，由此可知A选项“我们天生的冒险欲望”说法正确。B选项“我们的快速和鲁莽驾驶”；C选项“我们对安全带好处的无知”；D选项“我们对超速的本能兴趣”文章虽然都有提到，但那些都并不是体内风险平衡理论主要阐述的导致交通事故的根本原因，因此A选项正确。

4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.（例如，如果他们被要求系上安全带，他们会感到更安全，因此会开车更快一点，更鲁莽一点，从而从统计学上抵消了安全带带来的好处。）”，由此可知从统计学的角度说，开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加抵消了系保险带引起的死亡人数减少的好处，所以C选项“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全带的好处”符合题意。A选项“从统计的角度来看，系安全带没有任何好处”和B选项“系安全带和不系安全带造成的死亡是一样的”以及D选项“系上安全带不一定能减少交通事故的死亡人数”都不是作者想要表达的意思。因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“peoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.（性格多疑的人比性格开朗的人更容易过早死亡）”可知A选项“对他人表现出足够的信任而不是怀疑”说法错误，文章提到的是要保持性格开朗，C选项“培养乐观的性格，永不气馁”正确；根据最后一段“itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions:eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.（这不仅仅是坚持某些预防措施的问题：吃正确的食物，不吸烟，小心驾驶。）”可知B选项“吃低脂肪的食物，小心驾驶”说法错误，正确的食物不等于低脂肪的食物；根据文章最后一句话“Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.（往好的方面看，它似乎可以延长你的寿命。）”可知D选项“看到光明的一面，发展一个平衡的风险水平”说法错误，后半句文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Patientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.

Severalstudiesoverthepastthreedecadeshavereportedthatpeoplecanretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemoriesofthingsthathappenedwhiletheywerebeingoperatedon.Butfailurebyotherresearcherstoconfirmsuchfindingshasledskepticstospeculatethatthepatientswhorememberedtheseeventsmightbrieflyhaveregainedconsciousnessinthecourseofoperations.

GittaLubke,PeterSebelandcolleaguesatEmoryUniversityinAtlantameasuredthedepthofanesthesiausingbispectralanalysis,atechniquewhichmeasureschangesinbrainwavepatternsinthefrontallobesmomentbymomentduringsurgery.Beforethisstudy,researchersonlytookanaveragemeasurementoverthewholeoperation,saysLubke.

Lubkestudied96traumapatientsundergoingemergencysurgery,manyofwhomweretooseverelyinjuredtotoleratefullanesthesia.Duringsurgery,eachpatientworeheadphonesthroughwhichaseriesof16wordswasrepeatedfor3minuteseach.Atthesametime,bispectralanalysisrecordedthedepthofanesthesia.

Aftertheoperation,Lubketestedthepatientsbyshowingthemthefirstthreelettersofaword,suchas“lim-”,andaskingthemtocompleteit.Patientswhohadhadawordstartingwiththeselettersplayedduringsurgery—“limit”,forexample—chosethatwordanaverageof11percentmoreoftenthanpatientswhohadbeenplayedadifferentwordlist.Noneofthepatientshadanyconsciousmemoryofhearingthewordlists.

Unconsciousprimingwasstrongestforwordsplayedwhenpatientsweremostlightlyanaesthetized.Butitwasstatisticallysignificantevenwhenpatientswerefullyanaesthetizedwhenthewordwasplayed.

ThisfindingwhichwillbepublishedinthejournalAnesthesiologycouldmeanthatoperatingtheatrestaffshouldbemorediscreet.“Whattheysayduringsurgerymaydistresspatientsafterwards,”saysPhilipMerikle,apsychologistattheUniversityofWaterloo,Ontario.

1.Scientistshavefoundthatdeepanesthesia______.

2.Bythenewstudythetechniqueofbyspectralanalysishelpsthescientists______.

3.Totestthepatientsthescientists______.

4.Theresultsfromthenewstudyindicatethatitwaspossibleforthepatients______.

5.Whatwecaninferfromthefindingis______.

问题1选项

A.islikelytoaffecthearing

B.cannotblocksurgeon’swords

C.cancauseseriousdamagestomemory

D.helpstoretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemories

问题2选项

A.acquireanaveragemeasurementofbrainwavechangesoverthewholesurgery

B.decidewhetherthepatientwouldretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemories

C.relatetheirmeasurementsandrecordingstotheverbalsoundsduringsurgery

D.assurethedepthofanesthesiaduringsurgery

问题3选项

A.preparedtwolistsofwords

B.usedninety-sixheadphonesforlistening

C.conductedthewholeexperimentforthreeminutes

D.voicedonlythefirstthreelettersofsixteenwordsduringsurgery

问题4选项

A.toregainconsciousnessundertheknife

B.totellonewordfromanotheraftersurgery

C.torecallwhathadbeenheardduringsurgery

D.tooverreacttodeepanesthesiainthecourseofoperation

问题5选项

A.howsurgeonmalpracticecanbeprevented

B.whyasurgeoncannotbetoocareful

C.whysurgeonsshouldholdtheirtonguesduringsurgery

D.howthepostoperativepatientscanretainsubconsciousmemories

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段“Patientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.（一项新的研究表明，即使病人没有醒来，他们也能回忆起在全身麻醉下听到的声音。）”也就是说，全麻不会阻止病人听到医生说的话，所以B选项“不能阻挡外科医生的话”符合原文。A选项“可能影响听力”和C选项“会对记忆造成严重损害”文章没有提及；D选项“帮助保持有意识或潜意识的记忆”中的“帮助”表述不当，所以不正确。因此B选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据第二段“Severalstudiesoverthepastthreedecadeshavereportedthatpeoplecanretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemoriesofthingsthathappenedwhiletheywerebeingoperatedon.（过去30年里的几项研究报告称，人们可以对手术过程中发生的事情保持有意识或潜意识的记忆。）”和第三段“...usingbispectralanalysis,atechniquewhichmeasureschangesinbrainwavepatternsinthefrontallobesmomentbymomentduringsurgery.（使用双谱分析技术测量了麻醉深度，这种技术可以测量手术过程中大脑额叶中脑电波模式的变化。）”可知双谱分析技术是帮助科学家们决定病人是保留有意识的记忆还是潜意识的记忆，所以B选项“判断病人是否会保留有意识的记忆或潜意识的记忆”正确。由第三段“Beforethisstudy,researchersonlytookanaveragemeasurementoverthewholeoperation（在这项研究之前，研究人员只对整个手术进行了平均测量）”可知A选项“获得整个手术期间脑电波变化的平均测量值”说法错误；C选项“将他们的测量和录音与手术过程中的语音联系起来”和D选项“术中保证麻醉深度”不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据第五段Patientswhohadhadawordstartingwiththeselettersplayedduringsurgery—“limit”,forexample—chosethatwordanaverageof11percentmoreoftenthanpatientswhohadbeenplayedadifferentwordlist.（那些在手术中播放以这些字母开头的单词的患者——例如，“limit”——选择这个单词的频率比播放不同单词列表的患者平均高11%）可推断出有两个不同的单词表，所以A选项“准备了两份单词表”正确。B选项“使用了九十六个耳机听”；C选项“整个实验进行了三分钟”；D选项“在手术中只发声16个单词的前三个字母”都不符合原文，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据第一段“Patientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.（一项新的研究表明，即使病人没有醒来，他们也能回忆起在全身麻醉下听到的声音。）”可知对病人来说。回忆起手术期间听到的东西是有可能的，所以C选项“回忆手术中听到的一切”正确。A选项“在刀下恢复意识”；B选项“手术后说出一个词和另一个词”；D选项“在手术过程中对深度麻醉反应过度”都不符合原文，因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“...operatingtheatrestaffshouldbemorediscreet...Whattheysayduringsurgerymaydistresspatientsafterwards（……这可能意味着手术室的工作人员应该更加谨慎……他们在手术中说的话可能会让病人在手术后感到痛苦）”可推断出工作人员在手术期间最好不要说话，所以C选项“为什么外科医生在手术时不应该说话”符合题意。A选项“如何防止外科医生渎职”；B选项“为什么外科医生越小心越好”；D选项“术后患者如何保持潜意识记忆”均不符合原文，因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

BecausewehadeatenturkeyonThanksgivingforsomanyyears,wewonderedwhethersomeotherdishmightbeanequallytasty______.

问题1选项

A.alternative

B.alternation

C.altercation

D.allusion

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项alternative“二中择一；供替代的选择；替代品”；B选项alternation“交替，轮流，间隔”；C选项altercation“争论；争吵；争辩；口角”；D选项allusion“典故；暗指；提及；故事”。句意：由于这么多年来我们在感恩节时都吃火鸡，我们从未想过是否其他的饭菜会成为同样可口的替代。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Imagineadiseasespreadingacrosstheglobe,killingmostlymiddle-agedpeopleorleavingthemchronicallydisabled.Thenonedayresearcherscomeupwithadrugthatcanpreventsomeofthedisease’snastiereffects.Youwouldthinktheworld’sageingpublicwouldbeeternallygrateful.

Thediseasedoesexist.Itiscalledtobaccoaddiction.Thedrugtooisrealandinanimaltestshaspreventedlungdamagethatleadstoemphysema.Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.

Onthefaceofittheseresponsesmakesense.Itisingrainedinsocietythatsmokershaveonlythemselvestoblameandtheirsalvationliesinasimpleactofwill.Iftheywillnotquitsmoking,theycannotexpecthelpfromanyoneelse.

Butthislogicisflawed.Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.IntheUK,theproportionofpeoplewhosmokehasnotfalleninadecade.Tobaccohasapowerfulgrip,andmanysmokerarecaughtinatraptheycannotescape:theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.

Thisreasoningishardformanytoswallow.Itcertainlyleavesgovernmentsandanti-smokinggroupsinabind.Theyarehappytopaylipservicetomethodsforreducingharm—ofwhichthreeareagrowingnumber—buttheyareslowtocreatepoliciesbaseduponthem.EuropeanUnioncountries,forexample,tookyearstoevenconsiderregulatingthedangerousadditivesincigarettes.

Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengiventoyoungsters.Butthatmessagewon’tchange,inthepresentcase,evenifbothdrugsturnouttoworkinhumantrials,theywouldnotprotectagainstallthedeadlysideeffectsofsmoking.Andthedrugsdonothavetobefreetoall.Theycouldbeavailableonlyonprescriptionforpeoplewhodoctorsbelievegenuinelycannotgiveup.

Therearethingsthatnodrugaimedatharmreductionwilleverbeabletodo.Itwillnotcutpassivesmokingorstoptobaccocompaniespersuadingmillionsofteenagerstolightup.Forthesereasonsallotherwaystocountersmokingmustcontinue,frombanningtobaccoadvertisingtoraisingtobaccotaxes.Butitwouldbeamistaketoignoretheharmreductionmeasures.Forthosewhoarenotconvinced,forgetsmokersforamoment.Preventivedrugscouldalsohelpnon-smokers,especiallythoseworkinglonghoursas,say,musiciansandbarstaffinsmokyrooms.Shouldwedenythemtoo?

1.Thestatement“Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets”impliesthat______.

2.Theauthorarguesthat______.

3.Theauthoristryingtoemphasizethatthedrugs______.

4.Thedrugs,accordingtotheauthor,areexpected______.

5.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat______.

问题1选项

A.thedrugshavereceivedsuspicion

B.theinventorsjustpresentedasideshow

C.itwilltaketimeforthepublictoacceptthenewdrug

D.theeffectsofthedrugneedfurthertestonhumantrials

问题2选项

A.nosmokerisexpectedtosucceedinquitting

B.smokersdeservetheharmsmokingdoestothem

C.smokerswithresolutiontostopsmokingneedhelp

D.smokerscouldsucceedwithstrongresolutiontogiveup

问题3选项

A.aremainlyaimedatyoungsters

B.shouldbeavailabletosmokersfreeofcharge

C.willnotchangethemessagethattobaccokills

D.helpregulatethedangerousadditivesincigarettes

问题4选项

A.toperformpreventivefunctionsinnon-smokers

B.toreducethenumberofpassivesmokers

C.toenforcethecombatagainstsmoking

D.alloftheabove

问题5选项

A.withinnovativedrugssmokerscanstillenjoypersonalgratificationsandstayhealthy

B.ifadrugcansavelives,weshouldn’twithholditwithoutgoodreason

C.thebattleagainstsmokingisfarfromwon

D.therewillbeasafewaytosmoke

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.（但是这些发明家没有收到任何花束。流行的医学观点似乎是，药物只是次要的，它分散了吸烟者的任务，戒烟。另一种可以保护吸烟者不患癌症的实验性药物也受到怀疑，因为它可以给吸烟者一个不戒烟的借口。）”，由此可知这些发明家发明的药物受到人们的怀疑，所以A选项“这些药物已经受到怀疑”符合题意。B选项“发明家只是表演了一个小插曲”；C选项“公众接受这种新药需要一段时间”；D选项“药物的效果需要进一步的人体试验”都与题干无关。因此A选项正确。

2.观点态度题。根据第四段“Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.（然而，即使使用尼古丁口香糖、贴片和药物来缓解这种折磨，戒烟率仍然低于10%。）”可知A选项“预计没有烟民会成功戒烟”错误；根据第四段最后一句“theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知B选项“吸烟者应该受到吸烟所造成的伤害”说法错误；根据第四段“Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.（对吸烟者进行调查，你会发现三分之二的人想要戒烟，三分之一的人在前一年已经尝试过了）”以及“theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知C选项“决心戒烟的人需要帮助”正确；D选项“吸烟者可以通过坚定的决心戒烟成功”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。

3.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengiventoyoungsters.Butthatmessagewon’tchange,inthepresentcase,evenifbothdrugsturnouttoworkinhumantrials,theywouldnotprotectagainstallthedeadlysideeffectsofsmoking.（一种担心是，减少烟草危害的方法会淡化烟草致人死亡的信息——尤其是对青少年而言。但在目前的情况下，这一信息不会改变，即使这两种药物在人体试验中都有效，它们也不能预防吸烟的所有致命副作用。）”可知作者强调该药物不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息，所以C选项“不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息”正确。A选项“主要针对年轻人”说法错误，该药物针对的是所有烟民；B选项“应该免费提供给吸烟者”说法错误，文章提到“Andthedrugsdonothavetobefreetoall.Theycouldbeavailableonlyonprescriptionforpeoplewhodoctorsbelievegenuinelycannotgiveup.（而且药物并不一定要对所有人免费。只有医生认为真正不能放弃的人才能买到这种药。）”；D选项“帮助控制香烟中的危险添加剂”文章没有提到，因此C选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Forthesereasonsallotherwaystocountersmokingmustcontinue,frombanningtobaccoadvertisingtoraisingtobaccotaxes.（出于这些原因，从禁止烟草广告到提高烟草税，所有其他抵制吸烟的方式都必须继续下去。）”，由此可知该药物将会加强反对吸烟的斗争，所以C选项“加强反对吸烟的斗争”正确。A选项“对不吸烟者起到预防作用”，文章提到“Preventivedrugscouldalsohelpnon-smokers（预防性药物也可以帮助不吸烟者）”，并没有提到预防作用，只说会有帮助，A选项错误；B选项“减少被动吸烟的数量”说法错误，文章最后一段提到“Itwillnotcutpassivesmokingorstoptobaccocompaniespersuadingmillionsofteenagerstolightup.（它不会减少被动吸烟，也不会阻止烟草公司劝说数百万青少年吸烟。）”；D选项“以上都是”。因此C选项正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲了能预防吸烟带来的不良后果的药物。文章提到这种药物受到很多质疑，并且一一回答了它们。文章最后一段提到有些东西是任何药物都无法做到的，所以呼吁人们提高禁烟意识，并且参与到禁烟活动中去。由此可知人们的反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利，所以C选项“反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利”正确。A选项“有了创新药物，吸烟者仍然可以享受个人满足和保持健康”说法错误，文章并没有提到这一观点；B选项“如果一种药物可以挽救生命，我们不应该没有充分的理由就拒绝它”，文章也没有提到，且人们对新药物持质疑态度也是可行的；D选项“将会有一个更安全的吸烟方式”并不是文章所侧重的，因此C选项正确。

7.翻译题

Asimilarmovementisgoingonbeforeourowneyes.Modernbourgeoissociety,withitsrelationsofproduction,ofexchangeandofproperty,asocietythathasconjuredupsuchgiganticmeansofproductionandofexchange,islikethesorcererwhoisnolongerabletocontrolthepowersofthenetherworldwhomhehascalledupbyhisspells.Formanyadecadepast,thehistoryofindustryandcommerceisbutthehistoryoftherevoltofmodernproductiveforcesagainstmodernconditionsofproduction,againstthepropertyrelationsthataretheconditionsfortheexistenceofthebourgeoisandofitsrule.Itisenoughtomentionthecommercialcrisesthat,bytheirperiodicalreturn,puttheexistenceoftheentirebourgeoissocietyonitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly.Inthesecrises,agreatpartnotonlyoftheexistingproducts,butalsoofthepreviouslycreatedproductiveforces,areperiodicallydestroyed.Inthesecrises,therebreaksoutanepidemicthat,inallearlierepochs,wouldhaveseemedanabsurdity—theepidemicofover-production.Societysuddenlyfindsitselfputbackintoastateofmomentarybarbarism;itappearsasifafamine,auniversalwarofdevastation,hadcutoffthesupplyofeverymeansofsubsistence;industryandcommerceseemtobedestroyed.Andwhy?

Becausethereistoomuchcivilization,toomuchmeansofsubsistence,toomuchindustry,toomuchcommerce.Theproductiveforcesatthedisposalofsocietynolongertendtofurtherthedevelopmentoftheconditionsofbourgeoisproperty;onthecontrary,theyhavebecometoopowerfulfortheseconditions,bywhichtheyarefettered,andsosoonastheyovercomethesefetters,theybringdisorderintothewholeofbourgeoissociety,endangertheexistenceofbourgeoisproperty.Theconditionsofbourgeoissocietyaretoonarrowtocomprisethewealthcreatedbythem.Andhowdoesthebourgeoisiegetoverthesecrises?Ontheonehand,byenforceddestructionofamassofproductiveforces;ontheother,bytheconquestofnewmarkets,andbythemorethoroughexploitationoftheoldones.Thatistosay,bypavingthewayformoreextensiveandmoredestructivecrises,andbydiminishingthemeanswherebycrisesareprevented.

【答案】现在，我们眼前又进行着类似的运动。资产阶级的生产关系和交换关系，资产阶级的所有制关系，这个曾经仿佛用法术创造了如此庞大的生产资料和交换手段的现代资产阶级社会，现在像一个魔法师一样不能再支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了。几十年来的工业和商业的历史，只不过是现代生产力反抗现代生产关系、反抗作为资产阶级及其统治的存在条件的所有制关系的历史。只要指出在周期性的重复中越来越危及整个资产阶级社会生存的商业危机就够了。在商业危机期间，总是不仅有很大一部分制成的产品被毁灭掉，而且有很大一部分已经造成的生产力被毁灭掉。在危机期间，发生一种在过去一切时代看来都好像是荒唐现象的社会瘟疫，即生产过剩的瘟疫。社会突然发现自己回到了一时的野蛮状态：仿佛是一次饥荒、一场普遍的毁灭性战争，使社会失去了全部生活资料；仿佛是工业和商业全被毁灭了，——这是什么缘故呢？因为社会上文明过度，生活资料太多，工业和商业太发达。社会所拥有的生产力已经不能再促进资产阶级文明和资产阶级所有制关系的发展；相反，生产力已经强大到这种关系所不能适应的地步，它已经受到这种关系的阻碍；而它一着手克服这种障碍，就使整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱，就使资产阶级所有制的存在受到威胁。资产阶级的关系已经太狭窄了，再容纳不了它本身所造成的财富了。——资产阶级用什么办法来克服这种危机呢？一方面不得不消灭大量生产力，另一方面夺取新的市场，更加彻底地利用旧的市场。这究竟是怎样的一种办法呢？这不过是资产阶级准备更全面更猛烈的危机的办法，不过是使防止危机的手段越来越少的办法。

8.单选题

Thebenefitsofadiverseworkforceareonlyseenifthestaffiswellmanaged.Bossesneedtounderstandthatpeoplewithdifferingbackgroundswillcomeupwithideasindifferentwaysandgivethemtheflexibilitytobecreativeintheircustom.

Thatcomestogetherwithacouplesteps;first,managersneedtobesuretheyareactivelypursuingnewhiresthatnotonlyadddiversitybutalsoofferanewperspective.

ThekeyisnotjustaddingaHispanicwomantothestaffbecauseyoudon’thaveonenow.It’sbesttoseekpeoplewhosebackgroundsaredifferentfromyourcurrentstaffastheywilllikelyfindsolutionsindifferentways.

TaketheaccountingfirmDeloitte,anearlyadopterofdiversity.Thefirmwastrainingminoritiestobecometopmanagers,butthenitoftenlostthembeforetheyreachedtheexecutivelevel—asoftenhappensinthatprofession.SoDeloittecreatedanewexecutivetrainingprogramthaturgeditsaccountantstostayonratherthanjumpingtoanotherfirmforadvancement.Thisassuredthattheminoritiesthecompanywasgroomingfortopmanagementwouldn’tleavethecompanybeforereachinghigherranks.

Butit’snotjustaboutputtingminoritiesinafewjobsandhavingthemrunthingsasusual.Forinstance,immigrantsfromcountrieswherebankshavefailedorsimplyaren’ttrustedmayneedtobuildarelationshipwithsomeoneinabranchbeforedepositingtheirmoney.Alocalbranchmanagerwhounderstandsthatrelationshipmaybemorelikelytogetthatbusiness.

Havingadiverseworkforceisonlyanadvantageifyou’reabletoutilizethatdiversity.It’sunderstandingtheexperienceofpeopleandwhattheycanbringtoyourbusiness.

Thefloatingmarketisalittlemicrocosmofthat.Everyday,localsandtouristsperusethestandsandcountersthatjutoutfromtheboats.Thecustomersareallshadesandbackgrounds,andthat’sjustthewaytheislanderslikeit.

Thesamecanhappenatoffices.Butit’suptomanagerstoshowtheyvalueideasascreativeasthefloatingmarket.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthepassage?

2.Whatismostvaluedaboutminoritygroups?

3.Whatdoestheauthorintendtosayinthefourthparagraph?

4.Whatistheadvantageofaminoritybankworkeraccordingtothepassage?

5.Whatisafloatingmarketprobablylike?

问题1选项

A.Itisbeneficialforcompaniestohirepeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds.

B.Adiverseworkforcewilldogoodtothecompanyifmanagedproperly.

C.Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundscancontributedifferentideas.

D.Theimportanceofminoritypeopleisgettingmoreandmoreattention.

问题2选项

A.Theirlocalculture.

B.Theiruniqueexperience.

C.Theirdifferentperspectives.

D.Theirexecutiveability.

问题3选项

A.Deloitteattachedimportancetohavingminoritiesinitstopmanagement.

B.Talentlossatexecutivelevelisacommonoccurrenceinaccountingbusiness.

C.Propertrainingisnecessaryforminoritiestomakemorecontribution.

D.Minoritiesaremorelikelytolookforanewcompanyforbetteropportunities.

问题4选项

A.Hewillspendmoretimeandenergypersuadingclientstodepositmoneyinhisbank.

B.Heknowsbetterhowtokeepthebank’sreputationandwintheclients’trust.

C.Itiseasierforhimtodeveloparelationshipwithimmigrantsfromhishomecountry.

D.Heunderstandsbettertheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweenbankandclients.