2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号84

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

Thefactthatourcomputernetworkissoadvancedwillalsosoongiveustheopportunitytoshareourteachingexpertisewithlocalcompaniesandevenotheruniversities;adedicatedcenterfordistancelearningisalreadyunderdiscussion.Wewillincreasinglyuseinternet-basedcomputercourses,toenhanceourownteachingandalsotoreachstudentsoutsidetheuniversity.Thatdoesn’tmeancomputerterminalswilldisplacepeople;studentsarealwaysgoingtoneedadviceandhigh-qualitytuitiononthespot.Butitdoesmeanwecanrefineourteachingcoursesovertimeandmakethemavailableinthemanneroftextbooks.Inaddition,withintheuniversityitself,accessisgoingtoremainourkeypriority.

【答案】事实上，我们的计算机网络非常先进，很快我们就能够与当地的公司甚至其他大学分享我们的教学经验；人们现在已经在开始讨论远程教育中心。我们将提供越来越多的建立在网络上的课程，提高教学效果，教授校外的学生。这样说并不意味着计算机终端将取代人，学生总是需要高水平的现场指导和帮助。但是，这意味着我们可以不断改进我们的课程，然后把它们变成教材。此外，就大学本身而言，易获得性始终是我们的重点。

2.单选题

Abouttwiceeverycentury,oneofthemassivestarsinourgalaxyblowsitselfapartinasupernovaexplosionthatsendsmassivequantitiesofradiationandmatterintospaceandgeneratesshockwavesthatsweepthroughthearmsofthegalaxy.Theshockwavesheattheinterstellargas,evaporatesmallclouds,andcompresslargeronestothepointatwhichtheycollapseundertheirowngravitytoformnewstars.Thegeneralpicturethathasbeendevelopedforthesupernovaexplosionanditsaftermathgoessomethinglikethis.Throughoutitsevolution,astarismuchlikealeakyballoon.Itkeepsitsequilibriumfigurethroughabalanceofinternalpressureagainstthetendencytocollapseunderitsownweight.Thepressureisgeneratedbynuclearreactionsinthecoreofthestarwhichmustcontinuallysupplyenergytobalancetheenergythatleaksoutintheformofradiation.Eventuallythenuclearfuelisexhausted,andthepressuredropsinthecore.Withnothingtoholditup,thematterinthecenterofthestarcollapsesinward,creatinghigherandhigherdensitiesandtemperatures,untilthenucleiandelectronsarefusedintoasuper-denselumpofmatterknownasaneutronstar.

Astheoverlyinglayersraindownonthesurfaceoftheneutronstar,thetemperaturerises,untilwithablindingflashofradiation,thecollapseisreversed.Athermonuclearshockwaverunsthroughthenowexpandingstellarenvelope,fusinglighterelementsintoheavieronesandproducingabrilliantvisualoutburstthatcanbeasintenseasthelightof10billionsuns.Theshellofmatterthrownoffbytheexplosionplowsthroughthesurroundinggas,producinganexpandingbubbleofhotgas,withgastemperaturesinthemillionsofdegrees.ThisgaswillemitmostofitsenergyatX-raywavelengths,soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.MorethantwentysupernovaremnantshavenowbeendetectedinX-raystudies.

Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.AlthoughthecloudthatcollapsedtoformtheSunandtheplanetswascomposedprimarilyofhydrogenandhelium,italsocontainedcarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,elementsessentialforlifeasweknowit.Elementsheavierthanheliumaremanufactureddeepintheinteriorofstarsandwould,forthemostpart,remainthereifitwerenotforthecataclysmicsupernovaexplosionsthatblowgiantstarsapart.Additionally,supernovasproducecloudsofhigh-energyparticlescalledcosmicrays.Thesehigh-energyparticlescontinuallybombardtheEarthandareresponsibleformanyofthegeneticmutationsthatarethedrivingforceoftheevolutionofspecies.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestdescribesthecontentofthepassage?

2.Accordingtothepassageaneutronstaris（

）.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemeteoritesmentionedbytheauthorinPara.3（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthefirsteventinthesequencethatleadstotheoccurrenceofasupernova?

5.Theauthorimpliesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.TheOriginsandEffectsofSupernovas

B.ViolentChangeintheUniverse

C.TheAftermathofaSupernova

D.TheOriginsandEvolutionofLifeonEarth

问题2选项

A.agaseouscloudcontainingheavyelements

B.anintermediatestagebetweenanordinarystarandasupernova

C.thecoreofanordinarystarthathousesthethermonuclearreactions

D.oneofbillionsofmeteorsthatarescatteredacrossthegalaxybyasupernova

问题3选项

A.containdangerousconcentrationsofradioactivematerials

B.arelargerthanthemeteorsnormallyfoundinasolarsystemlikeours

C.containpiecesofasupernovathatoccurredseveralbillionyearsago

D.includematerialnotcreatedinthenormaldevelopmentofoursolarsystem

问题4选项

A.AnordinarystarbeginstoemittremendousquantitiesofX-rays.

B.Animbalancebetweenlightandheavyelementscausesanordinarystartocollapse.

C.Acloudofinterstellargasrichincarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,collapsestoformaneutronsstar.

D.Anordinarystarexhaustsitssupplyofnuclearfuelandbeginstocollapse.

问题5选项

A.lifeonEarthisendangeredbyitsconstantexposuretoradiationforcesthatarereleasedbyasupernova

B.lighterelementsareformedfromheavierelementsduringasupernovaastheheavierelementsaretomapart

C.itissometimeseasiertodetectsupernovasbyobservationoftheX-rayspectrumthanbyobservationofvisiblewavelengthsoflight

D.recentlydiscoveredmeteoritesindicatethatEarthandotherplanetsofoursolarsystemsurvivedtheexplosionofasupernovaseveralbillionyearsago

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.本题要求找到这篇文章最恰当的标题。因为文中没有提到和重点关注地球上的生命，排除D选项“地球上的生命的起源和演化”；supernova作为本文的高频词和关键词确定文章讲的是与超新星有关的内容，故应排除B项“宇宙中的激变”；通过分析文章可知主要是介绍了超新星的起源以及为宇宙所带来的影响，A选项“超新星的起源和影响”作为标题最适合。

2.题目是问中子星的定义。根据第一段中的描述超新星爆炸加热气态云并且压缩体积巨大的气态云形成新的恒星。中间阶段类似漏气的气球，不断产生能量保持内外压力，最终能量耗尽，星体内部塌陷，形成高密度和高温星体，原子和电子融合形成超级物质，就被称为中子星。所以B选项“介于一颗普通恒星与超新星之间的中间阶段”正确。

3.本题是问第三段中作者提到的陨石……。A项意为“包含着危险的有放射性物质的聚集”；B项意为“比在像我们一样的太阳系中发现的流星更大”；C项意为“包含数块在数亿年前就存在的超新星”；D项意为“不包括在我们的太阳系的发展中创造出的物质”。根据最后一段第一句Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.最近关于陨石的发现包括有某些异常的核素的聚集表明了一个超新星可能比我们太阳系产生的时间早45亿年时间。确定C选项“包含数块在数亿年前就存在的超新星”正确。

4.本题是问导致超新星存在的第一个首要的事件是什么。根据第一段的描述：在每一百年中有两次银河系中的大质量的恒星就会在超新星爆炸中将自己分解并发射大量的辐射物质并进入太空生成冲击波而席卷整个银河系。这种星级气体加热激波，蒸发了小云朵，并压缩较大的一些到达在自身引力作用下的爆发点最终形成新的恒星，最终会形成中子星。所以D选项“一颗普通的恒星耗尽供应的核燃料并开始爆炸”是第一个发生的事件。

5.由第二段中的内容soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.因此，x射线天文台对超新星现象的本质提供了一些最有用的洞见也就不足为奇了。确定C选项“有时候通过观察X射线光谱来探测超新星比通过观察可见光波段来探测更容易”正确。

3.翻译题

Virtualhighschools,whichallowstudentstotakeclassesviaPC,haveemergedasanincreasinglypopulareducationalternative,particularlyforon-the-goathletes.UniversityofMiamiOnlineHighSchool(UMOHS)hasmorethan400studentsenrolled,56%ofwhomareathletes.Accreditedbythe100-year-oldSouthernAssociationofCollegesandSchools,UMOHSoffershonorsandadvanced-placementclasses.Allcoursematerialisonlinealongwithassignmentsandduedates.Forhelp,saysprincipalHowardLiebman,“Astudentmaye-mail,instantmessageorcalltheteacher.”

Dallas'momLoriBannonturnedtoanotheronlineschool.LaurelSpringsinOjai,Calif,Bannon,WhohasamedicaldegreefromHarvard,didn’twanttocompromisetheeducationofherdaughterLindsay,13,anelitegymnastwhospendseighthoursadayinthegym.“Regularschoolwasnotanoption,”saysBannon,“butIwantedtomakesureshecouldgobackatgradelevelifshequitgymnastics.”LaurelSprings'enrollmenthasincreased35%ayearforthepastfouryearsto1,800students.Atleast25%areeitherathletesorchildentertainers.

Educatorsaresplitonthemeritsofsuchschools.PaulOrehovec,anenrollmentofficerfortheUniversityofMiami,admits,“Iwassomewhatofaskeptic,butwhenIlookedintotheirprogramsandaccreditation,Iwasexcited.UMOHSisthefirstonlineschooltobegrantedmembershipintheNationalHonorSociety.”KevinRoy,Elite’sdirectorofeducation,seespitfallsandpotentialinvirtualschools.“Youwillneverhavethatwonderfulteacherwhoinspiresyouforlife,”saysRoy.“Butthevirtualschooloffersendlesspossibilities.Idon’tknowwhereeducation’simaginationwilltakethis.”

【答案】虚拟高中允许学生通过电脑上学，现在已经成为了一个日渐流行的教育方式，那些忙碌的运动员们尤其钟爱这种选择。迈阿密网络学校已招收400多名学生，其中56%是运动员。该校已获得拥有100年历史的南部大学和中学联合会的批准，提供荣誉和预修课程，授课过程与作业练习都在线上进行，并标注截止时间。校长霍华德·利伯曼说，如果需要帮助，学生可以通过电子邮件，即时短信或电话联系老师。

达拉斯的母亲洛丽·班农选择了另一所网络学校——加州奥凯市的劳雷尔·斯普林斯。班农拥有哈佛大学的医学学位，她不想让自己13岁的女儿林赛的教育受到影响。林赛是一名优秀的体操运动员，她每天在体育馆要待上8个小时。班农说:“我并非想让她接受常规学校教育，我只是想确保她在结束体操生涯后能跟上正常的学习。”在过去四年，劳雷尔·斯普林斯的入学率年增长为35%，学生人数达到了1800。其中至少25%的学生是运动员或演员。

教育工作者对这些学校的优缺点看法不一。迈阿密网络学校的招生官保罗·奥赫维克承认，“对此我曾经有点怀疑。但当我查看他们的项目和资格认证时，我很兴奋。迈阿密网络学校是第一所被授予国家荣誉协会会员资格的网络学校。”精英教育总监教育主管凯文•罗伊看到了虚拟学校的缺陷和潜力。罗伊说:“你永远也不会有一个能激励你一生的好老师。但虚拟学校提供了无限的可能性。我不知道教育的想象力会把这种可能性发挥到哪种地步。”

4.翻译题

Eventheautomobileindustry,whichhasremainedlargelyunchangedforthelastseventyyears,isabouttofeeltheeffectsofthecomputerrevolution.

Theautomobileindustryranksasamongthemostlucrativeandpowerfulindustriesofthetwentiethcentury.Therearepresently500millioncarsonearth,oronecarforeverytenpeople.Salesoftheautomobileindustrystandataboutatrilliondollars,makingittheworld’sbiggestmanufacturingindustry.

Thecar,andtheroadsittravelson,willberevolutionizedinthetwenty-firstcentury.Thekeytotomorrow’s“smartcars”willbesensors.“We’llseevehiclesandroadsthatseeandhearandfeelandsmellandtalkandact,”predictsBillSpreitzer,technicaldirectorofGeneralMotorsCorporation’sITSprogram,whichisdesigningthesmartcarandroadofthefuture.

Approximately40,000peoplearekilledeachyearintheUnitedStatesintrafficaccidents.Thenumberofpeoplethatarekilledorbadlyinjuredincaraccidentsissovastthatwedon’tevenbothertomentiontheminthenewspapersanymore.Fullyhalfofthesefatalitiescomefromdrunkdrivers,andmanyothersfromcarelessness.Asmartcarcouldeliminatemostofthesecaraccidents.Itcansenseifadriverisdrunkviaelectronicsensorsthatcanpickupalcoholvaporintheair,andrefusetostartuptheengine.Thecarcouldalsoalertthepoliceandprovideitspreciselocationifitisstolen.

【答案】【参考译文】

即便是过去70年间基本上没有多少变化的汽车工业，也将感受到计算机革命的影响。

汽车工业是20世纪最赚钱、最有影响力的产业之一。目前世界上有5亿辆车，或者说每10人就有1辆车。汽车工业的销售额达一万亿美元左右，从而成为世界上最大的制造业。

汽车及其行驶的道路，将在21世纪发生重大变革。未来“智能汽车”的关键在于传感器。“我们会见到能看、能听、有知觉、具嗅觉、会说话并能采取行动的车辆与道路，”正在设计未来智能汽车和智能道路的通用汽车公司ITS项目的技术主任比尔•斯普雷扎预言道。

美国每年有大约4万人死于交通事故。在汽车事故中死亡或严重受伤的人数太多，我们己经不屑在报纸上提及。这些死亡的人中至少有半数是酒后开车者造成的，另有许多死亡事故是驾驶员不小心所导致。智能汽车能消除绝大多数这类汽车事故。它能通过会感测空气中的酒精雾气的电子传感器检测开车者是否喝醉酒，并拒绝启动引擎。这种车还能在遇窃后通报警方，告知车辆的确切地点。

5.翻译题

Highlysuccessfulscientistsdependonspecialtalents,likeinarts,music,andsoon.Natureproducesthemveryslowly,parsimoniously,andataconstantrate.Onehastodomorewithmorewithbothnaturalgiftsandformalextensiveacademictraining.Theirnumbercannotbeincreasedundercommand:theydevelopspontaneouslywheneverthescientifictrainingofthecommunityisadequatetoprovidethebasictrainingtheyneedwhichistodaythecaseinseveralnationsovertheworldincludingmanyofthedevelopingcountries.Thesecondelementisthe“collectivityeffect”Scientificprogressisgreatlyenhancedbyanonlineareffect.Progressismuchfasterwhenmanyanddifferenttypesofscientistsinteractcloselytogether.Thisisparticularlyactiveatthe“interface”betweendisciplines;forinstance,achemistryideaappliedtobiology.Amathematicalconceptappliedtophysics,andsoon.Inotherwords100scientistsofnottoodifferentdisciplinesoperating,sotospeak,underthesameroof,makemuchmoreandfasterprogressthanthesame100peopleworkingseparatelyandinisolation.

【答案】成就卓越的科学家的成功离不开自己在如艺术、音乐等领域的独特天赋。大自然对这些人物的造就非常缓慢，非常吝啬，而且始终如此。科学家必须更好地处理天赋与正规、全面的学校培养的关系。天才科学家的数目是不可能依照命令而增加的。只有当科学家所在的社区能够提供其所需的基础训练时，天才科学家才会自然而然地得到培养。这就是当今世界上的一些国家，包括许多发展中国家中所出现的情形。第二个原因就是所谓的“集体效应”。这种非线性的效应极大地促进了科学的进步。当许多不同类型的科学家在一起进行密切互动，科学进步的速度就会加快。这种进步在不同学科的“交叉地带”尤为活跃。例如，把化学上的某个想法施用于生物学，把数学上的某一概念施用于物理学等。换句话说，100名专业区别不大的科学家在一起合作研究所取得的进展，可以说，要比同样多的科学家在分散的、相互隔离的环境中研究取得的进展要大得多，快得多。

6.单选题

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffaloreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.”

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.”

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.”

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.

21.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat______.

22.Speakingofthesleepproblemsdoctorsfact,theauthorimpliesthat______.

23.Paragraph3and4arewrittento______.

24.By“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”(paragraph5),Dr.CharlesBinkleymeansthat______.

25.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness

B.poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder

C.strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep

D.toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep

问题2选项

A.doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic

B.doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents

C.doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblem

D.sleep-depriveddoctorsareintoxicate

问题3选项

A.entertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes

B.discussthecauseofdoctorssleepproblems

C.showthehostilitydoctorsharboragainsttheirpatients

D.exemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep

问题4选项

A.doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations

B.thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch

C.theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific

D.lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan

问题5选项

A.Patientsshouldcontrolthehoursoftheirdoctors.

B.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

C.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequatelyrested.

D.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorfromtheirpositions.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】21.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（这可能是一种潜在的紊乱导致他们无法熟睡的结果。），说明潜在的紊乱可能导致人们睡眠质量不高，虽然睡眠时间长，但仍然感到疲惫。因此B选项“睡眠质量差可能是身体紊乱的表现”正确。A选项“每天睡眠时间少于8小时的人更容易患病”，原文说的是每天睡眠时间超过8小时但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病，所以A选项错误。C选项“中风常与睡眠有关”，D选项“睡眠时间过长与睡眠不足的危害一样大”在文中没有提及，所以C，D错误。

22.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.（令人好奇的是，那些认为醉酒做手术应该被免职的外科医生对于在睡眠不足的情况下做手术却很少认真思考。），说明医生们虽然认为醉酒做手术应该受到严惩，但却不会考虑自己在睡眠不足的情况下做手术的问题。因此C选项“医生往往忽视自己的睡眠问题”正确。A选项“医生需要很少的睡眠就可以保持精力充沛”在文中没有提及，所以A错误。B选项“医生的睡眠被住院医生剥夺了”，原文说的是住院医生以缺少睡眠而著称，所以B错误。在D选项“睡眠不足的医生是喝醉了”，原文说的是一个人如果连续24小时不睡，那么到了早晨他的运动能力就和喝醉了酒的人差不多，并不是说睡眠不足的医生就是喝醉了，所以D错误。

23【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。文章第二段指出医生睡眠不足以及医生对此缺乏重视的问题，接着在第三、四段举了几个例子Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.（我差不多站着睡着了，而且我的脸几乎碰到了伤口。），PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.（实际上我认识的每个外科住院医生都曾经有过在下班开车回家的路上在方向盘上睡着的经历……我听说有三个人还曾经撞在停放好的汽车上。另一个人在纽约收费公路上行驶时以65英里的时速撞上了一个收费站栏杆。），说明了睡眠不足的医生可能带来的危害。因此D选项“体现了医生因睡眠不足而面临的危险”正确。A选项“用一些趣闻轶事来娱乐读者”，B选项“讨论医生睡眠问题的原因”，C选项“表现出医生对患者的敌视态度”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。

24.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第三句Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.（不过，大多数医生讨厌这种干涉。），并进一步引用CharlesBinkley医生的话进行论证doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.（医生应该受到良心的约束，而不是政府的管制。），说明CharlesBinkley也认为政府干预过多了。因此B选项“政府干涉太多”正确。A选项“医生不应该遵守政府的规定”，C选项“关于工作周和工作班次的规定过于具体化”，D选项“法律不能强迫医生睡觉，而他的良心却可以”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。

25.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.（对医生来说，他们不能继续摆出一副从不出错的样子，而应该得到充分的休息。），说明作者在最后给医生提出建议，认为医生应该放弃他们决不出错的姿态，得到充足的休息，否则病人就只能听天由命了。因此C选项“如果医生没有得到充分的休息，患者将面临更多的风险”正确。A选项“患者应该控制医生的工作时间”，B选项“飞行员和卡车司机的工作环境比医生的工作环境更安全”，D选项“有关人员有权解除医生的职务”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。

7.单选题

Theterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheearth'sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum:therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth'ssurface.Digitalmultispectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.

Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknown,anddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessingwithdigitalprocessing,itispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmultispectraldigitaldatasetfrom,themultispectralscanner(MSS)aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolvebyconventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.

Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicrevolution.Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencetheoccurrenceoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.

Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements,butthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposure,accessibilityandlaborresources.Withremote-sensingtechniques,itispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareas,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathadintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.However,somecriticalinformationcannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensing,andseveralcharacteristicsoftheLandsatMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsespeciallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffective,remotesensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveys,laboratorytests,andthetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbemeasuredbytheoptomechanicalscannerbutnotbyvisiblelightphotograph?

2.Landsimagesdifferfromconventionalgeologicmapsinthattheformer（

）.

3.Thepassageprovidesinformationaboutallofthefollowingtopicsexcept（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormentionabout“theconventionalmethods”？

5.Accordingtotheauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.Theamountofvisiblelightreflectedfromoceans

B.DailytemperaturechangesofareasontheEarth’ssurface.

C.Thedegreeofradioactivityemittedbyexposedrocksontheearth'ssurface.

D.Atmosphericconditionsoverlargelandmasses.

问题2选项

A.revealtheexactsizeofpetroleumdepositsandoredeposits

B.indicatethecontinuityoffeaturesthatmightnototherwisebeinterpretedascontinuous

C.predictthemovementsofglaciers

D.providehighlyaccuratedataabouttheoccurrenceofmineraldeposits

问题3选项

A.theprinciplemethodofgeologicremotesensingpriortothemid-1960s

B.somephenomenameasuredbydigitalmultispectralimagesinremotesensing

C.someofthepracticalusesofregionalgeologicmaps.

D.problemsthataredifficulttosolvesolelythroughconventionalmethodsofgeologicmapping

问题4选项

A.Theyconsistprimarilyoffieldsurveysandlaboratorymeasurements.

B.Theyarenotusefulinprovidinginformationnecessaryforreconstructinggeologicevolution.

C.Theyhaverarelybeenusedbygeologistssince1972.

D.Theyareusedprimarilytogathercompositionalinformationaboutgeologicfeatures.

问题5选项

A.geologicmappingisbasicallyanartandnotascience

B.geologicmappinghasnotchangedsignificantlysincetheearly1960s

C.geologicmappingwillhavelimitedpracticalapplicationsuntilremote-sensingsystemsareperfected

D.adevelopmentalmilestoneingeologicmappingwasreachedin1972

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段：Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家开始利用那些超出可见光摄影术感知范围的数据构造数字化多谱线图像。这些图像的建造是通过用机械手段对一些现象的图像进行整理，如可见光谱外光波的反射，无线电波的折射以及地球表面一些地区日常温度的变化。确定B选项’地球表面许多地区温度的日间变化‘正确。

2.根据第四段Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallarea,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.由于详尽的地质绘图一般在小的范围内进行，所以那些具有断断续续和多变量的区域特征的连续性就经常不能被认可，但是Landsat卫星的全方位的观察角度，能将这一连续性呈现出来。确定B选项’指明特征的连续性并不能解释为连续性‘正确。

3.根据第一段：Priortothemid-1960'stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.在20世会己中叶之前，对胶片的解释是对地球地质特征进行遥感的主要方法。所以A选项‘地质遥感的主要方法在20世纪60年代之前就出现‘符合原文。再根据第一段Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家#始构造数字化多谱线图像，利用那些超出可见光影敏感范围的数据。确定B选项’出现了在遥感中利用数字化多谱线图像进行测量的现象’符合原文。根据第三段：Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.：区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。确定C选项‘一些地区地质图有实用性’符合原文。所以排除法D选项‘通过传统的地质绘图方法很难解决问题’文中未提及，符合题意。

4.根据第三段：Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.遥感更基本的应用是增强传统的大范围的地质绘图的方法。Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。再根据第四段：Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements…地质图采集了数量繁多、形形色色的一整套具体的实地测量和实验室测量数据。推断出A选项‘它们主要包括实地考察、实验室测量’正确。B选项‘在重构地质进化过程中，他们没有能提供必要的信息’与原文不符。C选项‘自1972年之后，他们很少被地质学家用到。‘1972年是这一技术发展的里程碑之年，与原文不符。D选项’它们主要被用来收集有关地质特征的构成信息‘与原文不符。

5.根据第二段Theacquisitionofthefirstmultispectraldigitaldatasetfromthemultispectralscanner（MSS）aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.1972年，安装在Landsat卫星上的多谱线扫描仪传送出来的首批多谱线的数字数据，吸引了整个地学界的注意。确定D选项’1972年成为地质制图发展的里程