新视野大英3(4,5,6课原文加翻译)

....Unit4TheStatueofLiberty<B>自由女神像</B>Inthemid-1870s,FrenchartistFredericAugusteBartholdiwasworkingonanenormousprojectcalledLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld,amonumentcelebratingUSindependenceandtheFrance-Americaalliance.1970年代中期，法国艺术家弗里德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪Atthesametime,hewasinlovewithawomanwhomhehadmetinHismothercouldnotapproveofherson'saffectionforawomanshehadnevermet,butBartholdiwentaheadandmarriedhislovein1876.1876年结为伉俪。ThatsameyearBartholdihadassembledthestatue'srightarmandtorch,anddisplayedtheminPhiladelphia.同年，巴托尔迪组装完雕像的右臂和火炬，并将它们陈列在费城。Itissaidthathehadusedhiswife'sarmasthemodel,butfeltherfacewastoobeautifulforthestatue.据说，他用了妻子的手臂为模本，但觉得她的脸太漂亮，不适合做雕像模本。Heneededsomeonewhosefacerepresentedsufferingyetstrength,someonemoreseverethanbeautiful.Hechosehismother.他选择了自己的母亲TheStatueofLibertywasdedicatedonanislandinUpperNewYorkBayin1886.1886年，自由女神像在纽约湾北部落成。Ithadhismother'sfaceandhiswife'sbody,butBartholdicalledit"mydaughter,Liberty".雕像综合了他母亲的脸和他妻子的身材，不过巴托尔迪称之为“我的女儿，自由之神<B>芭比娃娃</B>BarbieBeforeallthedifferenttypesofBarbiedollsforsalenow,therewasjustasingleBarbie.Actually,hernamewasBarbara.实际上，她的名字叫芭芭拉。BarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,co-foundersoftheMattel芭芭拉·汉德勒是马特尔玩具公司的联合创始人艾略特和鲁思·汉德勒夫妇的女儿。RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaper鲁思是在见到女儿玩纸娃娃之后才想到做芭比娃娃的。Thethree-dimensionalmodelforBarbiewasaGermandoll—ajokegiftforadultsdescribedashavingtheappearanceof"awomanwhosoldsex".个哄成年人开心的礼物，被描绘成具有“风尘女子”的模样。Mattelrefashionedthedollintoadecent,all-American—althoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsize—versionandnameditafterBarbara,whowasthenateenager.马特尔公司将这个娃娃做了一番改造，变成了体面而地道的美国版本，尽管胸围有些夸张。它以当时10多岁的少女芭芭拉的名字命名。Sinceherintroductionin1959,BarbiehasbecometheuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls.1959年面世，芭比娃娃就成了全球公认的“娃娃女王MattelsaystheaverageAmericangirlownstenBarbiedolls,andtwoaresoldsomewhereintheworldeverysecond.马特尔公司说，一般的美国女孩拥有10个芭比娃娃售出。Nowmorethansixtyyearsold,Barbara—whodeclinesinterviewsbutissaidtohavelovedthedoll—maybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanet.60多岁了，她拒Barbie'sboyfriend,Ken,wasintroducedin1961andnamedafterBarbara'sbrother.1961年，芭比娃娃的男朋友面世，按芭芭拉的弟弟肯的名字命名。TherealKen,whodiedin1994,wasdisgustedbythedollthatmadehisfamilyfamous."Idon'twantmychildrentoplaywithit,"hesaidin1993.真正的肯于1994年去世。他对令自己全家名扬天下的娃娃极为厌恶。他在1993可不想让我的孩子玩这洋娃娃<B>《美国哥特人》</B>AmericanGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoften-copiedinterpretationofthesolemnprideofAmericanfarmers.1930年，格兰特·哥特人》一举成名。此画体现了美国农民庄严的自豪，常常被人复制。Thepaintingshowsaserious-lookingmanandawomanstandinginfrontofafarmhouse.画面展示了一位神色严肃的男子和一位女子站立在农舍之前。HewasstronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheworld'sattention.伍德深受中人物的脸。Woodlikedtopaintfacesheknewwell.Forthegravefarmerheusedhisdentist,asour-lookingman.Forthewomanstandingalongsidehim,theartistchosehissister,Nan.Hestretchedthemodels'necksabit,buttherewasnodoubtwhoposedfortheportrait.伍德喜欢画他熟悉的脸。为画神色严肃的农夫，他选择了他那表情木讷的牙医，能看出谁是画像的原型。NanlaterremarkedthatthefameshegainedfromAmericanGothicsavedherfromaveryboringlife.<B>野牛镍币</B>TheBuffaloNickelToday,AmericancoinshonorprominentfiguresoftheUSgovernment—mostlyfamousformerpresidents.ButtheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontier—thedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.19131938年间发行的野牛镍币，却是为了纪念由美国拓居引起的两起相互关联的悲剧──野牛群的灭绝和美洲印第安人的毁灭。WhilewhitepeoplehadpreviouslybeenusedasmodelsformostAmericancoins,famedartistJamesEarleFraserwentagainsttraditionbyusingthreeactualAmericanIndiansasmodelsforhiscreation.此前一直是白人被用作美国镍币上的模特，而著名的艺术家詹姆斯·厄尔·却反传统而行之，起用了三名真正的美洲印第安人作为自己创作的原型。Forthebuffaloontheotherside,sincebuffalonolongerwanderedaboutthegreatgrasslands,FraserwasforcedtosketchanagingbuffalofromNewYorkCity'sCentralParkZoo.由于大草原一只老野牛。Twoyearslater,in1915,thisanimalwassoldfor$100andkilledformeat,ahide,andawalldecorationmadefromitshorns.1915100美元的价格售出，然后被宰杀取肉、剥皮，牛角制成了墙上的装饰品。<B>山姆大叔</B>UncleSamFourteen-year-oldSamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfatherandolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduringtheAmerican美国独立战争时期，14岁的山姆·于英国而战。Atage23,hestartedameat-packingbusinessandearnedareputationforbeinghonestandhard-working.23岁时，他开始从事肉类加工业，并因为人诚实、工作勤奋而赢得声誉。Duringalaterwarin1812,WilsongainedapositioninspectingmeatforUSArmyforces,workingwithamanwhohadsignedacontractwiththegovernmenttoprovidemeattothearmy. 此后在1812年的战争中，威尔逊获得了一个职位，为美国军队检验肉食。他的合伙人和美国政府签订了一份合同，给军队提供肉食。Barrelsofmeatsuppliedtothearmywerestamped"EA-US",identifyingthecompany(EA)andthecountryoforigin(US).EA-US标志，EA表原产国。Accordingtoonestory,whenagovernmentofficialvisitedtheplantandaskedabouttheletters,acreativeemployeetoldhim"US"wasshortfor"UncleSam"Wilson.SoonsoldiersweresayingallArmysupplieswerefrom"UncleUS兵们都说所有的军需品都来自“山姆大叔Afterthewar,acharactercalledUncleSambeganappearinginpoliticalcartoons,hisformevolvingfromanearliercartooncharactercalledBrotherJonathanthatwaspopularduringtheAmericanRevolution.一个早期漫画人物，名叫乔纳森大哥，此人在美国独立战争时期非常出名。UncleSamsoonreplacedBrotherJonathanasAmerican'smostpopularThemostenduringportraitofUncleSamwascreatedbyartistJamesMontgomeryFlagginhisfamousarmyrecruitingpostersofWorldWarsIandII.最令人难忘的山姆大叔的画像是由画家詹姆斯蒙哥马利Thatversion—atallmanwithwhitehairandasmallwhitebeardonhischin,adarkbluecoatandatallhatwithstarsonit—wasaself-portraitofFlagg.山姆大叔的形象是：高个子，白头发，下巴上有一小撮白胡子，身着深蓝色外套，头戴一顶高帽，上有星星点缀。这模样其实就是弗拉格的自画像。Unit5GracefulHandsIhaveneverseenMrs.Clarkbefore,butIknowfromhermedicalchartandthereportIreceivedfromtheprecedingshiftthattonightshewilldie.我从未见过克拉克夫人，但看过她的医疗记录和上一位值班医生交给我的报告后，我知道她今晚会去世。Theonlylightinherroomiscomingfromapieceofmedicalequipment,whichisflashingitsredlightasifinwarning.AsIstandthere,thesmellhitsmynose,andIclosemyeyesasIrememberthesmellofdecayfrompastexperience.InmymouthIhaveasour,vinegartastecomingfromthepitofmystomach.Ireachforthelightswitch,andasitsilentlylightsthescene,Ireturntothebedtoobservethepatientwithanunemotional,medicaleye.她屋里唯一的光线来自一台医疗设备，它闪着红光，似乎在发出警告。我嘴里有一股从胃里返上来的酸味。着病人。Mrs.Clarkisdying.Sheliesmotionless:theheadseemsunusuallylargeonaskeletonbody;theskinisdarkyellowandhangslooselyaroundexaggeratedbonesthatnotevenablanketcanhide;therightarmliesstraightoutattheside,tapedcruellytoaboardtosecureaneedlesothatfluidmaydripin;theleftarmisacrossthesunkenchest,whichrisesandfallswiththeunevenbreaths.克拉克夫人已奄奄一息了。她一动不动地躺着：骨瘦如柴的身体使她的头显得特别大；皮肤呈暗黄色，松松地裹在嶙峋的、连毛毯也遮掩不住的骨骼上；她的右臂平伸在床边，被无情地用胶带固定在一块板上，以便能固定针头使液体滴入；左臂横放在深陷的胸部，胸口随着不均匀的呼吸一起一伏。Ireachforthelong,thinfingersthatarelyingonthechest.Theyareicecold,andIquicklymovetothewristandfeelforthefaintpulse.Mrs.Clark'seyesopensomewhatasherheadturnstowardmeslightly.Ibendclosetoherandscarcelyhearasshewhispers,"Water."Takingaglassofwaterfromthetable,Iputmyfingerovertheendofthestrawandallowafewdropsofthecoolmoisturetoslideintohermouthandeaseherthirst.Shemakesnoattempttoswallow;thereisjustnotenoughstrength."More,"thedryvoicesays,andwerepeattheprocedure.Thistimeshedoesmanagetoswallowsomeliquidandweaklysays,"Thank,you."我伸手去触摸她放在胸口的细长手指。克拉克夫人将头稍稍转向我，微微地睁开眼。水。”干渴。她没有用力去吞咽，因为力气不够。“还要，”那干涩的声音说。于是我们又重复了一次。这次她终于咽了一些，并轻轻说了声：“谢谢，你。”Sheistooweakforconversation,sowithoutasking,Igoaboutprovidingforherneeds.Pickingherupinmyarmslikeachild,Iturnheronherside.Naked,exceptforalighthospitalgown,sheissoverysmallandlightthatsheseemslikeavictimofsometerriblefamine.Iremovethelidfromajarofskincreamandputsomeonthepalmofmyhand.Carefully,toavoidinjuringher,Irubcreamintotheyellowskin,whichrollsfreelyoverthebones,feelingperfectlytheoutlineofeachboneintheback.Placingapillowbetweenherlegs,Inoticethatthesetooareicecold,andnotuntilIrunmyhandupoverherkneesdoIfeelanyofthelife-givingwarmthofblood.她虚弱得没法交谈，因此没等她要求，我就开始做她所需要的。我像抱孩子似的把她抱起来，给她翻了个身。除了一件浅色的病号服，她什么也没穿。她又小又轻，像遭受了严重饥荒一样。我打开护肤霜的瓶盖，揩了一些在手心。背上每块骨头的轮廓都能清楚地摸到。才感受到血液供给生命的热度。WhenIamfinished,Ipullachairupbesidethebedtofaceherand,takingherfreehandbetweenmine,againnoticethelong,thinfingers.Graceful.Iwonderbrieflyifshehasanyfamily,andthenIseethatthereareneitherflowers,norpicturesofrainbowsandbutterfliesdrawnbychildren,norcards.Thereisnohintintheroomanywherethatthisisapersonwhoisloved.Asthoughsheisamindreader,Mrs.Clarkanswersmythoughtsandquietlytellsme,"Isent...myfamily...home...tonight...didn'twant...them...tosee..."Havingspentherlastounceofstrengthshecannotgoon,butIhaveunderstoodwhatshehasdone.Notknowingwhattosay,Isaynothing.Againsheseemstosensemythoughts,"You…stay…"而后，我挪了把椅子面朝她坐在床边，握住她那只没被固定的手，此时我又一次注意到她细长的手指。很优雅。一时间，我突然想知道她是否有家庭，接着我发现病房里没有花，没有孩子们画的彩虹和蝴蝶，也没有卡片。房间中没有任何迹象表明她是一个被人爱着的人。她似乎读懂了我的心思，平静地回答我说：“今天……我让……家里人……都……回家……不想……他们……看见……”她耗尽了最后的那点力气，再也说不下去了。但我已然明白她做了些什么。我不知道说什么好，所以什么也没说。…………”Timeseemstostandstill.Inthetotalsilence,Ifeelmyownpulsequickenandhearmybreathingasitbeginstomatchhers,breathforunevenbreath.Oureyesmeetandsomehow,together,webecomeawarethatthisisaspecialmomentbetweentwohumanbeings...HerlongfingerscurleasilyaroundmyhandandInodmyheadslowly,smiling.Withoutwords,throughyellowedeyes,Ireceivemythankyouandhereyesslowlyclose.时间似乎停滞了。一起一落。我们互相对视，不知怎么的，我们都意识到，这是两个生命间的一个特殊时刻。她那细长的手指很轻易地就拢住了我的手，我微笑着慢慢点了点头。无需任何语言，我从她发黄的眼睛中感受到了她对我的谢意，她慢慢闭上了眼睛。Someunknownintervaloftimepassesbeforehereyesopenagain,onlythistimethereisnoresponseinthem,justablankstare.Withoutwarning,hershallowbreathingstops,andwithinafewmoments,thefaintpulseisalsogone.Onesingletearflowsfromherlefteye,acrossthecheekanddownontothepillow.Ibegintocryquietly.Thereisaswellofemotionwithinmeforthisstrangerwhosoquicklycameintoandwentfrommylife.Hersufferingisdone,yetsoisthelife.Slowly,stillholdingherhand,IbecomeawarethatIdonotmindthisemotionalbattle,thatinfact,itwasaprivilegeshehasallowedme,andIwoulddoitagain,gladly.Mrs.Clarksparedherfamilyanepisodethatperhapstheywerenotequippedtohandleandinsteadshareditwithme.Shehadnotwantedtohaveherfamilyseeherdie,yetshedidnotwanttodiealone.Noshoulddiealone,andIamgladIwasthereforher.不知过了多长时间，她又睁开了双眼，只是这一次目光里没有任何反应，只有空洞的凝视。没有一点先兆，她那细弱的呼吸停止了。很快，微弱的脉搏也消失了。一颗泪珠从她的左眼中流出，滑过脸颊，落在枕上。我开始轻声哭泣。对这位迅速走进又走出我生活的陌生人，我心间涌起了一股感情。她的痛苦结束了，可她的生命也结束了。的特殊荣幸，而且我还乐意再来一次。克拉克夫人没有让她的家人目睹这一幕他们或许无力面对的人生插曲，却与我分享了它。她不想让家人看着她死去，然而她也不愿孤独地离去。不应当有人孤独离去的，我很高兴能守候在她身边。Twodayslater,IreadaboutMrs.Clarkinthenewspaper.Shewasthemotherofseven,grandmotherofeighteen,anactivememberofherchurch,aleaderofvolunteerassociationsinhercommunity,aconcertpianoplayer,andapianoteacherforoverthirtyyears.Yes,theywerelongandgracefulfingers.两天后，我在报上读到了克拉克夫人的消息。原来她是7个孩子的母亲、18个孩子的祖母、教会里的活跃分子、社区志愿者协会的领导人、音乐会钢琴演奏家、从教30余年的钢琴教师。是啊，她的手指是那样细长而优雅。Unit6HowtoPrepareforEarthquakesIdeally,peoplewouldliketoknowwhenanearthquakeisgoingtohappenandhowbaditwillbe.InbothJapanandChina,peoplehavelongbelievedthatearthquakescanbeforecast.InJapan,scientistshavewiredtheEarthandseatodetectmovements.TheChinesehavetraditionallywatchedanimalsandplantsforwarningsignsofearthquakes.Forexample,theChinesenotedthatbeforeanearthquake,hens'behaviorchanges—theyrefusetoentertheircagesatnight.Theyhavealsonoticedthatsnakescomeoutofthegroundtofreezetodeathandthatdogsbarkalot,evennormallyquietdogs.BeforetheHanshinearthquakeinJapan,therewerereportsoflargeschoolsoffishswimmingnearthesurfaceofthewater.Certainbirds,likepigeons,alsoseemedtobeespeciallynoisy,andwerereportedtobeflyinginunusualpatternsbeforetheearthquake.Perhapsmostinteresting,andmosteasilymeasured,isachemicalchangeingroundwaterbeforeaquake.Experimentaldataseemtoindicatethattheamountofradon(Rn)inthewaterunderthesurfaceoftheEarthwaxesbeforeanearthquake.从理想上说，人们希望知道地震什么时候发生，破坏程度会如何。在日本和中国，人们长期以来一直相信地震是可以预测的。而中国人的传统做法是观察动植物以获取地震的警示信号。例如，中国人注意到，地震之前母鸡的行为会有所异常：它们夜晚不肯进笼。停。日本的阪神地震发生之前，有报告说大批鱼群游到了水面。有些鸟，如鸽子，也显得特别聒噪，据说地震前它们飞行的方式也与往常不同。也许最有趣、也最容易测量的，是地震前地下水发生的化学变化。实验数据似乎表明，地震前地下水中氡的含量会增高。Peoplewouldalsoliketobeabletopreventthegreatdestructionofpropertycausedbyearthquakes.Afterall,mostofthepeoplewhodieinearthquakesarekilledbyfallingbuildings.Therefore,buildingstructuresthatcanwithstandthepowerofearthquakesisamajorconcern.Steelseemstobethebestmaterial,butnotifitisweldedtoformarigidstructure.Manynewstructuresarebuiltwithanewtypeofsteeljoint,anI-joint,whichappearstobethemostdurabletypeofjoint.Thesejointsofsteelcanmovewithoutbreaking.Also,topreventpropertydamage,architectsnowdesignbuildingssothatthebuilding'scolumnsandhorizontalbeamsareofequalstrength,andverticalsupportcolumnsareinserteddeepintosolidsoil.Inaddition,manynewhouseshaverelativelylightroofsandstrongwalls.Concretepillarsforhighwaybridgespreviouslyonlyhadsteelrodsinsidearenowenclosedinsteel.人们还希望能够预防地震会造成的重大财产损失。要知道，多数在地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的。所以，具有抗震能力的房屋结构是关注的重点。钢似乎是最佳的建材，但一旦被焊接成僵硬的结构就不行了。许多新式结构都采用了一种新型的钢接合方法，即I这种钢接合在移动时不会断裂。支柱则深深插入坚实的地基中。此外，许多新型房屋都采用了较轻的屋顶和坚实的墙壁。高架桥的水泥柱先前只是在内部有钢筋，如今外面也包上了钢板。Besidesworkingtoimprovebuildingstructures,peopleinareaswhereearthquakesarecommonneedtoprepareforthepossibilityofagreatearthquake.Theyshouldregularlycheckandreinforcetheirhomes,placeheavyobjectsinlowpositions,attachcupboardsandcabinetstowalls,andfastendoorssothattheywillnotopenaccidentallyduringanearthquake.除了设法改善建筑结构外，地震频发区的人们也需要为可能发生的大地震做好防备工作。震时意外脱开。Inadditiontopreparingtheirhouses,peopleintheseregionsneedtopreparethemselves.Theyshouldhavesuppliesofwaterandfoodathomeandatwork.Itisbesttostoreseveralgallonsofwaterperperson.Itisalsoimportanttohavesomethingthatcancleanwaterandkillbacteria,sowaterfromothersourcescanbemadesafetodrink.Storeoneweek'sfoodforeachperson.Earthquakesurvivalsuppliesincludearadioreceiver,atorch,extrabatteries,first-aidsupplies,aspade,atent,somerope,andwarmclothing.除做好房屋的防震外，这些地区的人们还需要为自身做些防备。他们应该在家里和工作地储备些水和食物。最好每人储备几加仑水。储备一些可以净化水和消灭病菌的东西也很重要，这样就可以安全地饮用其他来源的水了。每人准备一周的食物。地震救生储备还包括无线电接收器、手电、备用电池、急救用品、铁锹、帐篷、绳子和保暖衣物。Expertsalsosuggestthefollowing:Keepafireextinguisherhandy.Youshouldhaveoneathome,atwork,andinyourcar(ifyouhaveone).Thefireextinguishershouldbeabletoputoutanytypeoffire.Havethepropertoolstoturnoffgasandwaterlinesifnecessary.Arrangeanauxiliarycookingandheatingsourcethatcanbeusedoutside.Onealternativeisaportablecampstovewithsmallcansofgas.Keepapairofheavy,comfortableshoesorbootsinyourhome,atwork,andinyourvehicle.Ifthereisanearthquake,therewillbelotsoffragmentsofbrokenglass.Lightshoeswillnotprotectyourfeetaswellasheavyshoeswill.手边备有灭火器。应该在住处、工作场所和汽车里(如果你有车的话)都存放一个。灭火器应该是可以扑灭任何火灾的那种。有必要的话，准备一些能关闭煤气和自来水管道的特制工具。准备一个备用的户外烹调和取暖用具，可以准备一个便携式露营灶和几小罐煤气。在住处、工作场所和汽车里放一双厚重、舒适的鞋或靴子。发生地震时会有大量的玻璃碎片。轻便的鞋子不能像厚重的鞋子那样保护好你的双脚。Everyfamilyneedstohaveearthquakeemergencyplans.Howwillfamilymemberslea