现代大学英语精读(第2版)3U1A You College Years翻译

现代大学英语精读第2版YourCollegeYears你的大学生活BobHartman鲍勃·哈特曼Haveyoueverconsideredthechangesthataretakingplaceandwilltakeplaceinyourlifeasacollegestudent?Hasiteveroccurredtoyouthatyourprofessorsandotherschoolpersonnelhavecertaingoalsforyourgrowthandmaturityduringyourcollegeyears?Hasiteverdawnedonyouthatcertaindevelopmentalchangeswilloccurinyourlifeasyoumovefromadolescencetoyoungadulthood?Thoughcollegestudentsseldomthinkaboutthem,keychangeswillprobablyhappentothemduringtheircollegeyears.程中，你会经历某些特定的发展变化？尽管大学生很少思考以上问题，但是在大学期间，一些重要的变化很有可能发生在他们身上。Duringthistime,studentsaregoingthroughanidentitycrisisandareendeavoringtofindoutwhotheyareandwhattheirstrengthsandweaknessesare.Theyhave,ofcourse,plentyofboth.Itisimportanttoknowhowpeopleperceivethemselvesaswellashowotherpeopleperceivethem.AccordingtoPiersandLandau,inanarticlediscussingthetheoriesofErikH.EriksoninInternationalEncyclopediaofSocialSciences(1979),identityisdeterminedbygeneticendowment(whatisinheritedfromparents),shapedbyenvironment,andinfluencedbychanceevents.Peopleareinfluencedbytheirenvironmentand,inturn,influencetheirenvironment.Howpeopleseethemselvesinbothrolesisunquestionablyapartoftheiridentity.己，以及自己的优点和不足。当然，他们的优点和不足之处都很多。尔斯和兰多曾在一篇文章中探讨了艾瑞克·H.埃里克松在《国际社会）中的有关理论。根据他们的观点，自我认同取决于遗传基因（继承自父母），由环境塑造，并且受偶然事件的影响。人们受环境影响，反过来又影响他们周围的环境。人们如何看待一部分。Whilestudentsaregoingthroughanidentitycrisis,theyarebecomingindependentfromtheirparentsyetareprobablystillverydependentonthem.Thisindependence/dependencestruggleisverymuchapartofthelateradolescencestage.立。然而，他们仍然非常依赖父母。这种独立与依赖之间的矛盾其实是青春期后期的一部分。Infact,itmaybeheightenedbytheirchoicetopursueacollegeeducation.Immediatelyaftergraduatingfromhighschool,somegraduateschoosetoentertheworkworld.Asaresultofthischoice,theymaybecomefinanciallyindependentfromtheirparents.Butcollegestudentshavechosentogrowandlearnnewskillsthattakeyearstodevelop,sotheyprobablyneedatleastsomedegreeofdependenceontheirparents.自己的父母。InhisApril1984article"PsychologicalSeparationofLateAdolescentsfromTheirParents"intheJournalofCounselingPsychology,J.A.Hoffmanobservedthattherearefourdistinctaspectstopsychologicalseparationfromone'sparents.First,thereisfunctionalindependence,whichinvolvesthecapabilityofindividualstotakecareofpracticalandpersonalaffairs,suchashandlingfinances,choosingtheirownwardrobes,anddeterminingtheirdailyagenda.Second,thereisattitudinalindependence,whichmeansthatindividualslearntoseeandacceptthedifferencebetweentheirownattitudes,values,andbeliefsandthoseoftheirparents.Thethirdprocessofpsychologicalseparationisemotionalindependence.Hoffmandefinesthisprocessas"freedomfromanexcessiveneedforapproval,closeness,togetherness,andemotionalsupportinrelationtothemotherandfather."Forexample,collegestudentswouldfeelfreetoselectthemajorthattheywanttopursuewithoutfeelingtheymusthaveparentalapproval.Fourthisfreedomfrom"excessiveguilt,anxiety,mistrust,responsibility,inhibition,resentment,andangerinrelationtothemotherandfather."1984年4月，霍夫曼在《咨询心理学杂志》上发表了题为青春期末期的孩子与父母在心理上的分离的文章。他在文章中对孩子与父母的心理分离的四个不同方面作了论述。第一，自理独立，它包括的服装以及决定日程安排等。第二，观点独立，也就是说学生学会认摆脱对父母的赞许、亲近、陪伴以及情感支持的过分依赖的过程。例如，大学生能够自是摆脱与父母有关的过度的内疚、焦虑、怀疑、责任、压抑、反感以及愤怒。Collegestudentsneedtostandbackandseewheretheyareintheindependence/dependencestruggle.大学生需要退一步来审视自己在独立性与依赖性的冲突中所处的位置。Probablyoneofthemoststressfulmattersforyoungcollegestudentsisestablishingtheirsexualidentity,whichincludesrelatingtotheoppositesexandprojectingtheirfuturerolesasmenorwomen.Eachmustdefineherorhissexualidentityinafeminineormasculinerole.Theseareexcitingtimesyetfrustratingtimes.Probablynothingcanmakestudentsfeellowerorhigheremotionallythanthewaytheyarerelatingtowhomevertheyarehavingaromanticrelationshipwith.或许对于大学生来说，最有压力的问题之一就是确立自己的性别身份，这包括与异性的关系以及设计他们未来作为男人或者女人的角学生们在情感上大起大落的了。Atthesametime,theseyoungadultsarelearninghowtogiveandreceiveaffectionintheadultworld.Thisaspectofgrowthdealsnotonlywithinteractionwiththeoppositesexbutwithfriendsofbothsexesandallages.Astheygrowandreachyoungadulthood,thewaytheyrelatetootherschanges.Itisatimewhentheyasadultsshouldthinkabouthowtheyrelatetoandshowproperrespectforpeers,howtheyrelatetothechildrenandyoungadolescentsintheirlives,andhowtheyrelatetotheirparentsandshowthemaffection.Forexample,whenIwasagraduatestudentatSouthwesternBaptistTheologicalSeminary,IvisitedmyparentsafterIhadjustfinishedacourseincounseling.DuringthecourseIhadcometorealizethatwhilemyworldwasexpandingandnewoptionswereopeningforme,myfather,whowasinhissixties,wasseeinghisworldshrinkandhisoptionsnarrow.过程中我渐渐意识到，当我的世界不断扩展、新的选择不断出现时，我的父亲，一个年过花甲之人，正在目睹自己的世界在缩小，选择也在减少。Duringmyvisithome,myfatherandIhadseveralconversationsinwhichwediscussedthecontentofmycourseandhowitappliedtoourlives.IfoundmyselfseeingmyfatherinadifferentwayandrelatingtohimasafriendwhomIcouldencourage.Iwasconsciouslyencouragingthemanwhoovertheyearshadencouragedme.Iwasrelatingtomyfatherinadifferentway.相处。Anotherchangeforcollegestudentsisinternalizingtheirreligiousfaith,theirvalues,andtheirmorals.Sincebirth,oneormoreparentshavebeenmodelingforthemandteachingthemcertainbeliefs,values,andmorals.Intheiradolescentyears,however,thesemattersarequestionedandinsomecasesrebelledagainst.Now,asyoungadults,theyhavetheopportunitytodecideforthemselveswhatbeliefs,values,andmoralstheyaregoingtoacceptfortheirlives.Inthelatesixties,ayoungwomanfromabackgroundthatwasextremelyprejudicedagainstpeoplefromotherracescametocollegeconvincedthatherracewassuperior.Shewasdistressedbecauseshehadbeenputintoadormthathadpeoplefromavarietyofethnicbackgrounds.Overthenextfouryears,thisstudent,whoconsideredherselfintelligent,foundherselfinclassesandsocialeventsinwhichpeopleofotherracesperformedaswellasormorecompetentlythanshedid.楷模，并且传授他们一定的信仰、价值观和道德观。然而，当他们到观和道德观。60年代末期，一位来自极度歧视其他种族的群体的年轻女子进入大学，并且深信自己的种族高人一等。令她苦恼的是，她被安排进了一个有着不同人种学生居住的宿舍里。在接下来的四年种族的人和她表现得一样好，甚至有人比她显得更游刃有余。Asshefinishedhersenioryear,shehadgrowntorealizethatpeopleofotherraceswerenotonlyequaltoherbutwerepeoplewhocouldbeherfriendsandfromwhomshecouldlearn.与自己是平等的，而且还可以成为自己的朋友甚至值得她学习。Thesereligious,moral,andethicalvaluesthataresetduringthecollegeyearsoftenlastalifetime.这些在大学期间确立的信仰、道德和种族观念，往往伴随人的一生。Inadditiontoaffirmingpersonalvalues,collegestudentsdevelopnewwaystoorganizeanduseknowledge.Thechallengesofacademiclifenotonlyintroducethemtonewknowledgebutforcethemtoevaluatehowtheygather,process,andapplyknowledgeintheirlives.Forsome,thiswillbeapainfulexperience,butforallitwillbeagrowingexperience.OnestudentwithwhomIhadworkedwentontobecomeanEnglishteacher.Shesharedwithmehowherattitudetowardliteraturechangedduringhercollegeyears."InhighschoolImadegoodgradesinEnglish,"sheobserved,"butthematerialmeantverylittletome."Shethenwentontoexplainhowincollegeshecametorealizethatliteratureisoneofthebestwaystounderstandaculture.Herwayoflearninghadchanged.Allstudentsshouldbeawareofhowtheyreacttonewknowledgeandnewwaysoflearning,howtheyprocesstheknowledgepresentedtothem,andhowtheyorganizethisknowledge.Andlastofall,theseyoungadultsarebecomingworldcitizens,arebecomingawarenotonlyofothergroupsintheirownculturebutalsoofpeopleofothercultures.Astheymeetthesepeopleandinteractwiththem,theyfindthemselvesbeingintroducedtonewwaysoflifeandnewwaysofinterpretinglife.Astheydoso,theygrowandbecomemorematurepeople.除了确立个人的价值观，大学生还学会了组织和运用知识的新方法。何在生活中搜集、整理和运用知识。对于某些人来说，这将是一段痛苦的经历，但对于所有人来说，这将是一段成长的经历。一个曾与我态度是如何改变的。高中时我的英语成绩优异，她说，但学的那些东西对我的意义不大。接着她继续解释了在大学里她如何意到文们面前的知识，以及如何组织这些知识。最后，这些年轻的大人们将此同时，他们不断成长并且变得更为成熟。AstudentattendingacommunitycollegeinhishometownexplainedhowasastudenthecametoknowastudentfromaThirdWorldcountry-acountryhehadnotevenheardofbefore.Theinternationalstudent,whoexpectedtobeappointedtoanimportantgovernmentalpositionwhenhereturnedhome,hadabrotherwhotaughtlawatthemajoruniversityofhiscountry.TheAmericanstudentandtheinternationalstudentbecameclosefriendsandspentmanyhourssharingtheirthoughtsanddreams.TheAmericanstudentobserved,"Becauseofourfriendship,Ihavecometoun