2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号62

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecov-rysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesfheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,owever,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceerup-ivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspon-aneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.

Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichin-olvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebe-ngdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDRs,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtoreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycircula-ionofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.

TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,istdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslyeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100oCmayeusefulforspaceheating；however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Careesirable.

Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachaesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegra-ientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssocia-ionofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrossheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsex-st.)

IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperatureradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.?softo-alenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.fweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalemainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,orecostlywellsandshallower,cooler，lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,e-ectricityand/orheat.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto().

2.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina()

3.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto()

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspe-cificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe().

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDRsasanavailableenergysource

B.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDRs

C.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDRsarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative

D.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam

问题2选项

A.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates

B.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates

C.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources

D.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources

问题3选项

A.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems

B.determinetheamountofenergythatwillbeusedforspaceheatingintheUnitedStates

C.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesinUnitedStates

D.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates

问题4选项

A.possibilitythatHDRsmaybefoundinthatarea

B.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea

C.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea

D.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilgasreservesinthatarea

问题5选项

A.EnergyfromWaterSources:TheFeasibilityofCommercialSystems

B.GeothermalEnergyRetrieval:VolcanicActivityandHotDryRocks

C.EnergyUnderground:GeothermalSourcesGiveWaytoFossilFuels

D.TappableEnergyforAmerica’sFuture:HotDryRocks

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.最后一段指出：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge（HDR能源基础是巨大的）。A项“提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源”符合文意。

2.本文旨在提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源。所以，这篇文章可能出现在C项“关于新发现能源可恢复性的技术期刊”上。

3.根据题干关键词“averagegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepth”定位至最后一段：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates（迹象表明，HDR的能源库巨大。如果按每公里深度的地热梯度平均为22摄氏度计算，可以得出美国1万公里深度的地壳岩石中所包含的总能源。）D项“estimatethetotalHDRresourcebase”符合文意。

4.第四段指出：“Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggest

thattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.”B项“该地区先前试图获取燃油和天然气”符合文意。

5.本文讲述了HDR能源的发现及应用前景，通篇的关键词为HDR。D项最适合做文章的标题。

2.单选题

TheexpeditionhasleftfortheAndesandthereisno（）whenitwillreturn.

问题1选项

A.informing

B.reporting

C.knowing

D.advising

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意：探险队已出发前往安第斯山脉，但没有通知何时返回。故选A。

3.单选题

Englishisanimportantforeignlanguagetomasterbecauseitprovidesready（）toworldscholarshipandworldtrade.

问题1选项

A.excess

B.approach

C.solution

D.access

【答案】D

【解析】句意：英语是一门非常重要的需要掌握的外语，因为它是通向知识世界和商业世界的（）。

A选项excess超过；B选项approach接近；C选项solution解决；D选项access入口，进入。选项D符合句意。

4.单选题

Childhoodmemoirsoftengaintheirpoignancythroughasenseofdisplacement:eachlessonisaccompaniedbyalossof（）.

问题1选项

A.perspective

B.innocence

C.permission

D.veracity

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。句意：童年记忆经常由于取代感而更加哀伤，每一次教训都伴随着

的丢失。

perspective洞察力，看法；innocence纯洁，纯真；permission允许，许可；veracity诚实，真实。故选B。

5.单选题

Paperbacknovelsinthe1940’sand1950’softenhad

coverstoattractreaders’attention.

问题1选项

A.murky

B.lurid

C.legitimate

D.pale

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：20世纪40年代和50年代的平装小说经常有骇人听闻的封面，以吸引读者注意力。因此选B。

6.单选题

Atthepartywefoundthatshygirl（）hermotherallthetime.

问题1选项

A.dependingon

B.adheringto

C.clingingto

D.coincidingwith

【答案】C

【解析】短语辨析。在聚会上，我们发现那个害羞的女孩一直（）她的妈妈。

dependingon依赖；adheringto黏附；clingingto（紧紧）黏着；coincidingwith符合，一致。按理说，B项和C项都有“黏着”的意思，符合句意。C项暗含了“紧紧地”这一层意思。因此，C项正确。

7.单选题

Theriverwas（）withindustrialwastefromthenearbyfactory.

问题1选项

A.Irradiated

B.contaminated

C.corrupted

D.fragmented

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:这条河被来自附近的工业废料（）。

irradiate辐射；contaminate污染；corrupt使腐败，使堕落；fragment分裂，使成碎片。由题意可知这条河被工业废料污染了，B选项“污染”符合句意。

8.单选题

Recentresearchhasclaimedthatanexcessofpositiveionsintheaircanhaveanilleffectonpeople’sphysicalorpsychologicalhealth.Whatarepositiveions?Well,theairisfullofions,electri-callychargedparticles,andgenerallythereisaroughbalancebetweenthepositiveandthenegativecharged.Butsometimesthisbalancebecomesdisturbedandalargerproportionofpositiveionsarefound.Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorm,earthquakeswhenwindssuchastheMistral,HamsinorSharavareblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelec-tricityindoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcom-puterdisplayscreens.

Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresent,intheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue，irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernauseaorevenmentaldisturbance.Animalsarealsoaffected,particularlybeforeearthquakes,snakeshavebeenobservedtocomeoutofhibernation,ratstofleefromtheirburrows,dogshowlandcatsjumpabout

unaccountably.ThishasledtheU.S.GeographicalSurveytofundanetwork,ofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.

Conversely,whenlargenumbersofnegativeionsarepresent,thenpeoplehaveafeelingofwell-being.Naturalconditionsthatproducetheselargeamountsarenearthesea,closetowaterfallsorfountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.Thisprobablyaccountsforthebeneficialeffectofaholidaybythesea,orinthemountainswithtumblingstreamsorwaterfalls.

Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachines,whichgeneratenegativeions.Theyclaimthationizersnotonlycleanandrefreshtheairbutalsoimprovethehealthofpeoplesensitivetoexcesspositiveions.Ofcourse,therearethedetractors,otherscientists,whodismisssuchclaimsandareskepticalaboutnegative/posi-tiveionresearch.Thereforepeoplecanonlymakeuptheirownmindsbyobservingtheeffectson

themselves,oronothers，ofanegativerichorpoorenvironment.Afterallitisdebatablewhetherde-pendingonseismicreadingstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethanwatchingthecat.

1.Whateffectdoesexceedingpositiveionizationhaveonsomepeople?

2.Inaccordancewiththepassage,staticelectricitycanbecausedby（）.

3.Ahighnegativeioncountislikelytobefound（）.

4.Whatkindofmachinecangeneratenegativeionsindoors?

5.Accordingtothepassage,somescientistsbelievethat（）

问题1选项

A.Theythinktheyareinsane.

B.Theybecomeratherbad-tempered.

C.Theybecomeviolentlysick.

D.Theyaretootiredtodoanything.

问题2选项

A.usinghome-madegoods

B.wearingclothesmadeofnaturalmaterials

C.walkingoncarpets

D.cleaningcomputerscreens

问题3选项

A.nearaparkinglot

B.closetoaslow-flowingriver

C.insomebarrenmountains

D.byarotatingwatersprinkler

问题4选项

A.Ionizers.

B.Air-conditioners.

C.Exhaust-fans.

D.Vacuumpumps.

问题5选项

A.watchinganimalstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethandependingonseismography

B.theunusualbehaviorofanimalscannotbeexplained

C.neitherwatchingnorusingseismographsisreliable

D.earthquakecannotbepredicted

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。第二段指出：Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresent,intheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue,irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernauseaorevenmentaldisturbance.因此，B项“人会变得易怒”正确。

2.细节题。根据题干关键词“staticelectricity”定位至第一段：Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelectricityindoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcom-puterdisplayscreens（也可能是由于室内地毯或人造纤维制成的衣服或电视机、复印机或电脑显示屏产生的静电积聚所致）。因此C选项“在地毯上行走”是静电产生的原因之一。

3.细节题。根据题干关键词“negativeion”定位至第三段：Naturalconditionsthatproducetheselargeamountsarenearthesea,closetowaterfallsorfountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray（产生这些大量负离子的自然条件是靠近大海，靠近瀑布或喷泉，或在喷洒水的任何地方，或形成喷雾剂）,因此D项“通过旋转洒水车”正确。

4.细节题。根据题干关键词“negativeionsindoors”定位至最后一段：Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers.由此可知，ionizers（离子发生器）可以制造室内负离子。A项正确。

5.细节题。最后一段指出：Afterallitisdebatablewhetherdependingonseismicreadingstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethanwatchingthecat（依靠地震知识预测地震是否比观察猫更有效还存在争议）,因此A项正确。

9.单选题

Itcannotbedeniedthattheexistingresourcesonearthwillbedepleted,butscientistsare（）toconcedetheinevitabilityofthatday,realizingthatnewenergiescanbefoundinthenearfuture.

问题1选项

A.bound

B.unprepared

C.hesitant

D.likely

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。句意：毫无疑问，地球上存在的资源将会枯竭。但是科学家认为

在不久的将来会发现新的资源。bound有义务的；unprepared没有准备好的；hesitant有疑虑的；likely可能的。此处，belikelyto为固定搭配，意为“可能做某事”。故选D。

10.单选题

TheFrenchwordrenaissancemeansrebirth.Itwasfirstusedin1855bythehistorianJulesicheletinhisHistoryofFrance,thenadoptedbyhistoriansofculture,byarthistorians,andeventu-allybymusichistorians,allofwhomappliedittoEuropeancultureduringthe150yearsspanning450-1600.TheconceptofrebirthwasappropriatetothisperiodofEuropeanhistorybecauseoftheewedinterestinancientGreekandRomanculturethatbeganinItalyandthenspreadthroughouturope.ScholarsandartistsofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturieswantedtorestorethelearninganddealsoftheclassicalcivilizationsofGreeceandRome.Tothesescholarsthismeantareturntohu-man—asopposedtospiritual—values.Fulfillmentinlife—asopposedtoconcernaboutanafter-life—becameadesirablegoal,andexpressingtheentirerangeofhumanemotionsandenjoyingtheleasuresofthesenseswerenolongerfrownedon.Artistsandwritersnowturnedtosecularaswellaseligioussubjectmatterandsoughttomaketheirworksunderstandableandappealing.

ThesechangesinoutlookdeeplyaffectedthemusicalcultureoftheRenaissanceperiod—howpeoplethoughtaboutmusicaswellasthewaymusicwascomposed，experienced,discussed,anddis-seminated.Theycouldseethearchitecturalmonuments,sculptures,plays,andpoemsthatwerebe-ingrediscovered,buttheycouldnotactuallyhearancientmusic—althoughtheycouldreadthewrit-ingsofclassicalphilosophers,poets,essayists,andmusictheoriststhatwerebecomingavailableintranslation.Theylearnedaboutthepowerofancientmusictomovethelistenerandwonderedwhymodernmusicdidnothavethesameeffect.Forexample,theinfluentialreligiousleaderBernardinoCirilloexpresseddisappointmentwiththelearnedmusicofhistime.Heurgedmusicianstofollowtheexampleofthesculptors,painters,architects,andscholarswhohadrediscoveredancientartandlit-erature.

ThemusicalRenaissanceinEuropewasmoreageneralculturalmovementandstateofmindthanaspecificsetofmusicaltechniques.Furthermore,musicchangedsorapidlyduringthiscenturyandahalf—thoughatdifferentratesindifferentcountries—thatwecannotdefineasingleRenaissancestyle.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthinkersoftheRenaissancewereseekingarebirthof().

3.Accordingtothepassage,RenaissanceartistsandwritershadallofthefollowingintentionsEX-CEPT().

4.Theword“disseminated”inline16isclosestinmeaningto()

5.WhichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasareasonfortheabsenceofasingleRenais-sancemusicalstyle?

问题1选项

A.ThemusicalcompositionsthatbestillustratethedevelopmentsduringtheEuropeanRenais-sance.

B.ThemusicaltechniquesthatwereinuseduringtheEuropeanRenaissance.

C.TheEuropeanRenaissanceasaculturaldevelopmentthatincludedchangesinmusicalstyle.

D.TheancientGreekandRomanmusicalpracticesusedduringtheEuropeanRenaissance.

问题2选项

A.communicationamongartistsacrossEurope

B.spiritualityineverydaylife

C.aculturalemphasisonhumanvalues

D.religiousthemesinartthatwouldaccompanythetraditionalsecularthemes

问题3选项

A.usingreligiousthemes

B.portrayingonlythepleasantpartsofhumanexperience

C.producingartthatpeoplewouldfindattractive

D.creatingworksthatwereeasilyunderstood

问题4选项

A.played

B.documented

C.spread

D.analyzed

问题5选项

A.ThemusicalRenaissancewasdefinedbytechniqueratherthanstyle.

B.ThemusicalRenaissancewastooshorttogiverisetoanewmusicalstyle.

C.RenaissancemusiciansadoptedthestylesofbothGreekandRomanmusicians.

D.DuringtheRenaissance,musicneverremainedthesameforverylong.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.文章开头介绍了“复兴”一词的来源及兴起。第二段写文艺复兴影响人们音乐思考和音乐创作的方式。第三段写这一时期的音乐风格多变，很难定义为单一的音乐类型。C项对文意的概括比较全面，所以C项正确。

2.第一段指出：Tothesescholarsthismeantareturntohuman—asopposedtospiritual一values（对于这些学者而言，文艺复兴意味着对人类价值而非精神方面的回归）。C项“重视人类价值观的主张”符合原文意思。

3.B项“仅仅描述人生经历中快乐的部分”不是艺术家和作家的目的，故选B。

4.“disseminated”出现在第二段:ThesechangesinoutlookdeeplyaffectedthemusicalcultureoftheRenaissanceperiod—howpeoplethoughtaboutmusicaswellasthewaymusicwascomposed,experienced,discussed,anddisseminated.（这些观点的改变深深地影响了文艺复兴时期的音乐文化——人们思考音乐的方式以及音乐的创作、体验、争议和）。所以，C项spread“传播”正确。

5.第三段指出：musicchangedsorapidlyduringthiscenturyandahalf—thoughatdifferentratesindifferentcountries—thatwecannotdefineasingleRenaissancestyle（在本世纪半叶，音乐变化如此之快，尽管在不同的国家以不同的速度变化，但我们无法定义一种文艺复兴风格）。所以“changedsorapidly”是原因，D项“音乐无法长时间的保持一种形式”正确。

11.单选题

Thereceptionwasattendedby（）membersofthelocalcommunity.

问题1选项

A.excellent

B.conspicuous

C.prominent

D.noticeable

【答案】C

【解析】C选项prominent意为“突出的；著名的”。句意：参加这次招待会的是当地社区的（）人士。A选项excellent极好的；B选项conspicuous显而易见的；C选项prominent突出的；著名的；D选项noticeable引人注目的，C选项prominent符合句意。

12.写作题

Haveyoueverattemptedtoquestionacademicauthorityinyourlearningandresearchprocess?Whatdoyouthinkaretheappropriateattitudestowardsacademicauthority?Writeanessayofnolessthan150wordstoexplainyouropinionsonthisissue.

【答案】ACriticalAttitudeTowardsAcademicAuthority13.单选题

Thiswasafive-digitnationalcodingsystemto（）eachpostaldeliverysection.

问题1选项

A.testify

B.count

C.clarify

D.identify

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：是一个五位数的国家译码系统，以（）邮局送达部门。testify证明；count计算；clarify使明晰；identify识别。故选D。

14.单选题

Havinghadherasaprofessorandadviser,Icantellyouthatsheisan（）forcewhopushesherstudentstoexcelfarbeyondtheirownexpectations.

问题1选项

A.inspirational

B.educational

C.excessive

D.instantaneous

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。inspirational鼓舞人心的；educational教育的；excessive过度的；instantaneous即刻的。句意是：由于她是我的教授兼指导老师，不妨告诉你，她具有一种（

）力量，激发着她的学生超越自我的期望。因此，A选项符合句意。

15.单选题

Hefoundhisnewacquaintancetobe（）:tryingtounderstandherpersonalitywaslike

peeringintoanunknowndimension.

问题1选项

A.cosmopolitan

B.imperturbable

C.inscrutable

D.puerile

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：他发现他新结识的朋友

，尝试了解她的性格就如同窥探未知的领域。

cosmopolitan世界性的；世界主义的，四海一家的；imperturbable冷静的；泰然自若的；inscrutable神秘的；不可理解的；不能预测的；不可思议的；puerile幼稚的；孩子气的；未成熟的；天真的。因此，C项符合句意。

16.单选题

Inthatcountrythecoinsareso（

）thatonehastocarrygreatquantitiesmakeasinglepurchase.

问题1选项

A.diminished

B.debased

C.degraded

D.defaced

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。diminish削弱，减少debase贬值，降低degrade降级deface损伤外观，丑化。句意：那个国家的货币如此_____,人们买一样东西都得带许多钱。由onehastocarrygreatquantitiestomakeasinglepurchase.可知货币不值钱，货币贬值，所以答案B。

17.单选题

ThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe（）fromfalltowinter.

问题1选项

A.transmission

B.transformation

C.transition

D.transfer

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的。transmission传递；transformation变形，转化；transition转变，过渡时期；transfer迁移、传递。因此，C项符合句意。

18.写作题

TherearemanyreasonsforapersonplanningtodoPhDresearch(forexample,newexperiences,careerpreparation,andincreasedknowledge).Whydoyouthinkpeopleshouldpursueadoctoraldegree?Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsaboutyouropiniononthistopic.

【答案】WhydopeoplegoforaPh.D.?Thedisinterestedreasonmostoftengivenissatisfyingtheirthirstforknowledge.Ph.D.studentsarethosewithhighdegreeofinternalmotivationthatstemsfromtheirinborncuriosityandloveofintellectualpursuits.Theyexpectthatafterobtainingtheirdegreetheywillmetamorphoseintoscholars.Forthosethetemptationofresearchingnewandexcitingsubjectsisalsoirresistible,oratleastpreferabletoallotherchoices.

So,aPhDmeansthatyouhavealotofknowledgeandinformationaboutyourfield.Yourknowl-edgeisnotonlytheoretical,butalsoofpracticaluse,andyoucanshareitwithothersforproblem-solving.Youareanexpertandspecialistinyourareaofstudy,andyoureducatedopinionwillbehighlyvaluedamongfriends,colleaguesandeventhemedia.

WithaPhDdegree,youmayhavemorecareerchoices.Atthesametime,youcangainahighersalaryandpositionwithinthecompanycomparedtocandidateswhodonothavethesameeducationallevelasyou.Furthermore,yourexpertiseinthefieldalsogivesyoutheopportunitytoacquireteach-ingpositionsatacollegeoruniversity.

TherearealsootherreasonsforpursuingaPh.D.,whicharemorepragmatic.GoingthroughyearsofstudyforaPhDdegreealsomeansthatyouwillhavebuiltupareliableanddiversesetofprofessionalnetworks.Youwillhaveworkedwithrenownedexpertsandscholarsinthefieldandwillhavemadeimportantcontactsduringconferences,allofwhomcanserveasexcellentcareerreferencesforanyjobpositions.

Inthissense,thedoctoraldegreeisnotonlyapassporttoaworldofresearchandnewknowl-edge,butalsoavaluableassetthatincreasesone’schancesforobtaininghigherpaid,moresatisfyingjobs.Itisseenasaninvestmentinone’slifeforfuturesuccessfulcareer,acertificateprovingone’sspecialabilitiesthatgivesadvantagesoftheownerinthejobmarket.

WhateverreasonsapersonmayhavewhenplanningtodoPh.D.research,theultimategoalistoenjoyabetterlife.APhDprograminvolveshardwork,rigorouscriticalthinkingskillsandalotofin-vestedtime,moneyandresearch.However,youreceivemanybenefitsandrewardsforhavingadoc-toratedegree,whetheritisforpersonalsatisfaction,socialstatus,andemploymentorforthesakeofeducationandknowledgeitself.

19.单选题

Government（）theuseofseatbeltsinallcars.

问题1选项

A.prevails

B.provokes

C.mediates

D.mandates

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：政府（）在所有车中使用安全带。

prevail胜过，获胜，生效，流行；provoke激起，挑衅；mediate调解，斡旋，居中；man-date授权，托管，强制。D选项“强制”符合句意。

20.单选题

Ifounditdifficultto（）mycareerambitionswiththeneedtobringupmy

children.

问题1选项

A.intensify

B.amend

C.reconcile

D.consolidate

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。intensify使增加，加剧；amend修改；reconcile使顺从，和解；consolidate合并，巩固，加强。句意：我发现很难让我的事业抱负（）抚养孩子的需求。reconcilewith意为“使一致，和好，调解”，因此C选项符合句意。

21.单选题

UnderethicalguidelinerecentlyadoptedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth,humangenesaretobemanipulatedonlytocorrectdiseaseforwhich（）treatmentsareunsatisfactory.

问题1选项

A.similar

B.dangerous

C.uncommon

D.alternative

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：根据国家健康研究机构最近通过的道德准则，人类的基因只有在治疗方案无法满足需求的情况下才可以改变。

similar相似的；dangerous危险的；uncommon不寻常的，罕有的；alternative可供选择的。选项D“可供选择的”符合题意。

22.单选题

Althoughmostdreamsapparentlyhappen（）,dreamactivitymaybeprovokedbyexternalinfluences.

问题1选项

A.spontaneously

B.simultaneously

C.homogeneously

D.instantaneously

【答案】A

【解析】副词辨析。句意：尽管大多数的梦明显是（）出现的，梦境活动也可能受到外界的影响。

spontaneously自然地，不由自主地；simultaneously同时地；homogeneously同样地；instantaneously即刻，突如其来地。因此，A项spontaneously符合句意。

23.单选题

Duringourfirstteachertrainingyear,weoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe（）

oflessons.

问题1选项

A.observation

B.investigation

C.inspection

D.examination

【答案】A

【解析】句意：教师培训的第一年，为了（）课程,我们经常参观当地的学校。A选项observation观察；B选项investigation调查，研究；C选项inspection检查；D选项examination检查，考试。选项A符合句意。

24.单选题

Japanisa（）societyofonenationalityandafewunderrepresentedminoritygroups，suchastheethnicChineseandKoreans.

问题1选项

A.spontaneous

B.simultaneous

C.homogenous

D.instantaneous

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：日本是一个（）单民族社会，由一个民族和一些代表性不足的像中国人和韩国人这样的少数群体组成。spontaneous自发的；simultaneous同时存在的；homogenous同源的，纯系的；instantaneous瞬间的。C选项homogenous符合句意。

25.单选题

Whenan'inventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossible（1）ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheidea（2）,orpatentit.

A（3）patentistheresultofabargain（4）betweenaninventorandthestate,buttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod（5）.

Onlythemostexceptionalcircumstances（6）thelifespanofapatent（7）toalterthisnormalprocessofevents.

Thelongestextensionever（8）wastoGeorgesValensi:his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent'snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto（9）andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention.

Becauseapatentremainspermanently（10）afterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe（11）officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasdialarefreeforanyonetouseand,if（12）thanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyone（13）toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough（14）patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor'srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherform（15）invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionally（16）totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis（17）onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.

Anyoneclosely（18）inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,（19）makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate（20）thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.

问题1选项

A.work

B.possibility

C.measures

D.courses

问题2选项

A.open

B.covered

C.secret

D.improved

问题3选项

A.granted

B.granting

C.inventing

D.invented

问题4选项

A.striking

B.struck

C.tobestriking

D.tostrike

问题5选项

A.terminating

B.continuing

C.continues

D.terminates

问题6选项

A.are

B.tobe

C.be

D.is

问题7选项

A.extending

B.willextend

C.extended

D.tobeextended

问题8选项

A.granted

B.granting

C.togrant

D.beinggranted

问题9选项

A.receiving

B.sending

C.receive

D.send

问题10选项

A.public

B.secret

C.close

D.concealed

问题11选项

A.customer

B.commerce

C.patent

D.television

问题12选项

A.longer

B.older

C.weaker

D.younger

问