2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号21

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Budgetforecastsaretheultimatelessonintakingthings（）inhindsight,mostforecastslookworsethanrandomguesses.

问题1选项

A.withastrokeofthepen

B.withawhipofscorpions

C.withagrainofsalt

D.withallduesubmission

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。withastrokeofthepen“一笔一划”；withawhipofscorpions“用残酷的高压手段”；withagrainofsalt“持怀疑态度，有保留”；withallduesubmission“必恭必敬的”。句意：预算预估对事情的猜测持保留态度，大多数预测看起来比随机猜测更糟。选项C符合题意。

2.问答题

Theanswerliessomewhereintherealmofideology,inEuropeanattitudesnotjusttowarddefensespendingbuttowardpoweritself.ImportantasthepowergaphasbeeninshapingtherespectivestrategicculturesoftheUnitedStatesandEurope,ifthedisparityofmilitarycapabilitiesweretheonlyproblem,thesolutionwouldbefairlystraightforward.Withahighlyeducatedandproductivepopulationofalmost400millionpeopleanda$9trillioneconomy,EuropetodayhasthewealthandtechnologicalcapabilitytomakeitselfmoreofaworldpowerinmilitarytermsifEuropeanswantedtobecomethatkindofworldpower.Theycouldeasilyspendtwiceasmuchastheyarecurrentlyspendingondefenseiftheybelieveditnecessarytodoso.AndclosingthepowergapbetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropewouldprobablygosomewaytowardclosingthegapinstrategicperceptions.

ThereisacynicalviewcurrentinAmericanstrategiccirclesthattheEuropeanssimplyenjoythe"freeride"theyhavegottenundertheAmericansecurityumbrellaoverthepastsixdecades.GivenAmerica'swillingnesstospendsomuchmoneyprotectingthem,Europeanswouldratherspendtheirownmoneyonsocialwelfareprograms,longvacations,andshorterworkweeks.Butthereismoretothetransatlanticgulfthanagapinmilitarycapabilities,andwhileEuropemaybeenjoyingafreerideintermsofglobalsecurity,thereismoretoEurope'sunwillingnesstobuildupitsmilitarypowerthancomfortwiththepresentAmericanguarantee.Afterall,theUnitedStatesinthe19IhcenturywasthebeneficiaryoftheBritishnavy'sdominanceoftheAtlanticandtheCaribbean.ButthatdidnotstoptheUnitedStatesfromengaginginitsownpeacetimenavalbuildupinthe1880sand1890s,abuildupthatequippedittolaunchandwintheSpanish-Americanwar,acquirethePhilippines,andbecomeaworldpower.Late-nineteenth-centuryAmericansdidnottakecomfortfromtheirsecurity;theywereambitiousformorepower.

Europeanstodayarenotambitiousforpower,andcertainlynotformilitarypower.Europeansoverthepasthalfcenturyhavedevelopedagenuinelydifferentperspectiveontheroleofpowerininternationalrelations,aperspectivethatspringsdirectlyfromtheiruniquehistoricalexperiencesincetheendofWorldWarII.Theyhaverejectedthepowerpoliticsthatbroughtthemsuchmiseryoverthepastcenturyandmore.ThisisaperspectiveonpowerthatAmericansdonotandcannotshare,inasmuchastheformativehistoricalexperiencesontheirsideoftheAtlantichavenotbeenthesame.ConsideragainthequalitiesthatmakeuptheEuropeanstrategicculture:theemphasisonnegotiation,diplomacy,andcommercialties,oninternationallawovertheuseofforce,onseductionovercoercion,onmultilateralismoverunilateralism.ItistruethatthesearenottraditionallyEuropeanapproachestointernationalrelationswhenviewedfromalonghistoricalperspective.ButtheyareaproductofmorerecentEuropeanhistory.ThemodernEuropeanstrategicculturerepresentsaconsciousrejectionoftheEuropeanpast,arejectionoftheevilsofEuropeanMahtlpolilik.

1.Whatmightbethequestionraisedpriortothefirstparagraphofthepassage?

2.WhathavemadeitdifficulttoredressthemilitaryimbalancesbetweentheUnitedStatesandEurope?

3.Whatdoesthephrase“freeride”implyhere?

4.Whatdoesthephrase“thetransatlanticgulf”referto?

5.WhydoAmericansandEuropeansthinkaboutpowersodifferently?

【答案】1.Europemaybeenjoyingafreerideintermsofglobalsecurity,thereismoretoEurope'sunwillingnesstobuildupitsmilitarypowerthancomfortwiththepresentAmericanguarantee.

2.EuropeanshavegottenundertheAmericansecurityumbrella.

3.EuropeansenjoythestatementofbeingsecuredbytheUnitedStated.

4.ItrefersthatAmericawasambitiousformorepower.

5.Becauseoftheirdifferenthistoricalexperiences.

3.单选题

Amanwhobecomesconsciousoftheresponsibilityhebearstowardahumanbeingwhoaffectionatelywaitsforhim,won’tbeabletothrowawayhislife.Heknowsthe“（）’’forhisexistence,andwillbeabletobearany“（

）”.

问题1选项

A.how...why

B.why...how

C.when...Why

D.where...how

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。how表方式，why表原因，when表时间，where表地点，根据题意，他知道她存在的原因和意义，可知第一空填why。句意：一个人如果意识到他对一个深情地等待着他的人所承担的责任，他就不能抛弃自己的生命。因为他会意识到自己存在的原因，并且能够承受未来的一切。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Recently,JapaneseimportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromChinahavesurgedandthereputationofChineseproductshasimprovedsubstantially,givingrisetoconcernthatChinawillsoonreplaceJapanasthe"factoryoftheworld".AnobjectiveevaluationofChina'sindustrialstrength,however,suggeststhatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforeitwillbecomeatrulyadvancedindustrialcountryonparwithJapan.

Firstofall,thehighproportionoflabor-intensiveproductsinChina'sexportsmeansthatitstradestructureistypicalofanewlyindustrializingeconomy(NIE).

Thisisdifferentfromthatofdevelopedcountries,wherethemajorexportitems,suchasmachinery,aretechnology-intensive.AlthoughChinaisincreasingitsshareoftheglobalmarketformanufacturedgoods,includingsomeinformation-technology(IT)productsthatareclassifiedashigh-tech,Chineseexportsarestillhighlyconcentratedinlower-endproducts.Intheeaseoftelevisions,forinstance,Japanspecializesinhigh-definitionandotherhigher-endmodels,whileChinaproducesstandardmodelswhoseunitvaluesaremuchlower.

ReflectingChinasemphasisonprocessingtrade,goods"madeinChina"containlargenumbersofoverseascomponents,someofwhicharemadeinJapan.AccordingtoofficialChinesestatistics,increasingexportsbyUSS1millionrequiresimportingintermediategoodsandcomponentsworth$500,000,whichdonotformpartofChina'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Moreover,theproportionofthisimportedcontentishigherforhigh-techthanforlow-techproducts.Acomputerlabeled"madeinChina"islikelytocontainalargeportionofimportedcontentsincludinganIntelcentralprocessingunit(CPU),MicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystem,andaliquidcrystaldisplaymadeinJapanorSouthKorea.

Inaddition,approximatelyhalfofChina'sexportsareproducedbysubsidiariesofforeigncompanies,towhichdividends,interestcharges,royaltiesandotherfeesmustbepaid.EvenamongChinesecompanieswithnocapitalrelationswithoverseascompanies,themajorityoftheirexportsareprocessedunderOEM(originalequipmentmanufacturing)contractsandsoldwithforeignbrandnames.Thusonlyaverysmallpercentageofthevalue-addedofproductslabeled"madeinChina"isactually"madebyChina".ThelattercorrespondstotheconceptofChina'sgrossnationalproduct(GNP),andexcludesimportchargesonintermediategoodsandinvestmentincomepaidtooverseascountries.

Chinaissoheavilydependentonforeignpartnersthatithasyettodevelopitsownedge-cuttingtechnologyandinternationallyrecognizedbrandnames.Ontopofthis;Chinesecompaniesareinferiortotheiroverseascounterpartsinvirtuallyeveryaspect,beitcapital,humanresources,orbusinessmanagement.Asaresult,Chinahasnooptionbuttolooktocheaplaborforitsexportcompetitiveness.Indeed,themajorityofChinascontributiontothevalue-addedofitsexportslieswiththecostoflabor,andtheverylowwagesinChina,averaginglessthan$100amonth,implythatthiscontributionmustbeverysmall.Assuch,thecommonassumptionthatChinesegoodsarecompetitivebecausethecountry'swagelevelsarelowholdstrueonlyforlabor-intensiveproductsanddoesnotnecessarilyapplytoindustryasawhole.Instead,China'slowwagesshouldbeinterpretedasareflectionofthefactthatitslaborproductivityispoor.ItiswhenChina'swagelevelsapproachthoseofJapan,reflectingariseinproductivity,whichChinawillreallybecomeaformidablecompetitorforJapan.

1.Whydoestheauthorsay"thereisstillalongwaytogobeforeitwillbecomeatrulyadvancedindustrialcountryonparwithJapan"?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,what'sthedifferencebetweenproductslabeled"madeinChina"andthoselabeled"madebyChina'?

3.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthecompetitivenessofJapan'sproducts?

4.Theword“subsidiaries”inParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.China'stradestructureisstilllaggingbehindthatofdevelopedcountries.

B.China'sexportgoodsarenotascompetitiveasJapan's.

C.WithoutforeignhelpandadvancedtechnologyChinacannotproducemostofitsproducts.

D.Chinaisstillfacedwiththeproblemsofbackwardtradestructure,low-techandlabor-intensiveproducts.

问题2选项

A.Productslabeled"madeinChina"arehigh-techproductswhilethelatterarenot.

B.WhetherChinaisthemanufactureroftheoriginalpartofproductsandsellsthoseproductswithChinesebrandnames.

C.WhetherChinesecompaniesaresubsidiariesofforeigncompanies.

D.WhetherChinesecompaniesaredependentonforeignpartners.

问题3选项

A.Japandoesn'texportlower-endproducts.

B.Japanisthe'factoryoftheworld".

C.Japan'smajorexportitemsarehigh-techproductsandcompetitiveinbusinessmanagement.

D.Japandoesn'tputstressonprocessinggoods.

问题4选项

A.furnishingaids

B.asumofmoney

C.assistants

D.affiliates

问题5选项

A.Chinaisn'taDevelopedCountry.

B.So-called'MadeinChina'Label.

C.JapanWon'tFear'MadeinChina'Label.

D.ChinaWillReplaceJapanastheFactoryofWorld.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段和第三段，“Firstofall,thehighproportionoflabor-intensiveproductsinChina'sexports…Chineseexportsarestillhighlyconcentratedinlower-endproducts.”，可知二三段总结了中国工业发展的问题，包括劳动密集型产品占比重过高，中国出口仍高度集中于低端产品。可推断出中国仍然面临贸易结构落后、科技含量低、劳动密集型产品等问题。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“ReflectingChinasemphasisonprocessingtrade,goods"madeinChina"containlargenumbersofoverseascomponents,someofwhicharemadeinJapan.”，可知“中国制造”的商品含有大量海外零部件，其中一些是日本制造的，这反映出中国对加工贸易的重视。根据文章第四段，“Thusonlyaverysmallpercentageofthevalue-addedofproductslabeled"madeinChina"isactually"madebyChina".”，可知产品的研发不在中国。可推断出中国制造和中国创造的区别在于中国是否是原装产品的生产商，并销售那些有中国品牌的产品。选项B符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Japanspecializesinhigh-definitionandotherhigher-endmodels,whileChinaproducesstandardmodelswhoseunitvaluesaremuchlower.”，可知日本生产高清和高端机型。根据文章第六段，“Chinaissoheavilydependentonforeignpartnersthatithasyettodevelopitsownedge-cuttingtechnologyandinternationallyrecognizedbrandnames.”，可知中国严重依赖外国合作伙伴，以至于尚未开发出自己的尖端技术和国际知名品牌。可推断出日本的主要出口产品是高科技产品，在企业管理方面具有竞争优势。选项C符合题意。

4.词义理解题。根据文章第五段，“…approximatelyhalfofChina'sexportsareproducedbysubsidiariesofforeigncompanies,towhichdividends,interestcharges,royaltiesandotherfeesmustbepaid.”，可知中国大约一半的出口产品是由外国公司的子公司生产的，必须向这些子公司支付股息、利息、特许权使用费和其他费用。可知subsidiaries意思为子公司。选项D符合题意。

5.主旨题。文章第一段提出中国很快取代日本成为“世界工厂”的观点，接下里讨论了中国工业发展过程中面临的问题，最终得出结论中国成为高端科技的工业国还需要更多的时间和努力，所以目前中国可能还不是日本的竞争对手和威胁因素。可推断出日本无惧“中国制造”是符合整个文章意思的。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

Thepoorindustrialisthadsaidthattheminimumwagewouldputhimoutofbusiness,（）bythenobleacademicthatitwouldnotneedtoifheranhiscompanyproperly.

问题1选项

A.tobeonlytold

B.onlybeingtold

C.onlytobetold

D.beingonlytold

【答案】C

【解析】语法和固定搭配。根据题意，空格前后的事情形成对比，存在转折关系。所以可排除选项B和D。句意：这位可怜的实业家曾经说过，最低工资会让他破产，但是却被这位高贵的学者告知，如果当初正确经营公司，就不会有这样的结果。onlytobetold为固定搭配，“却被告知”。没有搭配tobeonlytold。选项C符合题意。

6.单选题

Thatwouldcauseanoutcryandaddseveralpercentagepointstoinflation,andcouldeasilycheckspendingand（）therecoveryinitscradle.

问题1选项

A.impel

B.stage

C.strangle

D.invigorate

【答案】C

【解析】动词词义辨析。impel“趋使，推动”；stage“筹划，举行”；strangle“绞杀，使窒息”；invigorate“鼓舞”。句意：这将引起强烈的抗议，并且使通货膨胀增加几个百分点，而且会控制消费，使复苏在摇篮中就被扼杀。选项C符合题意。

7.单选题

Childrenvalueperceptivecomments,responsesandquestionsontheirwriting,buttheyquicklyseethrough（）approvalandgeneralizedfaintpraise.

问题1选项

A.pernicious

B.perfunctory

C.lethargic

D.phlegmatic

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。pernicious“有害的”；perfunctory“敷衍的”；lethargic“昏睡的，无生气的”；phlegmatic“冷淡的，迟钝的”。句意：孩子们重视他们写作中具有洞察力的评论、回答和问题，但是他们能迅速区分敷衍的意见和普通的赞美。选项B符合题意。

8.单选题

FlanneryO’Connorwasnotas（）assomewriterswhoturnoutreamsofmaterials,butherstoriesareconsideredgemsthatliveonafterherearlyandtragicdeath.

问题1选项

A.potential

B.prolific

C.vitriolic

D.vicarious

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。potential“有潜力的”；prolific“多产的”；vitriolic“硫酸的，刻薄的”；vicarious“替代的，代理的”。句意：FlanneryOConnor不像一些创作大量作品的作家那样多产。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

TheareawhereconventionalmicroeconomicswouldraiseeyebrowsifnotringalarmbellsishowcapitalistdevelopmentofInternet-relatedindustrieshas（）generatedconsiderablemarketconcentrationatalmosteverylevel.

问题1选项

A.inexorably

B.yearningly

C.placably

D.relentingly

【答案】A

【解析】副词词义辨析。inexorably“无情地，不可阻挡地”；yearningly“思念地，渴望地”；placably“易安抚地”；relentingly“仁慈地”。句意：该地区的微观经济可能会引人侧目，如果不敲响警钟，互联网相关产业的资本主义发展如何在几乎所有层面上不可阻挡地产生了相当大的市场集中度。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Theinterconnectionintheglobalfinancialsystemmeansthatifonenation（）onitssovereigndebtorentersintorecessionthatplacessomeoftheexternalprivatedebtatriskaswell,thebankingsystemofcreditornationsfacelosses.

问题1选项

A.accounts

B.defaults

C.bailouts

D.switches

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。account“认为”；default“拖欠，不履行”；bailout“紧急救助、跳伞”；switch“转换”。句意：全球金融体系的互联互通意味着如果一个国家的主权债务违约拖欠，或陷入衰退，导致部分外部私人债务也面临风险，债权国的银行体系将面临损失。选项B符合题意。

11.翻译题

Ifthereisanytruthinwhathasbeensaidabouttheneedofforming.Atheoryofexperienceateducationmaybeintelligentlyconducteduponthebasisofexperience,itisclearthatthenextthinginorderinthisdiscussionistopresenttheprinciplesthataremostsignificantinframingthistheory.Ishallnot,therefore,apologizeforengaginginacertainamountofphilosophicalanalysis,whichotherwisemightbeoutofplace.Imay,however,reassureyoutosomedegreebysayingthatthisanalysisisnotanendinitselfbutisengagedinforthesakeofobtainingcriteriatobeappliedlaterindiscussionofanumberofconcreteand,tomostpersons,moreinterestingissues.IhavealreadymentionedwhatIcalledthecategoryofcontinuity,ortheexperientialcontinuum.

Thisprincipleisinvolved,as1pointedout,ineveryattempttodiscriminatebetweenexperiencesthatareworthwhileeducationallyandthosethatarenot.Itmayseemsuperfluoustoarguethatthisdiscriminationisnecessarynotonlyincriticizingthetraditionaltypeofeducationbutalsoininitiatingandconductingadifferenttype.Nevertheless,itisadvisabletopursueforalittlewhiletheideathatitisnecessary.Onemaysafelyassume.Isuppose,thatonethingwhichhasrecommendedtheprogressivemovementisthatitseemsmoreinaccordwiththedemocraticidealtowhichourpeopleiscommittedthandotheproceduresofthetraditionalschool,sincethelatterhavesomuchoftheautocraticaboutthem.Anotherthingwhichhascontributedtoitsfavorablereceptionisthatitsmethodsarehumaneincomparisonwiththeharshnesssooftenattendingthepoliciesofthetraditionalschool.ThequestionIwouldraiseconcernswhywepreferdemocraticandhumanearrangementstothosewhichareautocraticandharsh.

Andby“why”,Imeanthereasonforpreferringthem,notjustthecauseswhichleadustothepreference.Onecausemaybethatwehavebeentaughtnotonlyintheschoolsbutbythepress,thepulpit,theplatform,andourlawsandlaw-makingbodiesthatdemocracyisthebestofallsocialinstitutions.Wemayhavesoassimilatedthisideafromoursurroundingsthatithasbecomeahabitualpartofourmentalandmoralmake-up.Butsimilarcauseshaveledotherpersonsindifferentsurroundingstowidelyvaryingconclusions-topreferfascism,forexample.Thecauseforourpreferenceisnotthesamethingasthereasonwhyweshouldpreferit.Itisnotmypurposeheretogoindetailintothereason.ButIwouldaskasinglequestion:Canwefindanyreasonthatdoesnotultimatelycomedowntothebeliefthatdemocraticsocialarrangementspromoteabetterqualityofhumanexperience,onewhichismorewidelyaccessibleandenjoyedthandonon-democraticandanti-democraticformsofsociallife?Doesnottheprincipleofregardforindividualfreedomandfordecencyandkindlinessofhumanrelationscomebackintheendtotheconvictionthatthesethingsaretributarytoahigherqualityofexperienceonthepartofagreaternumberthanarcmethodsofrepressionandcoercionorforce?

Isitnotthereasonforourpreferencethatwebelievethatmutualconsultationandconvictionsreachedthroughpersuasionmakepossibleabetterqualityofexperiencethancanotherwisebeprovidedonanywidescale?

【答案】如果正如之前所说，对于理论形成的需要是真实的话，教育经验理论可以在过往经验的基础上进行明智的指导，那么很清楚的是，在这个讨论中，接下来要做的就是提出构建这个理论框架最重要的原则。

正如我提出的一样，这个原则涉及于每一次尝试区分有教育价值的经历和没有教育价值的经历中。

我认为有一点是确定的，推进这项进步运动，在于它似乎比传统学校的程序更符合我国人民所致力于的民主理想，因为传统学校有太多的专制思想。

而对于“为什么”，我指的是偏向于后者的原因，而不仅仅是导致我们偏向后者的原因。我们可能已经从周围环境中吸收了这种观念，以至于它已经成为我们心理和道德构成的一部分。

我们能找到任何最终不会归结为民主社会促进提升人类经验中的更好品质，这种体验比非民主和反民主的社会生活形式更容易理解和享受这一信仰的原因吗？

我们相信通过说服而达成的相互协商和信任，可能比通过其他方式在任何情况下提供更好的经验质量，这难道不是我们偏向的理由吗？

12.单选题

The“Cubanincident”couldhavedevelopedintoafull-fledgedcrisisbetweenthetwosuperpowers,butpreventativediplomacy（）it.

问题1选项

A.shortened

B.accelerated

C.absorbed

D.aborted

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析。shorten“缩短”；accelerate“加速”；absorb“吸收”；abort“使终止”。句意：“古巴事件”差点成为两个超级大国之间的全面危机，但预防性的外交却使危机终止。选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

MaxWeberproposedacomplexapproachtoinequalitywhichexpresslytakesaccountofnon-economicdimensionsofrankingandinequality.AgainstMarx,Webermaintainsthattheoperationofpowerinsocietiesisyetmorefundamentalthantheireconomicbasis.Power（1）thecapacityofindividualsorgroupstorealizetheirwilleven（2）theoppositionofothers.Thisyieldsthreecategoriesfundamentaltotheanalysisofinequality:class,statusandparty.Inequalitymaybelocatedineconomicallydefined（3）butcouldalsobefoundedinstatusgroupsandpoliticalparties.Inthiselaborationhesoughttorefinethemeasurementofinequalityandtoshowthepotentialsingularityofhiscriteria（4）theirconnectedness.Forexample,powerisoftenlinkedtoclass-basedwealthbutitcanbeseparatedinsituations（5）powerislinkedtoknowledge.Statusreferstostyleoflife.Italsoreferstosocialesteem,therespectandadmiration（6）apersonaccordingtohisorhersocialpositionandthiscanbelocal（7）structuralandtakeaccountofinterpersonalsubjectivities.Marx’sstressonstructuralrelationshipsandontheduplicitousnatureofculturetendstobereplacedbyaviewofclassesasrankedhierarchiesoffixedgroupings（8）individualsmaybemobile.Whilethecategoriesarefixedandclassesarebounded,individualsmay,（9）,changetheirclassposition.（10）,Weber’sdiscussionemphasizeshowbothclassandstatusdistinctioncanaffectpeople’slifechances,thatis,thechancesthatanindividualhastoshareintheeconomicandculturalgoodsofasociety.Materialandculturalgoodsareoften（11）distributedandclassandstatusrankingswillensurethatpeoplewillhave（12）accesstothesegoods.ThesefeaturesofWeber’sthoughtareimportantto（13）whenconsideringnon-classbasedsystemsof（14）.

Theopeningupoftherelationshipbetweeninequality,meaningandmanifestationallowsfortheconsiderationofsystemsofinequalityotherthanclass.Therearerankedsocietieswherethereisunequalaccesstopositionsofstatusandprestigeandthesearenotnecessarilylinkedto（15）.AnexampleisfoundinthosetraditionalAfricansocietieswherethechiefsdidnotliveata（16）standardoflivingthantheirsubjectsandwhereeconomieswereredistributive,（

17）,thechiefreceivedtributewhichhethen（18）hisfollowersasamarkofhisstatusandlargesse.ThepositionofmanyEuropeannoblefamiliesisacontemporaryexampleofrankedsociety:accessto（19）atitleislimited,usuallytofamilymembers,andmanyofthesetitledfamiliesare（20）wealthyandhavenopowerbyvirtueoftheirnobilityintheirsocieties.

问题1选项

A.hasdefinedto

B.isdefinedto

C.isdefinedas

D.definesas

问题2选项

A.fromthefaceof

B.inthefaceof

C.onthefaceof

D.tothefaceof

问题3选项

A.societies

B.categories

C.dimensions

D.classes

问题4选项

A.aswellas

B.besides

C.except

D.exceptfor

问题5选项

A.that

B.which

C.why

D.where

问题6选项

A.accorded

B.accords

C.isaccordedto

D.toaccord

问题7选项

A.ratherto

B.ratherthan

C.nootherthan

D.otherthan

问题8选项

A.where

B.throughwhich

C.inwhich

D.towhich

问题9选项

A.moreorless

B.anytheless

C.nonetheless

D.noless

问题10选项

A.However

B.Nevertheless

C.Furthermore

D.But

问题11选项

A.symmetrically

B.asymmetrically

C.fairly

D.unfairly

问题12选项

A.differential

B.similar

C.thesame

D.unequal

问题13选项

A.bearthemtomind

B.beartheminmind

C.beartomind

D.bearinmind

问题14选项

A.hierarchy

B.ranking

C.singularity

D.inequality

问题15选项

A.economicwealth

B.culturalgoods

C.statusdistinctions

D.classrankings

问题16选项

A.high

B.higher

C.low

D.lower

问题17选项

A.forexample

B.suchas

C.thatis

D.what’smore

问题18选项

A.gaveto

B.gaveitto

C.gavebackto

D.gaveitback

问题19选项

A.claim

B.ask

C.inherit

D.assume

问题20选项

A.more

B.muchmore

C.less

D.nolonger

【答案】第1题:

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:C

第9题:C

第10题:C

第11题:C

第12题:A

第13题:D

第14题:D

第15题:A

第16题:B

第17题:D

第18题:A

第19题:C

第20题:C

【解析】（1）固定搭配。根据固定搭配bedefinedas“被定义为……”，选项A和B可排除。又根据被动语态的构成be+过去分词，D选项结构不完整，可排除。句意：权力被定义为个人或团体的能力。选项C符合题意。

（2）固定搭配。inthefaceof“面对”；onthefaceof“从表面上判断”，没有搭配fromthefaceof和tothefaceof，选项A和D可排除。句意：权力被定义为个人或团体即使面对他人的反对也能实现其意志的能力。选项B符合题意。

（3）逻辑关系。根据上一句提到阶级、地位和党派，可知下文会是对其进行进一步阐述。butalso后出现了statusgroupsandpoliticalparties，可判断出此处应该提到classes“阶级”。选项D符合题意。

（4）逻辑关系。根据文意，MaxWeber想要通过衡量不平等，体现他的评判标准的特点和联系。所以用aswellas表示“和”。选项A符合题意。

（5）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格要填入一个关系词引导定语从句，来修饰先行词situation。又根据从句部分句子完整，所以填入关系副词在从句中充当状语。where作地点状语，表示“在这种形势下”。选项D符合题意。

（6）语法题。根据句子结构，refers为句子的谓语，所以空格中应该填入非谓语动词，选项B和C可排除。又因为accord和其前面的名词socialesteem,therespectandadmiration存在被动关系，所以选用动词的-ed分词表被动，选项A符合题意。

（7）逻辑关系。根据下文，“Marx’sstressonstructuralrelationships”，可知Marx注重结构关系。而上文提到的是MaxWeber的观点，可判断他注重本地关系而不是结构关系。又根据固定搭配ratherthan“而不是”。选项B符合题意。

（8）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格应该填入适当的关系代词或关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰先行词groupings，根据句意，“借助于这些组群，个人可能是流动的。”，where在定语从句中作地点状语，可排除。throughwhich为介词+关系代词的结构，在句中作状语，表示“借助于…….，通过……”。选项C符合题意。

（9）逻辑关系和固定搭配。moreorless“或多或少”；anytheless“更少一些”；nonetheless“依然”；noless“居然”。根据while可知，上下句之间存在转折关系。句意：尽管社会群体与阶级是不变的，但是个人仍然可以或多或少地改变自己的社会地位。选项C符合题意。

（10）逻辑关系。however和nevertheless都表转折关系，所以可同时排除。根据文意，空格后的内容是对上一句内容的进一步阐述和说明，所以两句存在递进关系，选用furthermore“此外，而且”表递进。选项C符合题意。

（11）逻辑关系和副词辨析。symmetrically“对称地，平衡地”；asymmetrically“不对称地”；fairly“公平地”；unfairly“不公平地”。句意：Weber的讨论强调了阶级和地位的区别是如何影响人们的生活机会的，物质和文化产品必须公平分配。选项C符合题意。

（12）形容词词义辨析。differential“差别的，微分的”；similar“相似的”；thesame“同样，一样”；unequal“不平等的”。句意：阶级和地位不同将确保人们获取有差异的商品。选项A符合题意。

（13）固定搭配。根据固定搭配bearsth.inmind可排除选项A和C。根据句意：Weber思想的这些特点是我们必须牢记的。选项D符合题意。

（14）句意理解。根据下文，“Theopeningupoftherelationshipbetweeninequality,meaningandmanifestationallowsfortheconsiderationofsystemsofinequalityotherthanclass.”，可知空格的下文是对不平等制度的进一步阐述，所以空格应该填入inequality。选项D符合题意。

（15）句意理解。根据上文，“Therearerankedsocietieswherethereisunequalaccesstopositionsofstatusandprestige…”，可知在有等级的社会中，获得地位和名誉的机会是不平等的。空格前由and连接，表示一种递进关系。根据文章“thesearenotnecessarilylinkedto”，these指代上文的status和prestige，可知并不意味着地位和名誉与经济财富有必要的关联。下文用实例说明的这一观点。选项A符合题意。

（16）句意理解。根据上文提到地位和名誉和经济财富没有必要的关联，可知酋长的生活水平不会比他的属下高，所以not…higher的比较结构符合文意。选项B符合题意。

（17）句意理解。forexample“举例子”；what’smore“还有，此外”；thatis“也就是说”；suchas“例如”。根据句意，空格后提到在经济在分配的社会，酋长会将贡品赠与出去，是对上文意思的一个补充。用what’smore表补充说明。选项D符合题意。

（18）语法题和固定搭配。根据句子结构，这是由关系代词which引导的定语从句，并其在定语从句中充当宾语，代替先行词tribute，可判断定语从句中不缺宾语。选项B和D可排除。又根据固定搭配givesth.tosb.“给某人某物”，givesth.back“归还”，句意：酋长将贡品给自己的跟随者。选项A符合题意。

（19）动词词义辨析。claim“要求，声称”；ask“要求，询问”；inherit“遗传，继承”；assume“假定，设想”。句意：爵位的继承是受到限制的。选项C符合题意。

（20）句意理解。more“更多的”；muchmore“多得多的”；less“更少的”；nolonger“不再”。句意：许多有头衔的家族凭借在社会中的高贵，是不富有的，而且也没有权力。选项C符合题意。

14.单选题

（）whethertheloanproposalismadebyagovernment,stateenterpriseorprivatecorporation,anappraisaloftheeconomicandpoliticalsituationoftheborrower’scountrymustbemadetoassesstheriskinvolved.

问题1选项

A.Dependingon

B.Notwithstanding

C.irrespectiveof

D.Onaccountof

【答案】C

【解析】从属连词词义辨析。dependingon“取决于”；notwithstanding“尽管”；irrespectiveof“不论，不顾”；onaccountof“由于，因为”。句意：不管是由政府提出的贷款，国有企业还是私营企业的贷款，必须对借款国的经济和政治情况进行评估，以预估所涉的风险。选项C符合题意。

15.单选题

WhentheBastillefellin1789,manyobserversconcludedthatFrancehadjoinedtheUnitedStatesintheattempttobecomeanenlightenedrepublic.Eversince,eyewitnesses―andthenhistorians—havesoughttoexplainthecomplexconnectionsbetweentheserevolutions.Scholarshipfallsintotwogeneralcamps:authorswhocomparetherevolutions’trajectoriesandachievements;andthosewhoareinterestedinimpact,howeachcountryinfluencedtheother.BothapproachesarecentraltonarrativesoftheearlyUnitedStates,affectinginterpretationsofnationalism,politicallife,andtheeconomy,amongotherissues.

Forallthatweknowaboutthese'sisterrepublics,’PhilippZiesche’sCosmopolitanPatriotsandDoinaPascaHarsanyi’sLessonsfromAmericaremindushowmuchremainsunderexplored.TheseworksshednewlightontherelationshipbetweenFranceandtheUnitedStatesinthe1790s,andtheydosothroughthepurviewofmigrants.ZieschefocusesoneliteAmericanswhoweredrawntoParisforideologicalandeconomicreasons,whileHarsanyiconsidersFrenchnobleswhofoundthemselvesonthewrongsideofrevolutionandendedupintemporaryexileinPhiladelphia.Forbothhistorians,theseemigrantsofferanadvantageousperspectivebecauseoftheirdislocation.Althoughthemotivationforeachgroup’smovediffered(onewa