2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号64

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Withalltheseartsandpursuitsofpracticallife,theintellectualbusinessofthinking—ofsuchthinkingatleastasiscommontomostmen—andofcommunicatingthought,hasasortofaffinityandresemblance.For,unquestionably,itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomyandprudentstewardshipofthatever-shiftingmassofincomingandoutgoingthoughtswhichmakeupourintellectualestateandproperty.Andthisisthemorenecessarythegreaterarethetreasuresofthoughtpossessedbyourage.For,inthehighlyrapidinterchangeofandtrafficinideas,whichiscarryingon,thereceiptsanddisbursementsarenotalwaysdulybalanced.Thereismuchcause,therefore,tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould,byallmeans,wishtogainavictory,notindeedforyou,butwithyou,oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought,whichare,however,butcheatsandcounterfeitswhichdistractthemindsofthepresentgeneration,disturbtheharmonyoflife,andbanishpeaceevenfromtheintellectualworld.Andasrespectsthethirdillustration:Ishouldindeedrejoiceashaving,inagreatmeasure,attainedmyobject,ifonlyIshallsucceedindirectingyourattentiontosomestarinthehigherregionofintellect,whichhithertowaseithertotallyunknown,or,atleast,neverbeforefullyobserved.Butaboveall,Ithinkitnecessarytoobservefurther,thatinthesamewayasphilosophylosessightofitstrueobjectandappropriatematter,wheneitheritpassesintoandmergesintheology,ormeddleswithexternalpolitics,soalsodoesitmaritsproperformwhenitattemptstomimictherigorousmethodofmathematics.InthemiddleofthelastcenturyscarcelywastheretobefoundaGermanmanualforanyofthesciencesthatdidnotapethemathematicalstyle,andwhereeverysinglepositioninthelongarrayofinterminableparagraphsdidnotconcludewiththesolemnactofdemonstrativephraseology.Butitisalsowellknownthatthephilosophywhichwaspropoundedinthisinappropriateformandmethodwascrammedfoilof,nay,rather,washardlyanythingmorethanatissueofarbitrary,nowforgotten,hypotheses,whichhavenotbroughttheworldatallnearertothetruth—notatleasttothattruthwhichphilosophyisinsearchof,andwhichissomethinghigherthanamereexampleofaccuratecomputation.Andeveninthepresentday—although,indeed,theapplicationismadeinaverydifferentwayfromformerly—Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies,inwhichallthings,eventhemostopposite,admitofbeingcomprisedandblendedtogether.But,beitasitmay,thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction.Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual(Geistige).Asinacorrectarchitecturalstructureitisnecessarythatallitspartsshouldbeinunison,andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably,soineveryphilosophicalcommunication,thesolidsimplebasisbeinglaid,thearrangementofalltheparts,andthecarefulrejectionandexclusionofallforeignmatter,isthemostessentialpoint,bothforinternalcorrectnessandexternalperspicuity.But,intruth,thematterinhandbearsafarcloserresemblanceandaffinitytonaturalobjectswhichliveandgrow,thantoanylifelessedificeofstone;toagreattree,forinstance,noblyandbeautifullyspreadingoutonallsidesinitsmanyarmsandbranches.Assuchatreestrikesthehastyandpassingglance,itformsasomewhatirregularandnotstrictlyfinishedwhole;thereitstands,justasthestemhasshotupfromtheroot,andhasdivideditselfintoacertainnumberofbranches,andtwigs,andleaves,whichlivinglymovebackwardandforwardinthefreeair.Butexamineitmoreclosely,andhowperfectappearsitswholestructure!Howwonderfulthesymmetry,howminutelyregulartheorganizationofallitsparts,evenofeachlittleleafanddelicatefiber!Inthesamewaywilltheever-growingtreeofhumanconsciousnessandlifeappearinphilosophy,wheneveritisnottornfromitsrootsandstrippedofitsleavesbyapretendedwisdom,butisvividlyapprehendedbyatruescience,andexhibitedandpresentedtothemindinitslifeanditsgrowth.

1.Themainpurposeofthearticleis（

）.

2.Whatistheauthor’sconcernasexpressedthroughthefirstmetaphoricexposition?

3.Thesecondconcernoftheauthorrefersto

（

）.

4.Whatisthefunctionoftheauthor’sfrequentusageofrhetoricalfiguresofspeech?

5.Inthepassage,theauthoroutlinesapleafor（

）.

问题1选项

A.toclarifythesystemofeconomictheory

B.tosuggestanewsystemofphilosophy

C.tocriticizethesystemofmathematics

D.toillustratethesystematicdialectics

问题2选项

A.Randomdisbursementofproposalsandhypothesis.

B.Aconfusionofalgebraicformularies.

C.Anunwarrantedlossofappropriatereference.

D.Violationofintellectualpropertyrights.

问题3选项

A.avariegatedsetoffallacies

B.acantankeroustypeofpessimism

C.unqualifiedquackery

D.theproliferationofmetaphysics

问题4选项

A.Definition.

B.Clarification.

C.Exemplification.

D.Illustration.

问题5选项

A.rigor

B.topicality

C.reliability

D.flexibility

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.主旨大意题。文中提到“itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomy”，这是众多关系创建明智经济体的哲学问题之一。其中it是指前面的“theintellectualbusinessofthinking”，后续围绕哲学及思想展开阐述，因此B选项“提出一种新的哲学体系”符合题意。

第2题:2.判断推理题。作者的第一次metaphoricexposition“隐喻性阐述”出现在“…tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.”即担忧对最高贵的精神天赋的轻率和奢侈的挥霍会成为普遍现象，担忧由于缺乏可靠的资本安全地投资于重要的思想和永恒的真题，虚假和毫无根据的信用体系会涌现出来。所以作者担心的是思想天赋的消耗，C选项“不适当的损失”符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。文中提到“Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould…wishtogainavictory…oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought”，本句说到，作者希望战胜思想中的那些错误和假想。因此A选项“各种错误的见解”符合题意。

第4题:4.写作手法题。文中几处“hasasortofaffinityandresemblance”“Asforthesecondsimile”“andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably”等修辞手法都是为了生动说明文中提出的新哲学体系。因此B选项clarification“说明”符合题意。

第5题:5.作者意图题。在文中，作者由“Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies…thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction”说到德国哲学只是一些代数公式，这种复杂的机械示范永远不会产生真正的、内在的、充分的信念。后又说到“Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual”，哲学真正需要的方法是与前面提及的德国哲学相反的。通过前后文，作者呼吁的是与“机械示范”相对的“灵活性”，因此D选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Thatwasaman-madedisasterthatclearly[A]couldhaveavertedifthefederalgovernment,specificallytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,[B]hadquicklymarshaled[C]thepoliticalwillandresourcestoevacuatethosewithoutaccesstocars,insteadofpromotingonitsWebsiteafaith-basedcharity[D]thatwasclearlynomatchfortheproblem.

问题1选项

A.couldhaveaverted

B.hadquicklymarshaled

C.thepoliticalwill

D.thatwas

【答案】A

【解析】考查被动语态。A选项前的主语aman-madedisaster“人为的灾难”，与avert“避免”之间应为被动关系，应将couldhaveaverted改为couldhavebeenaverted。

3.单选题

Thefounders,aswasthecaseofalmostalltheirsuccessors,werelongonexhortationandrhetoricregardingthevalueofciviceducation,buttheyleftittothetextbookwriterstodistilltheessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren.

问题1选项

A.infuse

B.disseminate

C.extract

D.demonstrate

【答案】C

【解析】划线词的宾语是theessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren，从那些价值观中……本质。A选项infuse“灌输；浸渍”；B选项disseminate“宣传；散步”；C选项extract“提取；提炼”；D选项demonstrate“证明；展示”。联系句意可知“从那些价值观中提取本质”逻辑通顺，因此C选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.Congressisthepowertoinvestigate,whichisusuallydelegated[A]tocommittees—either[B]standingcommittees,specialcommittees[C]setforaspecificpurpose,orjointcommittees[D]consistedofmembersofbothhouses.

问题1选项

A.to

B.standing

C.setfor

D.consisted

【答案】D

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句中的jointcommittees是consistof“由……组成”的逻辑主语。且consistof不能用被动语态，应将D选项consisted改为consisting。

5.单选题

Detailedstudiesofthetribebythefoodscientistsat[A]theUniversityofLondonshowedthatgatheringisamoreproductivesourceoffood[B]thanishunting.Anhourofhuntingyields[C]onaverageabout100ediblecalories[D]asanhourofgatheringproduces240.

问题1选项

A.the

B.thanishunting

C.on

D.as

【答案】D

【解析】考查语义逻辑。D选项处“Anhourofhuntingyieldsonaverageabout100ediblecalories”与后面“anhourofgatheringproduces240”形成对比，应将as改为可表示对比关系的while或whereas。

6.单选题

Thepolice[A]haddecidednottoproceedwithaprosecutionagainstIrwin,[B]clearlyrecognizingthatitwashighlyunlikelythatanyjuryintheland[C]wouldwishtopunishhimfordoingsomethingthatdoctorshavelongdoneinthefinalmomentsofa[D]patient’sorfriend’slives.

问题1选项

A.haddecided

B.clearlyrecognizing

C.wouldwish

D.patient’sorfriend’slives

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词用法。D选项处apatient’s和afriend’s中间是or，因此后面的life为单数形式，应把lives改为life。

7.单选题

Ifthestateofourknowledgewere（

）itprovideduswithamodelofunquestionedvaliditythatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior,wecaneliminatealldisagreement.

问题1选项

A.suchthat

B.suchas

C.assuch

D.sothat

【答案】A

【解析】考查同位语从句。suchthat连用时，such为代词，that引导的从句做such的同位语。句中such指代thestateofourknowledge，后面that引导从句对这个词语作进一步解释，因此A选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Aconditionisanessentialtermofthecontract.Ifacontractisnotperformed,itmayconstituteasubstantialbreachofcontractandallowtheotherpartyto（

）thecontract,thatis,treatthecontractasdischargedorterminated.

问题1选项

A.repudiate

B.spurn

C.decline

D.halt

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项repudiate“拒绝，拒不履行（法律）；否定”；B选项spurn“摈弃；藐视”；C选项decline“谢绝；下降；衰落”；D选项halt“停止；踌躇”。句意：条件是合同的一个重要条款。如果合同不履行，就可能构成对合同的实质性违约，并允许另一方……合同，即将合同视为解除或终止。因此A选项符合题意。

9.单选题

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

问题1选项

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

问题2选项

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

问题3选项

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

问题4选项

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

问题5选项

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:1.事实细节题。本题有两个问题。第一个是“哪一种佛教扩大了菩萨的范畴”，第四段最后一句说到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”扩大了菩萨的范畴；第二个问题，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩萨与佛在艺术表现上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正说到了两者在艺术方面的区别“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在艺术上，菩萨和佛最明显的区别是他们的服饰：菩萨穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。对比选项可知A选项正确。

第2题:2.事实细节题。本题同样有两个问题。第一个问题“哪种佛教强调个人发展以达到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句说到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）强调自我修养，以达到涅槃的目的，即不再轮回，因此是小乘佛教强调个人发展达到涅槃；第二个问题“什么是涅槃”，因为涅槃是佛教强调的个人发展目的，因此涅槃与佛有关，第三段中说到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一个看到世界终极本质的人，因此不再受制于轮回，也就是生、死和重生的循环，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循环。对比选项发现B选项符合题意。

第3题:3.事实细节题。题干中受到父亲庇护的Siddhartha出现在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，释迦牟尼在出生时，被预言他或将是征服世界的统治者，或将是一个完全开悟的人。他的父亲希望他成为像自己一样的统治者，想让他免受痛苦而努力保护他。对比选项可知D选项正确。

第4题:4.事实细节题。本题又是两个问题。第一个问题“什么样的佛教在佛陀死后500年才兴盛起来，而且主要在东方发展得更远”，第四段第三句说到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年内，另一种佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起来；它最终在中国（作为禅宗和藏传佛教）和韩国、日本（作为禅宗）兴盛起来。第二个问题“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句说到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目标不是为涅槃，而是为宇宙中的每一个众生成佛（开悟）。对比选项可知A选项正确。

第5题:5.事实细节题。第二段中说到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在萨马斯的鹿园里进行了他的第一次教导，阐述了四圣谛的内容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…对比选项可知C选项正确。

10.单选题

In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughly（

）theentireindustrialsector.

问题1选项

A.motivating

B.encompassing

C.enticing

D.undercutting

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项motivate“激励；刺激”；B选项encompass“包含；包围”；C选项entice“怂恿；诱使”；D选项undercut“削（价）竞争；削弱”。句意：1910年，超过60万的黑人工人，或者说10%的黑人工人报告说他们从事“制造业和机械制造业”，这一联邦人口普查类别大致……整个工业部门。综合句意与选项可知B选项符合题意。

11.单选题

Sowhygothroughthe3-to-5year,gruelingandpainfulprocessofgettingadegreewhenyoucanjustgetajobstraightoutofcollegeandgetonwithyourlife,makingasalaryandworkingonstuffthatmatters?

问题1选项

A.arduous

B.hilarious

C.dreadful

D.straightforward

【答案】A

【解析】划线词grueling和后面的painful“痛苦的”都是用来描述获得学位的过程。A选项arduous“努力的；费力的”；B选项hilarious“欢闹的；情不自禁的”；C选项dreadful“可怕的；糟透的”；D选项straightforward“简单的；径直的”。综合分析句意和选项，不难发现A选项“费力的”更合适，C选项过于极端。

12.单选题

Thestudyconcludes:“Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone’spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous.”

问题1选项

A.disposition

B.resistance

C.apprehension

D.likeness

【答案】A

【解析】句意：某种形式的高自尊似乎会增加一个人对暴力的……。A选项disposition“处置；倾向”；B选项resistance“阻力；抵抗力”；C选项apprehension“理解；恐惧；逮捕”；D选项likeness“相似”。结合句意分析选项可知A选项“倾向”更符合题意。

13.翻译题

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

TheAmericantraditionhasfoundthisviewofhumanhistoryrepugnantandfalse.（1）

Thistraditionseestheworldasmany,notasone.Theseempiricalinstincts,thepreferenceforfactoverlogic,fordeedoverdogma,havefoundtheirmostbrilliantexpressioninthewritingsofWilliamJamesandintheapproachtophilosophicalproblemswhichJamescalled“radicalempiricism”.Againstthebeliefintheall-encompassingpowerofasingleexplanation,againstthecommitmenttotheabsolutismofideology,againstthenotionthatallanswerstopoliticalandsocialproblemscanbefoundinthebackofsomesacredbook,againstthedeterministicinterpretationofhistory,againstthecloseduniverse,（2）

Jamesstoodforwhathecalledtheunfinisheduniverse―auniversemarkedbygrowth,variety,ambiguity,mystery,andcontingency―auniversewherefreemenmayfindpartialtruths,butwherenomortalmanwillevergetanabsolutegriponAbsoluteTruth,auniversewheresocialprogressdependsnotoncapitulationtoasingle,all-consumingbodyof

doctrine,butonthe

unforced

intercourseofunconstrainedminds.

Thusideologyandpragmatismdifferradicallyintheirviewsofhistory.Theydifferjustasradicallyintheirapproachtoissuesofpublicpolicy.Theideologist,bymistakingmodelsforreality,alwaysmisleadsastothepossibilitiesandconsequencesofpublicdecision.Thehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyisarecordofthemanifoldwaysinwhichhumanityhasbeenbetrayedbyideology.

Letustakeanexamplefromcontemporaryhistory.（3）

Itisevidentnow,forexample,thatthechoicebetweenprivateandpublicmeans,thatchoicewhichhasobsessedsomuchrecentpoliticalandeconomicdiscussioninunderdevelopedcountries,isnotamatterofreligiousprinciple.Itisnotamoralissuetobedecidedonabsolutistgrounds,eitherbythoseontherightwhoregardtheuseofpublicmeansaswickedandsinful,orbythoseontheleftwhoregardtheuseofprivatemeanswickedandsinful.Itissimplyapracticalquestionastowhichmeanscanbestachievethedesiredend.Itisaproblemtobeanswerednotbytheologybutbyexperienceandexperiment.Indeed,Iwouldsuggestthatwemightwellbanishsomeoverloadedwordsfromintellectualdiscourse.Theybelongtothevocabularyofdemagoguery,nottothevocabularyofanalysis.

So,withtheinventionofthemixedsociety,pragmatismhastriumphedoverabsolutism.Asaconsequence,theworldiscomingtounderstandthatthemixedeconomyofferedtheinstrumentalitiesthroughwhichonecanunitesocialcontrolwithindividualfreedom.Butideologyisadrug;nomatterhowmuchitisexposedbyexperience,thecravingforitstillpersists.Thatcravingwill,nodoubt,alwayspersist,solongasthereishumanhungerforanall-embracing,all-explanatorysystem,solongindeedaspoliticalphilosophyisshapedbythecompulsiontoreturntothewomb.

Theoldestphilosophicalproblem,wehavenoted,istherelationshipbetweentheoneandtheoneandthemany.Surelythebasicconflictofourtimesispreciselytheconflictbetweenthosewhowouldreducetheworldtooneandthosewhoseetheworldasmany—betweenthosewhobelievethattheworldisevolvinginasingledirection,alongasinglepredestinedline,towardasinglepredestinedconclusion,andthosewhothinkthathumanityinthefuture,asinthepast,willcontinuetoevolveindiversedirections,towarddiverseconclusions,accordingtothediversetraditions,values,andpurposesofdiversepeoples.Itisachoice,inshort,betweendogmatismandpragmatism,betweenthetheologicalsocietyandtheexperimentalsociety.

Ideologistsareafraidofthefreeflowofideas,evenofdeviantideaswithintheirownideology.TheyareconvincedtheyhaveamonopolyontheTruth.Thereforetheyalwaysfeelthattheyareonlysavingtheworldwhentheyslaughtertheheretics.（4）

Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldoverintheimageoftheirdogmaticideology.Thegoalisamonolithicworld,organizedondieprincipleofinfallibility—buttheonlycertaintyinanabsolutesystemisthecertaintyofabsoluteabuse.

Thegoaloffreemenisquitedifferent.Freemenknowmanytruths,buttheydoubtwhetheranymortalmanknowstheTruth.Theirreligiousandtheirintellectualheritagejoininleadingthemtosuspectfellowmenwholayclaimtoinfallibility.TheybelievethatthereisnogreaterdelusionthanformantomistakehimselfforGod.（5）

Theyacceptthelimitationsofthehumanintellectandtheinfirmityofthehumanspirit.Thedistinctivehumantriumph,intheirjudgment,liesinthecapacitytounderstandthefrailtyofhumanstrivingbuttostrivenonetheless.

【答案】1.这种传统将世界看成“多”，而不是“一”。威廉•詹姆斯的作品以及詹姆斯所谓的“激进经验主义”对待哲学问题的方法，最好地表达了这种经验主义的本能，即注重事实而不是推理，注重行为而不是教条。

2.詹姆斯主张被他称为“未完成的世界”的观点——一个以成长性、多样性、不确定性、神秘性、偶然性为特征的世界——一个自由的人们可以找到部分真理、而不是某个凡人独自掌握了绝对真理的世界；一个社会的进步不是依赖单一、耗尽所有精力的学说，而是依靠自由思想不受约束的交流的世界。

3.例如，在选择公有制还是私有制的问题上，发展中国家在近来的政治经济讨论中备受困扰，现在已经很清楚了，这不是宗教原则问题。

4.他们的追求仍然是根据他们意识形态的教条概念去改造世界。他们的目标是按照确定无误的理论，建造一个庞大而僵化的世界——然而，绝对的体制必然导致权力的滥用。

5.他们承认人类智力的局限性及心灵的脆弱性。根据他们的判断，人类与众不同的巨大成就在于他们懂得人类的奋斗虽然存在缺憾，但仍然奋斗不息的能力。

14.单选题

oncerningspeculation,philosophylooksuponthingsfromthebroadestpossibleperspective;forcriticism,ithasthetwofoldroleofquestioningandjudgingeverythingthatpertainseithertothefoundationsortothesuperstructureofhumanthinking.

问题1选项

A.inebriates

B.forsakes

C.relates

D.emaciates

【答案】C

【解析】Pertain作为后半句的定语从句中的谓语动词，后面有to与之相搭配。选项中常与to搭配的只有relate。A选项inebriate“灌醉，使陶醉”；B选项forsake“放弃，断念”；C选项relate“有联系，涉及”；D选项emaciate“使消瘦”。从句意上来说，也只有C选项relate相符合。

15.单选题

Itisawell-knownhypothesisthatnewbornscanimmediatelyidentifythesmelloftheirmother'samnioticfluid;otherthanthisonepotentialexception,tasteinfragrancecanbethoughtofasnurturedintotalitybyexperienceandinfluence.Thereis,ofcourse,anargumentthatnatureintervenestotemperasubject'sagencybyinducingunfavorab