20届简学考研-2011年英语真题

1、2011 年入学考试英语二UseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 第一段1 TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusersablessing toprivacyandfreedomofspeech. 2 Butthatveryanonymityisalso behindtheexplosion of cyber-crimethathas 1 acrossthe

2、Web.第二段 Can privacy be p 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?第三段1 Lastmonth,Howardidt,thenationscyber-offered the federal ernment a 4 to make the Web a safer place a voluntary identity system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo I

3、D card, all rolled 6 one. 2 The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and wouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonline第四段1 The idea is to a federation of private onlineidentity systems. 2 Users could 9 which system to join, onlyregisteredusers whoseident

4、ities havebeenauthenticatedcould navigate those systems. 3 The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the ernment.第五段 and areamongcompanies thatalready have these single sign-on systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different s

5、ervices., the approach would create a walled garden in cyberspace, with safe neighborhoods and bright streetlights to establish a sense of a第七段 Mr. Sidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in which individuals andanizationscancompleteonlinetransactions ,trusting the identities of each other and th

6、e identities of the infrastructurewhich the transaction runs.第八段Still, the administrations plan rights activists. 2 Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.3 Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatbe a compulsory Internet drivers 第九段1 The plan has also been greeted withsome c

7、omputer security experts, who worry that the voluntaryecosystem envisioned by Mr. Sidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 . 2 They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way thatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicA.carryB.lingerC.setA.InB.

8、InC.InD.InC. Sectio ReadingPart A Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextby choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 第一段1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecame of Brown University. 2 For the rest of the de

9、cade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. 3 But by of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat onGoldmans compensation committee; how could she have let enormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked? 4 ByFebruarytheyear Ms. Simmons had left th. 5 The position was just taki

10、ng up too much time, she said.第二段1 Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpfulyet lessbiased, advisers on a firms board. 2 Having made their wealthand their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independencetodisagree with the chief executives proposals. 3 If the sky, and the share pric

11、e, is falling, outside directors should beabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirown第三段1 TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityuse tabase that coveredmore than 10,000 firmsandmore than 64,000 differentdirectors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directorsstayedfrom one proxy stateme

12、nt to the next. 3 The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchersconcentrated on those surprise disappearances by directors under of 70. 4They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by near

13、ly 20%. 5The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. 6 The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlation between them leaving and berformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuch directorsarealwa

14、ys jum off a sinking ship. 8 Often they trade up. Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.第四段1 But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history

15、 shows that they were on that the time any wrong ng occurred.2 Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. 3 Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular onAccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticiz

16、edgaining excessive profits Bfailing to fulfill her duty Crefusing to make compromises DleavingthintoughtimesWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedto generous investorsBunbiased executives Cshare price forecastersDindependent advisersAccording to the researchers from Ohio University, a

17、fter outsidedirectorssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelye more stableBreport increased earnings Cdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in may stay for the attractive offers from the firm Bhaveoftenhadrecordsofwrongngsinthefirm Care accustomed to stress-free work in the firm Dwill decline ince

18、ntives from the firmTheauthorsattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectors第一段1 Whatever happened to the death of newspr? 2 A year agoseemed near. 3 The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to theinternet. 4 Newsprs like the San Francisco Chronicle were rs.

19、6 Should theye charitable corporations? 7 Should the state subsidize them ? 8 It will hold another meetingsoon. 9 Butthediscussionsnowseemoutof第二段In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian p rs have shrugged off the recession. 3 Even American newsp rs, which inhabit th

20、e most troubled cornerof the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. 4 Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.1It has not been much fun. 2Many prs stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. 3 The American Society ofNew

21、s Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. 4 Readers are paying more for slimmer products. 5 Somep rs even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. 6 Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, formanyjournalists,theycanbepushed第四段1 Newsprs areingm

22、orebalancedbusinesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and American prs have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. 3 Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,简学考有趣的一战必过解决方简学考备考群according to the anization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). 4 In

23、Japan the proportion is 35%. 5 Not surprisingly, Japanese newsprs are muore stable.1The whirlwind that stthroughnewsroomsharmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where r are least distinctive. Car and film have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Fore

24、ign bureaus have been savagely cut off. 5rsareless completeasaresult. 6 ButcompletenessisnolongeravirtueintherBy saying Newsprsliketheirowndoom(Lines2-3,Para.1), the author indicates that newspneglected the sign of crisis Bfailed to get state subsidies Cwerenotcharitablecorporations Dwere in a despe

25、rate situationSome newsprsrefuseddelivery todistantsuburbs probably readers threatened to pay less rswantedtoreducecostsjournalistsreportedlittleaboutthesesubscriberscomplainedaboutslimmernewsprs are muore stable because theyhave more sources of revenue Bhave more balanced newsrooms Carelessdependen

26、tonadvertising Dare less affected by readershipWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrent r business?ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspBCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspCForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newsprbusiness. DReaders have lost their inter

27、est in car and film reviews.The most appropriate title for this text would beAAmerican Newsprs: Struggling for Survival BAmerican Newsprs: Gone with the Wind CAmerican Newsprs: A Thriving Business DAmerican Newsprs: A Hopeless Story第一段1 We think decades following World War II as a time of prosperity

28、 and growth, with soldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriage第二段1 But when it came to their houses, it was a time of commonsenseanda belief thatless couldtrulybe more. 2 During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with and that restr

29、aint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.第三段1 Economiccondition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. 2 The phrase less is more was actually popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,wh

30、o like other people (associated with the Bauhaus), a school design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took uppostsatAmericanarchitecture schools. 3 These designerscame to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,butnonemoresothan第四段1 Miess signature phrase

31、 means that less decoration, properly anized, has more impact than a lot. 2 Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. 3 Like other modernarchitects, he employed metal, glass and laminated woodmaterials that we take franted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized thefuture.4 Miesssophistic

32、atedpresentationmasked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big andoften第五段1 The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built Chicagos Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feetthan those in their older neighbors along t

33、he citys Gold Coast. 2 But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,the views they afforded andthe elegance of the buildings details and proportions, architecturalequivalentofartsopopularatthe 第六段1 The trend toward less was not entirely foreign. 2 In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started b

34、uilding more modest andefficient houses usually around 1,200 square feet than the spreading two-storey ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.第七段1 TheCaseStudyHousescommissionedfromtalented between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on thelessismoretrend. 2 Aest

35、heticeffectcamefromthenew materials and forthright detailing. 3 In his Case Study House, Ralph may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolutionwould impact everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency

36、 was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.The postwar American housing style largely reflected Americans prosperity and growth Crestraint and confidence Dpride and faithfulnessWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3about ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderIts designing concept was affec

37、ted by World War II. CMostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit. DIt had a great influence upon American architecture.Miesheldthaeganceofarchitecturalwas related to large space BwasidentifiedwithemptinessCwasnotreliantonabundantdecoration Dwas not associated with efficiencyWhat is true about th

38、e apartments Mies built Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?TheyignoreddetailsandThey were built with materials popular at that time. CTheyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings. DThey shared some characteristics ofWhatcanwelearnaboutthedesignoftheCaseStudyMechanical devices were widely used. BNatural scene

39、s were taken into account CDetailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect. DEco-friendly materials were employed.1Will the European Union make it? 2The question would have sounded strange not long ago. 3Now even theprojectsgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacingaBermuda triangle of debt, population dec

40、line and lower growth.第二段As well as those chronic problems, the EU face acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency.2 Markets havelost faith thatthe euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline ofsharing a single curren

41、cy, which petitive members quickfixof第三段1 Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currencyfrom disintegration is stuck. 2 Itis stuck because the eurozonesdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedfor greaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhat to harmonies.第四段1 Germanythin

42、ks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for ernments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer andEUmega-projects,andeventhesuspensionofacountrysvoting rights iinisterial councils. 3

43、 It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, amongwhom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.1 A southern camp headed by France wants somet

44、hing different: European economic ernment within an inner core of euro-zone members. 2 Translated, that politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viache rborrowingfor ernments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. 3 Finally, f

45、igures close to the French ernment have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal andsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxrates or labour costs.第六段1 Itistoosoon to write off the EU. 2 It remains the worldslargesttrading block. 3 At its best, the European project is

46、 remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitaland labour than any comparable trading area. 4 It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and makecapitalism TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsithas

47、moreorlesslostfaithinevenitssupportersbegintofeelsomeofitsmembercountriesplantoabandonitintendstodenythepossibilityofThe debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the dominant powersarecompetingfortheleadingarebusyhandlingtheirownfailtoreachanagreementondisagreeonthestepstowardsTosolvethe

48、europroblem,GermanyproposedEUfundsforpoorregionsbestricterregulationsbeonlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesApoorcountriesaremorelikelytogetBstrictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorCloanswillbereadilyavailabletorichDrichcountries

49、willbasicallycontrolRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstoPart B Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answe

50、r on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over ernments role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose fat taxes on unhealthy food and introducecigarette-stylewarningstochildren aboutthedangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week b

51、y the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the ernment couldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoices andpromisedto free business from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrictadvertising of productshigh in fat, saltorsugar,

52、and limitsponsorship ofsports events by fast-food producers such as McDonalds.They argue that ernment action is necessary to curb Britainsaddiction tounhealthy foodandhelphaltspiralingrates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, of the Royal College of Paediatrics and

53、Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagineda ban on smoking in theworkplaceorin pubs,andyet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageou

54、s in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be, said the leader of the UKs childrens doctors.Lansley has alarmed health ners by suggesting he wants industry rather than ernment to take the lead. He said thatmanufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralrole in the Change4Life n, the ce

55、nterpiece of ernment efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Olivers high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how lecturing people was not the best way to change their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restr

56、ictions could include banning TV advertisement for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before9pmandlimitingthemonbillboards orincinemas.If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calories fast food in the same way as cigarettes by setting strict limits on advertising, product placemen

57、t and sponsorship of sports events, he said.Such a move could affect firms such as which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football inducements such as toys, cute animals and mobile credittolureyoungcustomers,StephensonProfessor Dinesh Bhugra, of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:

58、 If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.He also urged councils to impose fast-food-free zones around schools and hospitals areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokessaid: We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new responsibility deal with business, built on social responsibility,notstateregulatio