高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 专题四 第1讲 定语从句教案

1、第1讲定语从句定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。考点一that/which/who/whomXiaoMengisagirlwho/thatloves reading and she is also a girlwho/whom/thatteachers often praise.Booksthat/whichtalkaboutloveoradventuresareherfavorite.JourneytotheWestisthefirstbookthatXiaoMenghasread，

2、anditisthebestnovelthatshehasread.Everythingthatappearsinthenovelisinterestingandbothpeopleandmonstersthataredescribedinitmakeherfascinated.关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。关系词指人作宾语，可以用that, who，whom引导。关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that, which引导。关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词修饰，或者是关系词是不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。1that/which/who/whom在句子里充

3、当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that出现频率最高。既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。2此外指物时只用that不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被thevery、theonly、序数词、形容词或副词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。ThisistheverybookthatIhavebeenlookingforforseveraldays.这正是我找了好几天的那本书。Isthereanythingthaty

4、ouwanttosayaboutthismatter?关于这件事你想说什么呢？3定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。Istillrememberthepeopleintheremotevillagewhowerefriendlytome.我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。Thestudentswhoareinterestedintheactivityshouldsignupforitinadvance.对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。点对点练习单句语法填空1Thedictionarythat/whichthegentlemanboughthalfanhouragowasv

5、eryexpensive.2Theladywho/thatis(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.3Themanwho/whom/thatIservedwaswearingahat.4Thisisthethirdapplethatshehaseatenintheafternoon.5Thisistheonly/verythingthatIcandotosolvethetrickyproblem.6ThatsallthatIknowabouttheyoungmanlivingnextdoor.7Whentheymetagain，thetwofriends

6、talkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.8ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.考点二as/which/whoseAsweallknow/Asisknowntoall，LiHuaisastudentwhosenameisoftenseeninEnglishexaminations.Butthisyearhedidntmakeuswritecompositionsforhim，whichmademanystudentssad.Howwemisstheboyforwhomwe

7、havewrittenmanycompositionsandwehavepreparedmanysituationsinwhichhecantwritearticleshimself.位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“的”，用关系代词whose。用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whom。1whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即whose前的先行词和who

8、se之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。ThisisthegirlwhosenameisLiMei.这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacethenorth.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。2只用which/whom而不用that的情况。用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。Thisisthecompanyinwhichmyfatheronceworked.这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。Therewasnopersontowhomshe

9、couldturnforhelpinthedarkstreet.在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。3定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。4常用as的结构：asanybodycansee，asweallknow，asweexpected，asisreported，ashasbeenannounced，asisoftenthecase，as常常位于句首。Aswasexpected，hecame

10、lateagain.正如我们所预料的那样，他又迟到了。Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。点对点练习单句语法填空1HeisthestudentwhoseEnglishisalwaysatthetop.2Inourfactorythereare2,000workers，twothirdsofwhomarewomen.3Heisworkinghard，whichwillmakehimpassthefinalexam.4Asisknowntoall，thereare7continentsontheearth.考点三

11、when/where/whyXiaoMingstillremembersthedaywhenhewasseriouslypunishedbyhisfather.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedwasthatheplayedcellphonegamesforawholeweekend.Hisfatherbroughthimtoaroomwheretherewasnoothers.Afterputtingthecellphoneintoabasinwhich/thatwas full of water，he told Xiao Ming about the daysthat/wh

12、ichhespentearningschoolfeesbydoingpart-timejobsinarestaurant.Thiswasthereasonthat/whichhisfathertoldhimnottoplaycellphones.先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。1关系副词与关系代词的选择从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是

13、主谓结构(主语vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。(1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用inwhich(which代替先行词thefactory)。(2)Thefactoryhe

14、setuplastyearisoperatingwell.该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构setupthefactory，所以setup是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。2当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。3“介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定：(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymone

15、ythatIsaved.我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定IllneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。4当theway作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。Idontlikethewaythat/inwhichhespeakst

16、ome.(关系词作方式状语)Theyarelookingforawaythat/whichisthemostsuitablefortheproblem.(关系词作主语)点对点练习单句语法填空1IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.2Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidntstudyhard.3Giftshopsinmuseumswherepeoplewouldbuysouvenirsforthemselvesandtheirfriendsusedtobethelaststopofeachvisit.

17、单句语法填空1NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield，sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.(2019全国)答案which解析分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，故填which。2Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019全国)答案who/that解析先行词为masters，且限制性定语从句中缺少主语，故填

18、关系词who/that。3Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.(2019江苏)答案when解析句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以用关系词when。定语从句解题三步走第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词which”)第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1Theo

19、ldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，madehiseldersondiscouraged.答案which解析设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，故填which。2IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillageIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.答案where解析设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于in which。3Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecou

20、ntry，hadalsovolunteeredtohelp.答案who解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是people，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who。4Therearemanygoodwebsitesyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.答案where解析先行词为websites，将先行词代入定语从句后为：you can check out the latest in the science world on the websites，由此可知，先行词在定语从句中与介词on一起作地点状语，故填关系副词where。5Thesy

21、stem，canbethemostadvancedinmanyways，willbethelargestearthquakeobservationnetworkintheworld.答案which解析设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the system，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填which。6HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewantedtoworkinSiliconValley.答案who/that解析people为先行词，从句中缺主语，故用who/that。7Hisintereststa

22、rtedafewyearsago，hewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience.答案when解析先行词为a few years ago，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。8ThenNeedhambeganhislifelongresearch，endedupcreatingthegreatestworkScienceandCivilisationinChina.答案which解析根据设空处前的逗号可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句；先行词为his lifelong research，将先行词代入定语从句后为：his lifelong research

23、 ended up creating the greatest workScience and Civilisation in China，由此可知，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指物，故填which。9Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson，isareallyluckyguy.答案who解析分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且先行词为her son，并在从句中作主语，故填who。10Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelder

24、lysisters，JoanandBernice，wayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.答案whose解析引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作定语，先行词为Joan and Bernice，故填whose。层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1Becausethemoonsbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe，ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020全国)答案

25、where解析分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。2InancientChinalivedanartistpaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020全国)答案whose解析此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。3The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumopenedin

26、1759.(2020新高考全国)答案which/that解析此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。4Thestudentsbenefittingmostfromcollegearethosearetotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife，takingfulladvantageofthecollegeschancesandresources(资源)(2019北京)答案who解析“are totally engaged(参与) in academic lif

27、e”是定语从句，修饰先行词those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人，故填who。5Theirchildisatthestageshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019天津)答案where解析分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。6Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedther

28、iskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018全国)答案that/which解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。7TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005whenthegovernmentstartedasoil-testingprogramgivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmersand2011，fertilizerusedroppedby7.7mill

29、iontons.(2018全国)答案that/which解析设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soil-testing program”，先行词表示物，故用that/which。8ManywesternerscometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018浙江)答案who/that解析空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，并在从句中作主语，故用who/that引导定语从句。9Self-drivingisanareaChinaandtherestofth

30、eworldareonthesamestartingline.(2018江苏)答案where解析设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词anarea。将先行词代入定语从句后为“Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartinglineinthearea”，由此可知，先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。10ButSarah，hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017全国)答案who解析分析句

31、子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，并在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。层级三语篇提能练语法填空Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3.Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsvery

32、much.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefacetoface.He，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoodpartner，andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofa

33、ctivities6.wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofneww

34、ords.10.ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”语篇解读本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。1答案when解析先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。2答案why解析先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词w

35、hy。3答案where解析先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。4答案whose解析先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。5答案whom解析此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。6答案that/which解析定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。7答案who解析非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词myfatherandtheguide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故用who。8答案which解析非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英

36、语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用which。9答案which解析非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，要用which。10答案As解析非限制性定语从句中要用关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”并放在句首，意为“正如”，故用As。不同语境中定语从句的使用1邀请信典例(2015全国)我写信邀请你来看我们学校举办的汉服

37、表演。Imwritingtoinviteyoutoenjoyahanfushowwhichwillbehostedbyourschool.运用(2019全国)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。ImwritingtoinviteyoutotakepartinthemusicfestivalwhichwillbeheldinourschoolnextSaturday.2申请信(1)典例(2019全国)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介绍画展。IhavetakenupChinesepaintingsinceIwasfiveyearsoldandIh

38、aveagoodknowledgeofit，whichmakesitpossibleformetointroducetheexhibitionwell.运用(2018浙江)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。IhaveagoodcommandofEnglish，whichmakesitpossibleformetocommunicatewithforeignersfreely.3申请信(2)典例(2019全国)我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。Imwritingtoapplytoworkasavolunteerthatyouadvertisedinyesterdaysnewspaper.运用(2018浙江)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供