2011年考研英语(一)真题与答案解析

1、-2021(一)真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.But_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfilne

2、ssLaughterdoes_short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes._,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_,stu

3、diesdatingbacktothe1930?sindicatethatlaughter.muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof_feedback,thatimproveanindividual?semotionalstate._oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted_physicalreac

4、tions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19 centurythathumansdonotcry_theytharesadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso_tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.AamongBexceptCdespiteDlikeAreflectBdemandCindicateDprodu

5、ceAstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdeterminingAtransmitBsustainCevaluateDobserveAmeasurableBmanageableCaffordableDrenewableAInturnBInfactCInadditionDInbriefAoppositeBimpossibleCaverageDexpectedAhardensBweakensCtightensDrelaxesAaggravateBgenerateCmoderateDenhanceAphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousDinternalA

6、ExceptforBAccordingtoCDuetoDAsforAwithBonCinDatAunlessBuntilCifDbecauseAexhaustsBfollowsCprecedesDsuppressesAintoBfromCtowardsDbeyond11 / 29-AfetchBbiteCpickDholdAdisappointedBexcitedCjoyfulDindifferentAadaptedBcateredCturnedDreactedAsuggestingBrequiringCmentioningDsupposingAEventuallyBConsequentlyC

7、SimilarlyDConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworlde

8、versincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2021.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohad

9、advocatedGilbert?sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypar

10、t,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicf

11、romiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatcl

12、assicalmusiciansofthe20 century.Thererecorthdingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticq21 / 29-ualitythantoday?sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener?schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstituti

13、onofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert?sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhiment,morevibrantorganization.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Me

14、relyexpandingtheorchestra?srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica?soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert?sappointmenthasAincurredcriticism.Braisedsuspicion.Creceivedacclaim.Darousedc

15、uriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhoisAinfluential.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23.TheauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoersAignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.Brejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.Cexaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.Doverestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.A

16、ccordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?ATheyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.BTheyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.CTheyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.DTheyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbert?sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeelsAdoubtful.Benthusias

17、tic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.31 / 29-Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmMcGeesays.Withint

18、woweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn?talone.Inrecent

19、weekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon?tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementsclo

20、udtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thede

21、cisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:cIan?tthinkofasinglesearchI?vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfir

22、st.Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven?talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinanci

23、alinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit?ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat?sbeenfundamentallyinverted,saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho?vebeenhurttheworstarethose

24、who?vestayedtoolong.41 / 29-26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeingAarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives?quittingmaybespurredbyAtheirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.Btheirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.Ctheirstrainedrela

25、tionswiththeboards.Dtheirpursuitofnewcareergoals.28.Theword“poached(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeansAapprovedof.Battendedto.Chuntedfor.Dguardedagainst.29.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAtopperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.Bloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.Ctopperformerscaremoreabo

26、utreputations.Dit?ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?ACEOs:WheretoGo?BCEOs:AlltheWayUp?CTopManagersJumpwithoutaNetDTheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paidmediasucha

27、stelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“ownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyond

28、conventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers?responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer?sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer?51 / 29-spaidmediaforinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefine

29、suchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreat

30、edBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies?marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompan

31、iesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecom

32、eshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,put

33、tingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany?sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,which

34、includedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.31.Consumersmaycreate“earnedmediawhentheyareAobscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.Binspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.Ceagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.Denthusiasticaboutrecommendi

35、ngtheirfavoriteproducts.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureAasafebusinessenvironment.Brandomcompetition.Cstrongusertraffic.Dflexibilityinorganization.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia61 / 29-Ainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.Bcanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmark

36、eting.Cmayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.Ddeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.34.ToyotaMotor?sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofArespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.Bpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.Ccooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.Dtakingadvantageofhijackedmedia.35.Whichofthefollowi

37、ngisthetextmainlyabout?AAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.BConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.CDominanceofhijackedmedia.DPopularityofownedmedia.Text4It?snosurprisethatJenniferSenior?sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,isarousingmuchchatternothinggetspeopletalk

38、inglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeingh

39、appyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimag

40、eonnewsstandsthisweek.TherearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveandnewlysinglemomSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingy

41、ouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn?tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn?thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimpor

42、tantthingintheworld:71 / 29-obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparen

43、tsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It?shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildre

44、njustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit?sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happinesse-nhancingparenthoodaren?tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeamightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJen

45、niferAniston.36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbringAtemporarydelightBenjoymentinprogressChappinessinretrospectDlastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2thatAcelebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.Bsinglemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.Cnewsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisen

46、tertaining.Dhavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolksAareconstantlyexposedtocriticism.Barelargelyignoredbythemedia.Cfailtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.Darelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymag

47、azinesisAsoothing.Bambiguous.Ccompensatory.Dmisleading.40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?81 / 29-AHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.BCelebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.CHavingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.DWesometi

48、mesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1

49、.(10points)ANodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbefore

50、gettingtheirdegrees.BHisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagrou

51、ndinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread-theyformasortofsocialglue.CEquallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduatescho

52、ol.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor?sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitie

53、sstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.DOnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebot

54、hvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsa91 / 29-ndlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.EBesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalised

55、theprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athir

56、dofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.ireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.FThekeytorefo

57、rminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.ademicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.tleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.Yetquitehowthathapp

58、ens,MrMenanddosenotsay.GThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofesso

59、rofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.E44.45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstance

60、s,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen?scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthought