仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE课件

1、APPROACH Approach ProceduresAPPROACH Approach ProceduresSafely Finding The Airport?Safely Finding The Airport?Precision ApproachesPrecision Approaches provide vertical guidance in addition to lateral guidance, most often through the use of an electronic glideslope. Precision Approaches include:ILS (

2、Instrument Landing System)GPS (LAAS) MLS (Microwave Landing System) (5 in US)PAR Precision Approach RadarPrecision ApproachesPrecision Non-Precision Approaches provide lateral guidance only, descent is staged at specific distances along the approach. Non-Precision Approaches include:Non-Precision Ap

3、proachesVOR NDBRNAV (GPS)ASR Airport Surveillance Radar Localizer (front & back courses)LDA / SDF / RNAVNon-Precision Approaches proviThe United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the approved criteria for formulating instrument approach procedures.The FAA Handbook is FAA

4、Order 8260.3B. Air Force, Navy, Army and Coast Guard have their own Handbook manual number.The United States Standard forApproach SegmentsFour approach segmentsInitialIntermediateFinalMissed ApproachFive segments if you count the up front feeder route.Approach SegmentsFour approachSegments of an App

5、roachSegments of an ApproachInitial Approach SegmentAligns your aircraft with the approach courseDME ArcProcedure Turn or Holding PatternGuided courseInitial Approach FixAlways labeled “IAF” on chartInitial Approach SegmentAlignsIntermediate Approach SegmentPositions your aircraft for final descent

6、to the airportIntermediate fix (IF)Begins at point where you are proceeding inbound to the final approach fix, properly aligned.Not all approaches have an intermediate fixIntermediate Approach SegmentPNot all approaches have an intermediate fixNot all approaches have an intFinal Approach SegmentNavi

7、gates you from FAF/FAP to a point (MDA or DH/DA) where you may descend to runway, if required visual references are in sight.PrecisionGlideslope provides vertical guidance between point of GS intercept to minimums (DH/DA).NonprecisionFinal approach fix (FAF)Final approach point (FAP)PT intersects fi

8、nal approach course inbound.Final Approach SegmentNavigateFinal segment of ILS approach(precision)Final segment of ILS approachThe Glide SlopeThe Glide SlopeNote final segment of this NDB Approach (non-precision with FAF)Note final segment of this NDBFinal Segment of a VOR Approach (non-precision wi

9、th FAP)Final Segment of a VOR ApproacMissed Approach SegmentNavigate from MAP to missed approach holding point.Depicted on every approachFor radar approaches, given verbally.ATC may give you instructions other than the published missed procedure (be prepared to copy!).Missed Approach PointFor PA: at

10、 decision height/ altitude (DH/DA).For NPA: either at a fix or timing.Missed Approach SegmentNavigatExample of a missed approach Example of a missed approach Preparing For The ApproachIn planning, be familiar with the available IAPs at Primary AND Alternate Airports.Nearing destination, a controller

11、 or ATIS tells you the expected IAP.Its not yours until youre “cleared for the approach.”Now thoroughly review the IAP.Set up radios and navaids early on.Preparing For The ApproachIn pApproach ClearanceIf youre cleared for a specific approach, and you prefer another, ask the controller for your desi

12、red.If “Cleared for approach” onlyYou can choose any published approach. Execute entire procedure from feeder route or IAF unless:Radar vectored to final approach course.LISTEN LISTENLISTENApproach ClearanceIf youre clStraight-in ApproachDoes not require, nor are you authorized to do a procedure tur

13、n or course reversal .even if published.Initiated at:fix closely aligned to final approach coursecompletion of DME arcvectors to final approach courseNoPT on chart means procedure turn not authorized on this segmentStraight-in ApproachDoes not r“Cleared for straight-in approach”This means you are cl

14、eared to execute the approach WITHOUT THE COURSE REVERSAL PROCEDURE TURNDifference between straight-in approach and straight-in landing “Cleared for straight-in approStraight-in LANDINGFinal Approach Course within 30 of the runway.Sometimes not possible because:VOR not closely aligned with any usabl

15、e runways.Landing minimums too high for normal descent to a landing. (e.g.: LHU)Straight-in LANDINGFinal ApproStraight-In LandingThis is what you do at the END of an approach. Land on runway specified in approach title. As opposed to circling. Most approach minima are written for straight-in landing

16、s based on the approach. Versus Circling minima for runways NOT aligned.Straight-In LandingThis is whaUse of ATC Radar for ApproachesASRPARMonitor non-radar approachesGuidance to final approach courseRadar vectors are given to place you on the IAP or to establish you on the final approach course pri

17、or to the FAF.Use of ATC Radar for ApproacheClass B and C Terminal Radar ServicesProvide vectoring and separation between IFR and VFR traffic and VFR sequencing within terminal areas and handles the transition from the en route segment to the terminal environment. Monitor aircraft on instrument appr

18、oaches. Radar approaches are available where civil instrument approach minimums are published.Class B and C Terminal Radar SAirport Surveillance Radar (ASR) ApproachASR is designed for high-resolution, short-range coverage in general vicinity of an airport.Non-Precision approaches are available at a

19、irports that have an approved ASR procedure.ASR provides radar vectors to the FAF, then azimuth information during the approach.Along with range from the runway, the pilot is advised of MDA, when to begin descent, and when at the MDA.If requested, recommended altitudes will be furnished each mile wh

20、ile on final approach.There are no graphical ASR approach plates (NACO).Airport Surveillance Radar (ASAirport Surveillance Radar (ASR) ApproachAirport Surveillance Radar (ASAirport Surveillance Radar (ASR) ApproachAirport Surveillance Radar (ASAirport Surveillance Radar (ASR) ApproachAirport Surveil

21、lance Radar (ASAirport Surveillance Radar (ASR) ApproachAirport Surveillance Radar (ASPrecision Approach Radar (PAR) ApproachesThe PAR is one in which a controller provides highly accurate nav guidance in both azimuth and elevation.Pilots are given heading to keep the aircraft aligned with the runwa

22、y.Pilots are told to anticipate descent approximately 10-30 seconds before it begins.Pilots are then told when to begin the descent.DH is given if the pilot requests it.Deviation from the glide path is given to the pilot.There are no graphical PAR approach plates.Precision Approach Radar (PAR)Precis

23、ion Approach Radar (PAR) ApproachesPrecision Approach Radar (PAR)Precision Approach Radar (PAR) ApproachesPrecision Approach Radar (PAR)Radar- Required ApproachesRADAR REQUIREDThough not a PAR, many approaches do require radarRadar- Required ApproachesRADARadar- Required ApproachesThe SERRA/FAF is i

24、dentified by RadarMICCO Intersection is identified by RadarRadar- Required ApproachesThe Radar VectoringIf radar vectored, dont turn inbound onto final approach course until cleared for the approach.If crossing approach course - query!Minimum vectoring altitude (MVA)Sector specific / Controller resp

25、onsibleMay be lower than MSAPay attention!Not published on chartsRadar VectoringIf radar vector仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE课件Course ReversalGenerally limited to within 10 nm of primary aid or fix (noted on profile view)Three types:Procedure turn: NACO - barbed arrowJepp - full turn depicte

26、dHolding (racetrack)Teardrop pattern200 KIAS maximum in PTWhen present, these must be flown as depicted on chartThis type course reversal does not have to be flown as depictedShape and type of turn optionalCourse ReversalGenerally limit仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE课件Timed Approaches from a

27、Holding Fix AIM 5-4-10 When used?Radar system for traffic sequencing is out of serviceNumerous aircraft are waiting for approach clearanceNot stated as a timed approachBut youre given a time to leave a holding fix.Timed Approaches from a HoldinTimed Approaches from a Holding FixAIM 5-4-10Timed Appro

28、aches from a HoldinTimed Approaches from a Holding FixThe holding fix:FAF for nonprecision approachOuter marker or substitute for precisionConditions required to be met -Operating control towerDirect communicationNO course reversals in missed approachesIf only 1 missed approach procedure, ceiling &

29、visibility higher than highest circling minimumsTimed Approaches from a Holdin仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE课件Procedure turn not authorized:“NORTH” (memory aid)N: “NoPT” on route segmentO: Otherwise directed by ATC (“cleared straight-in)R: Radar vectors to final approach courseT: Timed appro

30、ach from holding fixH: Holding pattern or teardrop in lieu of PT Procedure turn not authorized:Operating below MDA or continuing an approach below DHALL 3 CRITERIA MUST BE MET! “FAR” (91.175)Flight visibility is at least landing minimums for that approach.Aircraft must be in position to make normal

31、descent to landRunway environment in sight:At least ONE of following visual references distinctly visible & identifiable:Runway or Runway Markings, Runway LightsTouchdown Zone or Markings, TDZ lightsThreshold, Threshold Markings, Threshold LightsREILVisual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI; PAPI, etc)A

32、pproach Light System, but if ALS is ONLY reference may not descend below 100 HAT UNLESS RED BARS IN SIGHT (ALSF-1 red terminating bars; ALSF-2 red side-row bars)Operating below MDA or continuFinal Descent TechniquesPrecision approach: follow glideslope.If glideslope becomes inop in IMC, transition t

33、o localizer immediately & use LOC minimums.Nonprecision approach: Descend to MDA prior to reaching the MAP.Be aware of the adjustment from instruments to visual - tricky!VASIs are a great aid when in sightFinal Descent TechniquesPrecisVASIVASIIllusionsIllusionsCircling ApproachesSize of protected ar

34、ea (defined by TERPs) varies with aircraft category.When can you go below designated circling MDA?Only when in normal position for landing runwayCan execute a straight-in landing for “circling only” approach if: runway is in sight. plenty of time remaining to get down using “normal” proceduresI.E. “

35、Stabilized Approach”.Circling ApproachesSize of proTERPS Criteria for CirclingKnow your categoryTERPS Criteria for CirclingKno仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE课件Circling ManeuversCircling ManeuversCircling ErrorsCircling ErrorsSidestep ManeuverOnly available when parallel runways are 1,200 feet or less apart.Remember, minimums are higher than straight-in, but lower than circling.Sidestep as soon as possible after the runway or environment i