诗歌翻译技巧课件

1、诗歌翻译技巧 翻译要讲究信、达、雅三点，当然诗歌翻译也不例外，在原则上要遵循严复先生的信、达、雅，而且文化适应性是文化翻译的一个很重要的概念，文化适应性原则在诗歌的翻译中占据着重要的地位并起着积极的作用。不同的语言，因其不同的语言习惯、文化差异因素，在翻译过程中必须充分考虑其中。在翻译过程中，必须调动目标语言的一切手段来尽力再现原文的语言特点。1汉译英诗的范畴（古代诗歌）Classification of Ancient Poetry诗按音律分(Sound and rhythm) （1）古体诗：包括古诗（唐以前的诗歌）、楚辞、乐府诗. A form of pre-Tang poetry, us

2、u. having five or seven characters to each line, without strict tonal patterns or rhyme schemes （2）近体诗:绝句+律诗 “modern style” poetry, referring to innovations in classical poetry during the Tang Dynasty, marked by strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes （3）词：又称为诗余、长短句、曲子、曲子词、乐府等。 Ci, a type of classic

3、al Chinese poetry（4）曲：又称为词余、乐府。元曲包括散曲和杂剧。 Qu, a type of verse for singing, popular in the Yuan Dynasty 诗的范畴（现代诗歌） Classification of Modern Poetry按照作品内容的表达方式(Ways of expression) （1）叙事诗：诗中有比较完整的故事情节和人物形象，通常以诗人满怀激情的歌唱方式来表现。 Narrative poems: complete plot and characters （2）抒情诗：主要通过直接抒发诗人的思想感情来反映社会生活，不要求

4、描述完整的故事情节和人物形象。如，情歌、颂歌、哀歌、挽歌、牧歌和讽刺诗。 Lyrics: full release of the poets emotion当然，叙事和抒情也不是绝然分割的。 Sometimes they two are interwoven.按照语言的音韵格律和结构形式(rhyme and structure)（1）格律诗：是按照一定格式和规则写成的诗歌。它对诗的行数、诗句的字数（或音节）、声调音韵、词语对仗、句式排列等有严格规定，Metrical poetry: strict requirements on form, rhyme, number of character

5、and lines, sentence pattern, etc.（2）自由诗：不受格律限制，无固定格式，注重自然的、内在的节奏，押大致相近的韵或不押韵，字数、行数、句式、音调都比较自由，语言比较通俗。 Free verse: free form and popular language（3）散文诗：兼有散文和诗的特点。作品中有诗的意境和激情，常常富有哲理，注重自然的节奏感和音乐美，篇幅短小，像散文一样不分行，不押韵，如，鲁迅的野草。 Prose poetry: a mixture of characteristics of prose and poetry诗的难译因素分析Analysis o

6、f untranslatable factors1.意境。意境本身是一种抽象的艺术形态，但这种抽象的形态，却能够表达出诗歌的本质甚至灵魂。The artistic conception. Artistic conception is a kind of abstract art form, but this kind of abstract form, can express the poetry is the essence and soul. 2.诗歌的形式。准确的说，诗歌的形式包括其内部的韵律以及外部的形 式，韵律就像是诗歌的声音，是诗歌的音乐特征；而外部形式就像是诗歌的外衣，是诗歌区别

7、于其他文学作品的一个重要特点。In the form of poetry. To be exact, in the form of poetry, including its internal and external forms of rhythm, rhythm sounds like poetry, music features poetry; while the outer coat is like a form of poetry is a poetry different from other literary works important characteristics.4.特

8、殊的含义Unique meaningEg:李商隐：春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。 （“丝”通“思”：death&heartbeat）刘禹锡竹枝词:杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴. （“晴”通“情”：sunny&love）The English translation could only gain one meaning and lose the other.英语里只能二者择其一，无法像原文一般一箭双雕。5.特殊的字与声的组合Unique combination of character and sound李清照声声慢: “寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”A

9、nd so onAncient poems translated Three Beauties principle .Good translation should convey the original poem meaning beauty, sound beauty and form beauty“, can make the foreign readers to read poetry from translation their readers as much as possible to understand and enjoy the beauty. It should be n

10、oted, sound, shape, meaning Three Beauties is not three rival powers. In the case of the three can not have both, we advocate the first consider keep the original poem meaning beauty, second to save sound beauty, form beauty is again. 王维的鸟鸣涧 人闲桂花落，夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟，时鸣春涧中。 译文 1： Bird-Chirpping Hollow The l

11、ight beams of the moon on the earth softly rain,The night is quiet, the spring mount empty,The moons up-rise the birds doth frighten To cry now and then in the springtide hollow. 译文 2：The Dale of Singing Birds I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed；When night comes, hills dissolve in the void. The r

12、ising moon arouses birds to sing; Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring. 译文 3： Bird-Singing Stream Man at leisure. Cassia flowers fall. Quiet night. Spring mountain is empty. Moon rises. Startles-a mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream. Three versions of the translations hav

13、e their advantages, but the best translation 3. Choose the amount and terms of stylistic translation from 1 to 3 translations, fewer and fewer words, the body language, asked three simple and plain, the most faithful to the original poem. 2 more consistent with the translation of a translation, both

14、 for bird word translation are complex. The translation was alone choose three singular form, so that it better translation of the original poem translated creating tranquil mood. Such exhibits better mood poetry. 三个版本的译文，各有优点，但以译文3最好。用词多寡和语体的选择 从译文1到译文3，用词愈来愈少，语体上，译文3简洁朴素，最为忠实原诗。译文1与译文2比较一致，两者对“鸟”字

15、的译法均为复数。而译文三却独自选择单数形式，这样它的译文较好地译出了原诗创造的静谧的意境。这样更能表现出诗歌的意境。 翻译古诗词中叠字的处理方法语义对等翻译。语义对等是指在译文的句法和语义规范允许的范围内再现原文作者在特定的上下文中所表达的确切含义,因此译者应从多方面考虑叠字的词义, 选择与汉语对应的英语词汇.Eg:1.若叠字具有“ 每” 的意思时, 英语可译成each, every 等词若不强调“ 每一个” , 可用复数形式来译。如：夜夜相思更汤残。韦庄洗溪沙each night I long for you till the water clock the fades. 许渊冲译2.运用拟

16、声词和颜色词。如车挤麟, 马萧萧。杜甫兵车行Chariots rumble, and hordes grumble.许渊冲译3.运用动词。思悠悠, 恨悠悠, 恨到何时方始休。白居易长相思My thought stretches endlessly; my grief wretches endlessly.Oh, when will my beloved come back to me ? 许渊冲译“ 悠悠” 指无穷无尽的样子, 在这里是名词做动词用, 与上一行的动词形成对仗, 勾画出一位闺中少妇倚楼眺望, 思念久别未归的丈夫的情景 语用对等翻译。具体地说, 就是在词汇、语法、语义等语言学的不同

17、层次上, 不拘泥于原文的形式, 只求保存原作的内容, 用译文中最切近而又最自然的对等语将这个内容表达出来, 以求等效。Eg:十年生死两茫茫。苏轼江城子Ten years parted one living , one dead.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)通过英语中的押韵体现重复。 欲去又依依 韦庄女冠子youd go away but stop to stay. 许渊冲译以和译“ 依依” , 这两个词都以音开头, 押头韵, 再现了双声叠韵, 起到了加强节奏、渲染气氛的作用读者似乎可以感觉到诗中人物那种留恋徘徊、不忍分离的心理状态使整个句子读起来音韵十分优美。翻译鉴赏篇Translation Eval

18、uation 上邪！我欲与君相知长命无决衰山无棱江水为竭冬雷震震夏雨雪天地合乃敢与君绝The PledgeOh heaven high!I will love himForever till I die.Till mountains crumble,Rivers run dry.In winter thunder rumbles,In summer snow fall far and high.And the earth mingle with the skies,Not till then will my love die.见与不见 仓英嘉措你见，或者不见我 Its doesnt matte

19、r if you see me or not 我就在那里 I am standing right there 不悲不喜 With no emotion 你念，或者不念我 Its doesnt matter if you miss me or not 情就在那里 The feeling is right there 不来不去 And it isnt going anywhere 你爱或者不爱我 Its doesnt matter if you love me or not 爱就在那里 Love is right there 不增不减 It is not going to change 你跟，或者

20、不跟我 Its doesnt matter if you are with me or not 我的手就在你的手里 My hand is in your hand 不舍不弃 And I am not going to let go 来我怀里 Let me embrace you 或者 or 让我住进你的心里 Let me live in your heart to entirely 默然相爱 Silence Love 寂静喜欢 Calmness Joy参考译文（Reference Version） Goodbye Again, Cambridge! I leave softly, gently

21、, Exactly as I came. I wave to the western sky, Telling it goodbye softly, gently. The golden willow at the river edge Is the setting suns bride. Her quivering reflection Stays fixed in my mind. Green grass on the bank Dances on a watery floor In bright reflection. I wish myself a bit of waterweed V

22、ibrating to the ripple. Of the River Cam. That creek in the shade of the great elms Is not a creek but a shattered rainbow, Printed on the water And inlaid with duckweed, It is my lost dream. Hunting a dream? Wielding a long punting pole I get my boat into green water, Into still greener grass. In a

23、 flood of starlight On a river of silver and diamond I sing to my hearts content. But now, no, I cannot sing With farewell in my heart. Farewells must be quiet, mute, Even the summer insects are silent, Knowing I am leaving. The Cambridge night is soundless. I leave quietly As I came quietly. I am l

24、eaving Without taking so much As a piece of cloud. But with a quick jerk of my sleave I wave goodbye. 英语诗歌的特点（1）语言的音韵美和节奏感押韵是诗体与其它文体的最大区别之一。英文诗常用的韵有头韵，与汉语的双声相似；腹韵，（如sweet与sleep）；尾韵。诗歌其有规律的轻重抑扬变化，构成了诗的节奏美。2英译汉（3）词句的重复与修辞格的广泛运用诗歌中常重复一些词句或诗行，用以抒发真挚深沉的情感，或是用以渲染某种气氛（如回环往复的缠绵），或是用以增强诗的歌唱性。诗歌中又大量运用修辞格，尤是是各种各样的明喻、暗喻、比拟用得最多。（4） 丰富的意象与象征所谓意象，是指那些可以引起人的感官反应的具体形象和画面