定语从句-语法知识归纳

1、定语从句语法知识归纳一、基本概念（一）定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二）先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who,whom,which,that和whose,另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when,where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。一关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从

2、句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系who人主语，宾语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和代词whom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy（whom）sheloveddiedinthewar.that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherwork

3、sabroadismyclassmate.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar（that）Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语，宾语Thebook（which）Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充

4、当的成分）Doyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek?（作主语）Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.（作主语）Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast.（作宾语）Thisisthenewsecretary（who/whom/that）Iwouldliketointroducetoyou.（作宾语）Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwi

5、thoutdelay.（作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which,that在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用that。先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如：Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如：Thisisthelastplace(that)

6、Iwanttovisit.ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatIeeverseen.先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代词时。例如：Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.Wehavengotmuchthatwecanofferyou.先行词前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修饰时。例如：Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney

7、.Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.其它情况先行词既有人又有物时。例如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.主句已有疑问词who或which时。例如：Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?（四）宜用who,而不用that的一些情况先行词是one,ones,anyon

8、e时。例如：Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.Dontellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtnt。knowit.先行词是those时。例如：Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.（五）与whose有关的问题whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如：Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.

9、当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用ofwhich的形式。例如：Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.Thebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或Thebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Haveyouseenthepen（which）Iwrotethenotewithjust

10、now?（which作介词with的宾语）HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotethenotejustnow?但是，要注意的是：介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。介词前提后,关系代词不再能省略。有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?Thesearethesheep(which/that)th

11、eboytookcareof.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailed

12、theexam.例中的all意为“一切”作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。定语从句(二)关系副词引导的定语从句一、“介词+关系代词”结构可代替when,where,why,that等关系词e.g.Thereisnoreasonforwhich(why)weshouldntbefriends.介词后面的关系词不能省略。e.g.Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuyapiano.that前不能有介词。某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以跟关系副词when和where互换。e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichI

13、livedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?二、关系副词的用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhich代替where地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhich代替why原因原因状语Icantimaginetherea

14、sonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich代替一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when,where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。when在从句中作时间状语。常用onwhich,inwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等代替。e.g.Aprilthefirstisthedaywhenpeoplemakefunofothers.=Aprilthefirstisthedayonwhichpeoplemakefunofothers.where在从句中作地点状语。常可由inwhich,onwhich,atwhich,onwhi

15、ch等取代。e.g.Thisisthehousewherehelivedtwoyearsago.=Thisisthehouseinwhichhelivedtwoyearsago.whywhy在定语从句中作原因状语。可用forwhich代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用forwhich代替。e.g.Thisisthereasonwhyhewentaway.=Thisisthereasonforwhichhewentaway.关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如Iwillneverforgetthenightwhenlmetyoufo

16、rthefirsttime.=Iwillneverforgetthenightonwhichlmetyouforthefirsttime.Thisisthehouseinwhichllivedtwoyearsago.=ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Wedontknowthereasonforwhichhesuddenlyfellill.=Wedontknowthereasonwhyhesuddenlyfellill.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。例如：Iamveryimpressedbythewayinwhichhewor

17、ks.这里inwhich代表的是intheway,在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when,where和why代替。如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语表语或定语，后者充当状语。试比较下面两组句子：Thisisthefactorythat/whichproducesradios.Thisisthefactorywhereradiosareproduced.第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：Thefactoryproducesradios.而第二句中划线部

18、分在从句中作地点状语故而应选用关系副词：Radiosareproducedinthefactory,Doyourememberthedays(that)wespenttogether?Doyourememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether?第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：Wespentthedaystogether.而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：Weworkedtogetherduringthedays.一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法Idontlikethewayinwhichhelookatpeople.当先行词是way时，除了inwhich，还可以用that来引导

19、定语从句。that还经常省略。又如：Judgingfromthewayhewalked,Ibelievehewaswoundedintheleg.Finallycamethedaywhenhehadtoleavehishometown.当先行词为time,moment,day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。又如：Itwasthefirsttime(that)wehadstayedupsolate.Themoment(that/when)hesentthemail,Johnrealizedwhatamistakehehadmade.Shewastheonlyg

20、irlIwentsteadywithduringthefouryears(that/when)Iwasatuniversity.三、关系副词的省略：thetime,everytime,eachtime,themoment等后的关系副词可以省略。e.g.Bythetime(when)hewasfourteenyearsold,JimhadlearntmorethantwothousandEnglishwords.在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如theplace等。e.g.Thisistheplace(where)Isawhimlasttime.3.先行词thereason后面的

21、关系副词可以省略。e.g.Thereason(why)hecamehereisquiteclear.当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。e.g.Iknowtheway(that)helearnsEnglish.四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。判断下列句子的对错(X)ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.(X)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.(V)

22、Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.(V)Illneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。定语从句(三)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号

23、与主句隔开。1.引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示：指代对象指代人指代物主格who宾语whomwhich,as所有格whom,ofwhom,whosewhich,ofwhich,whose注意：关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when,where。不可用why。运用非限定性定语从句的情况：（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容e.g.Ournewhousehasalovelygarden,whichmakesusveryhappy.（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：CharlesSmith,w

24、howasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.（3）当出现some,many,few,afew,little,much,most,twoofwhich,whom等结构时e.g.Youvemademanymistakes,mostofwhichwereduetoyourcarelessness,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句对先行

25、词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国家名等。非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。与限制性定语从句

26、一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who,which,whom,whose,as和关系副词when,where,why引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。例如：WewillflytoXianfirst,whereweplantostayforacoupleofdays.Mywife,whoisadoctor,isworkingabroadthisyear.Asisknowntoall,iceiswaterinitssolidstate.非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。例如：Mynewca

27、r,whichIpaidseveralthousanddollarsfor,isntrunningwell.先行词是carHesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore,whichwasnottrue.先行词是hehadneverseenherbeforewhich和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。as在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。另外，as还经常与such,thesame等连用。（见第一讲中as引导的定语从句）例如：Hehastowork

28、onSundays,whichhedoesntlike.Asweexpected,hegaveawonderfulperformance.Mikeislate,asisoftenthecase.Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetold.Sheknewhefeltjustthesameasshedid.在从句中作宾语的关系代词which,who,whom一般不省略。例如：Jeannewasheroldfriend,fromwhomsheborrowedanecklace.Hebuiltatelescope,throughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.4.

29、as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Dontreadsuchbooksasyoucantunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadntexpected.Asiswellknown

30、,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.关系代词as引导的定语从句和such连用，这时的as相当于who,which。有时such和as连在一起例如：Wendyisnotsuchafoolasshelooks.SuchcarsasIsawweretooexpensivetome.Wehadhopedtogiveyouachancesuchasnobodyelseeverhad.注意：这种用法和such.that.的区别在such.as.中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成分。例中作looks的表语，在例和中分别作saw和had的宾语。而在such.that.中that引导的结果状语从句，解释为“以至于”。that不充当任何成分，只起语法上的连接作用。例如：ShegavemesuchasurprisethatIcouldntsayanythingatthatmoment.Hisideawassuchagoodonethatweallagreedtouseit.和same连用例如：Youmustshowmyfriendthesamerespectasyoushowme.Shewearsthesamekindofclothesashersisterusuallydoes.引导非限制性定语从句例如：ShewastheoneIm