锻炼和慢性病课件

1、Exercise and Chronic DiseaseMark A. Patterson, M.Ed., RCEPClinical Exercise Physiologist Kaiser PermanentePresident-Elect Rocky Mountain ACSMExercise and Chronic DiseaseMaHippocrates“Eating alone will not keep a man well; he must also take exercise. For food and exercise, while possessing opposite q

2、ualities, yet work together to produce health.” Hippocrates, Regimen, 5th Century B.C.Slide borrowed from Russ Pate and Robert SalisHippocrates“Eating alone will Common Chronic DiseasesCardiovascular disease Heart Attack, Stroke, PADPulmonary disease Asthma, COPD, EmphysemaDiabetes Neuropathies, CAD

3、Neuromuscular disorders Multiple Sclerosis,ParkinsonsMusculoskeletal conditions ArthritisCancer Breast, Prostate, LeukemiaRenal disease Kidney Failure, CADImmunological AIDSObesity All of the above?Common Chronic DiseasesCardiovCardiovascular disease 79 million (2007 CDC Website) Pulmonary disease 3

4、5 million (2007 American Lung Association),Diabetes 14.6 Million (2005 CDC Website) Neuromuscular disorders (MS, 2.5 million national ms society / Parkinsons 1.5 million +, National Parkinson Foundation)Musculoskeletal conditions (Rheumatoid 2.1 million, osteo 21 million, juvenile 300,000, national

5、arthritis foundation) Obesity 99 Million (Based off CDC and Census Bureau Sites) Cancer 10.1 Million 2002 (American Cancer Society Website) Renal disease 20+ million (American Kidney Fund)Immunological (AIDS 36.1 Million AIDS.org Chronic Diseases Chronic DiseasesBenefits of ExerciseIncreased VO2Impr

6、oved BP ControlIncreased HDLDecreased Body FatImproved Weight ControlImproved BS ControlImproved StrengthLess FatigueImproved BalanceHeart DiseaseLung DiseaseDiabetesNeuromuscularMusculoskeletalObesityCancerKidney DiseaseAIDsBenefits of ExerciseIncreased Who is Best to Care for These People?Me!In an

7、 Ideal WorldClinical Exercise PhysiologistsPhysical TherapistsRespiratory TherapistsRegistered NursesPhysiciansPersonal TrainersMassage TherapistsAccupunctureChiropractorsWho is Best to Care for These What is Clinical Exercise Physiology?The Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist is an allied hea

8、lth professional who works with apparently healthy people and patients with chronic diseases and conditions where exercise has been proven to provide therapeutic benefit. The RCEP performs exercise assessments and prescribes exercise and physical activity, primarily in hospitals, clinics or other he

9、alth-care provider settings. The RCEP assists individuals in developing self-management skills to promote good health. The RCEP is an integral part of the health care team and works closely with other health professionals including: Physicians, Nurses, Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, Resp

10、iratory Therapists, Physical Therapists and Registered Dietitians.RCEPs are trained to work with patients with chronic diseases such as: Cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, neuromuscular disorders, musculoskeletal conditions, obesity, cancer, end stage renal disease, neoplastic / im

11、munological / hematological disordersWhat is Clinical Exercise PhysCEP or PT?Physical therapy, which is limited to the care and services provided by or under the direction and supervision of a physical therapist, includes:1. Examining (history, system review and tests and measures) individuals with

12、impairment, functional limitation, and disability or other health-related conditions in order to determine a diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention; tests and measures may include the following:Aerobic capacity/endurance ,anthropometric characteristics , arousal, attention, and cognition, assistive

13、and adaptive devices ,circulation (arterial, venous, lymphatic), cranial and peripheral nerve integrity,environmental, home, and work (job/school/play) barriers, ergonomics and body mechanics, gait, locomotion, and balance, integumentary integrity ,joint integrity and mobility, motor function (motor

14、 control and motor learning), muscle performance (including strength, power, and endurance), neuromotor development and sensory integration, orthotic, protective, and supportive devices , pain, posture, prosthetic requirements, range of motion (including muscle length), reflex integrity, self-care a

15、nd home management (including activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living) , sensory integrity, ventilation, and respiration/gas exchange, work (job/school/play), community, leisure integration or reintegration (including instrumental activities of daily living) 2. Allevia

16、ting impairment and functional limitation by designing, implementing, and modifying therapeutic interventions that include, but are not limited toCoordination, communication and documentation, patient/client-related instruction, therapeutic exercise, functional training in self-care and home managem

17、ent (including activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), functional training in work (job/school/play) and community and leisure integration or reintegration activities (including instrumental activities of daily living, work hardening, and work conditioning), manual t

18、herapy techniques (including mobilization/manipulation) prescription, application, and, as appropriate, fabrication of devices and equipment (assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, and prosthetic), airwayclearance techniques, integumentary repair and protection techniques, electrothe

19、rapeutic modalities, physical agents and mechanical modalities3. Preventing injury, impairment, functional limitation, and disability, including the promotion and maintenance of health, wellness, fitness, and quality of life in all age populations4. Engaging in consultation, education, and researchC

20、EP or PT?Physical therapy, whExercise and Death(Men)Exercise and Death(Men)Exercise and Death (Women)Exercise and Death (Women)What is the Best Way to Increase Physical Activity?Monitored rehab?Personal training?Case management?Doctors Advice / Guidance?Physical Therapy?Community Resources?Support G

21、roups?Recreation Center Memberships?What is the Best Way to IncreaComprehensive Risk Factor Modification Kaiser Permanente Colorado Cardiac Rehabilitation Model of Integrated Delivery of Health CareMI / ACS / PCI / CABGCase ManagerMonitored CRCEPCPCRS Dietician Cardiologist PCP Other ResourcesCompre

22、hensive Risk Factor ModiClinical Exercise Physiologist Role Kaiser Permanente Colorado Cardiac Rehabilitation Model of Integrated Delivery of Health CareClinical Exercise PhysiologistExercise Rx / Consult (One-on-One)Monitored Sub-Max Exercise TestingROM / Flexibility EvaluationStrength EvaluationBe

23、havior Change CounselingMonitored Rehab Cardiologist PCP Other ResourcesClinical Exercise PhysiologistFunctional ExercisesWhat is a functional exercise?Exercise that is specific to and closely mimics task to be completed.Walking lunge better to strengthen muscles to assist in increasing efficiency o

24、f walking / running than leg extensions.Functional ExercisesWhat is a INDIVIDUALIZE!Each patient is a delicate snowflake!Make sure to get detailed history of disease, co-morbidities, check that risk factors are in control, prior exercise history, check for current symptoms and review support team an

25、d resources for exerciseINDIVIDUALIZE!Each patWhat is the Risk of Exercise?What is the Risk of Exercise?Exercise Prescription TipsCardiovascularMedications (HR and BP)Symptoms (CAD, CHF, PAD)F.I.T. Principle ConsiderationsImportance of Warm Up and Cool DownDo not hold your breath!Exercise Prescripti

26、on TipsCardWhen can they start?Assuming Patient is Medically Stable:*All patients should start with slow progression of walking, stationary bike, etc.PCI without MI exercise testing and more moderate exercise after about 4 weeks of consistent low intensity aerobic exercise.MI with or without PCI exe

27、rcise testing and more moderate exercise after about 4-6 weeks of consistent low intensity aerobic exercise.CABG exercise testing and more moderate aerobic exercise about 4 weeks post surgery, moderate strength training about 12 weeks post surgery.CHF Asymptomatic patients increase aerobic exercise

28、very conservatively as can tolerate, if EF is below 30% strength training may be contraindicated.When can they start?Assuming PExercise Prescription TipsPeripheral Vascular DiseaseClaudicationWalking is a must Specificity2 Most Important Measures1. Onset of symptoms2. Maximum walk timeIntermittent W

29、alking to Moderate PainHigh Risk of Heart Disease (CAD)Add other modes of aerobic exercise to increase total conditioning time Role of Strength Training Non-ClaudicantCan prescribe exercise like people with heart disease / or at high risk for heart diseaseExercise Prescription TipsPer Claudication a

30、nd Strength TrainingHiatt WR, et al, Peripheral Arterial and Aortic Diseases: Superiority of Treadmill Walking Exercise Versus Strength Training for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: Implications for the Mechanism of the Training Response. Circulation; 90(4); October 1994; 1866-1874 Claudic

31、ation and Strength TrExercise Prescription TipsLung Disease Perceived Exertion vs. Shortness of BreathReliability of HR?AerobicWalking Part of most activities of daily living.Stationary BikeArm ErgometerImportance of Strength Conditioning1. Improve efficiency of muscles / conservation of energyExerc

32、ise Prescription TipsLuExercise Prescription TipsDiabetesMonitor Blood Sugar Before and After*250 with Ketones, 60% VigorousTime 150 minutes / week moderate 90 minutes / week vigorousResistance Training Frequency 3 days per weekIntensity8-10 repetitionsVolume of Exercise 8 exercisesUp to 3 sets per

33、exerciseAerobic Exercise ModesChoose exercises such as stationary bike and eliptical trainers- help with balance- less chance of fallingWalking also a good choice as involved in most activities of daily living specificityResistance Training ModesMachine weights are preferred at start since they can

34、help with balanceExercise Prescription TipsDiaExercise Prescription TipsMultiple Sclerosis Aerobic Exercise1. Perceptual Scale better for Exercise Intensity2. Adjust daily according to symptoms and energy levels3. Avoid exercise in heat, exercise early in day better for symptoms of fatigue4. Bladder

35、 issues can cause patients to not hydrate properlyStrength Training1. Optimize in unaffected muscle groups2. Functional exercises best, Emphasize core groups3. Increase rest period time4. During times increased symptoms focus stretching, ROM5. Weight machines preferred.Exercise Prescription TipsMulE

36、xercise Prescription TipsParkinsons DiseaseAerobicSafety walking is preferred, but may need to use bike ergometer, eliptical, arm ergometer or others if symptoms warrant.Balance devices harness, walking polesStrengthWarm up importantFocus on exercises that extend the trunkFunctional exercises bestAu

37、ditory cues may be needed to help with timing of repetitionsEnsure good postureExercise Prescription TipsParExercise Prescription TipsOsteoarthritis“Weight Bearing” Aerobic ExerciseContinuous weight bearing aerobic exercise can be difficultCareful with those who have severe osteoporosisWater Walking

38、 against current may be a good optionExercises to improve balanceMinimize forward flexion and twisting movementsCan start with strength trainingCan do combination of short bouts of aerobic training with strength training done during rest periods.Exercise Prescription TipsOstExercise Prescription Tip

39、sRheumatoid ArthritisCan follow same basic guidelines as with osteoarthritisAvoid exercise during “inflamatory phase”Exercise Prescription TipsRheExercise Prescription TipsFibromyalgiaMust customize to individualCareful to avoid overexertionProgress slowly (water to land walking)Exercise Prescriptio

40、n TipsFibExercise Prescription TipsObesity*Walking important as is involved in most aspects of activities of daily livingIf balance is an issue then stationary bikes and eliptical trainers are good optionWater walking and water aerobics ideal for those with problematic jointsWatch carefully for sign

41、s of cardiopulmonary and metabolic disease.Exercise Prescription TipsObeExercise Prescription TipsObesityStrength TrainingMachine weights may help with balance and help to ensure proper formLight weights recommended with moderate to high repetitionsMay be best option to concentrate on early as de-co

42、nditioning and joint issue may limit ability to perform aerobic exercise at onset of new programExercise Prescription TipsObeExercise Prescription TipsAIDSHIVExercise Rx must be adapted per stage of diseaseAsymptomatic usual general ACSM guidelines are fineSymptomatic need to adjust day to day, shou

43、ld not exercise with fever above 100, or if having nausea, vomiting, uncontrolled diarrhea or dehydrationExercise Prescription TipsAIDExercise Prescription TipsAIDSModerate better, overtraining increases likelihood of infectionsEnvironmentAbrasions, tissue injuriesCross infection, sharing of water b

44、ottlesOverseas travelExercise Prescription TipsAIDExercise Prescription TipsAIDSExercise and SicknessCommon coldMild to moderate exercise OKIntense exercise OK a few days after symptoms resolveFever, extreme fatigue, muscle aches best to wait 2-4 weeks before resuming intense exerciseExercise Prescr

45、iption TipsAIDExercise and Dialysis Effects of Kidney Disease and Long Term Dialysisbone disease, fatigue, coronary artery disease and rhythm disturbancesExercise and Dialysis Exercise and Dialysis“Because of the reduction in cardiovascular risk factors that results from exercise training, and becau

46、se of the need to prevent progressive deconditioning, dialysis patients may actually be placed at a greater risk for cardiac events and adverse musculoskeletal outcomes in the are not participating in regular physical activity”Adv Ren Repl Ther, Vol 6, No 2, 1999: pp 165-171Exercise and Dialysis“Because Exercise and Dialysis Exercise and DialysisExerc