行为医学的基本理论课件

1、行为医学的基本理论行为医学的基本理论行为医学的基本理论行为医学的基本理论行为医学的基本理论行为医学的基本理论Behaviorism TheoryLearning Theory2021/1/122Behaviorism TheoryLearning TheBehaviorismJohn B.Watson 约翰.华生 （18781958） 2021/1/123Behaviorism 2021/1/123Behaviorism冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学” 华生：心理学应该研究可以被观察和直接测量的行为，反对研究没有科学根据的意识。他反对内省的研究方法，主张以纯实验的方法研究心理学。 2021/1/

2、124Behaviorism冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学” 202华生1919年行为主义观点的心理学 1925年行为主义 行为主义观点认为，心理学不应该研究意识，只应该研究行为。所谓行为就是有机体用以适应环境变化的各种身体反应的组合。这些反应不外是肌肉收缩和腺体分泌，它们有的表现在身体外部，有的隐藏在身体内部，强度有大有小。 2021/1/125华生1919年行为主义观点的心理学 1925年行为华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性关系。这样就能根据刺激推知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行为的目的。可以丢开意识去考察 行为 。运用更客观的方法去研究行为。S-R20

3、21/1/126华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性 “Give me a dozen health infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even begg

4、ar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, and race of his ancestors” (John B. Watson,1925)2021/1/127 “Give me a dozen health iBurrbus Frederick Skinner 斯金纳 （19041990） 2021/1/128Burrbus Frederick Skinner 斯Albert Bandura 班杜拉 (1925-) 2021/1/129Albert Bandu

5、ra2021/1/129Behaviorism SRNew behaviorism SOR2021/1/1210Behaviorism2021/1/1210Basic styles of learning1. Classical conditioning2. Operant conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)3. Observational learning ( Social learning)2021/1/1211Basic styles of learning1. ClaPavlovian 巴甫洛夫 ( 1849-1936)2021/1/121

6、2Pavlovian 巴甫洛夫2021/1/1212Classical conditioning2021/1/1213Classical conditioning2021/1/12021/1/12142021/1/12142021/1/12152021/1/1215Classical conditioningA set of procedures, developed by Pavlov, used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditionin

7、g leads to the learning of relations between events- that occur outside of ones control.2021/1/1216Classical conditioningA set of（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS） (UCR)（CS）（CR）Classical conditioning2021/1/1217（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS） (UCR)2021/1/12182021/1/12182021/1/12192021/1/1219Operant conditioning2021/1/1220Ope

8、rant conditioning2021/1/122Skinners box2021/1/1221Skinners box2021/1/1221 Operant Conditioning A form of behaviorism based on the premise that reinforced behaviors tend to continue, while those that are punished or are not reinforced tend to gradually end. 2021/1/1222 Operant Conditioning A form Res

9、ponse(behavior)Consequence(reinforcer)Effect on behavior(increasing)Operant Conditioning (reformation)2021/1/1223ResponseConsequenceEffect on bObservational LearningObservational Learning Learning that occurs as a result of observing the experiences of others. Also called social learning2021/1/1224O

10、bservational LearningObservatBasic principles of learningreinforcement Punishmentextinction generalization habituation shaping modeling 2021/1/1225Basic principles of learningrhabituation habituation An event occurs repeatedly, but in this case, the reaction of the animal wanes with repeated exposur

11、e. A behavioural alteration where an organism gets accustomed to a particular stimuli, and no longer produces a response to it. 2021/1/1226habituation habituation 2021/1Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud（18561939）2021/1/1227Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychodynPsychoanalysis Unconsciou

12、s theoryTheories of personalityLibido: Stages of psychosexual developmentAnxiety and Defense MechanismsDream interpretation 2021/1/1228Psychoanalysis Unconscious th Conscious The contents of awareness those things that occupy the focus of ones current attention. Preconscious Information that is not

13、conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness. Unconscious A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness.2021/1/1229 Conscious 2021/1/1229Freuds personality theory Id The portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctu

14、al drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression. pleasure principle2021/1/1230Freuds personality theory Ego The portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. reality principle 2021/1/1231 E

15、go2021/1/1231 Superego The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture. idealistic principle2021/1/1232 Superego 2021/1/1232Anxiety and Defense MechanismsWhen we are unsuccessful in resolving a conflict

16、through normal constructive actions, we become anxious. Anxiety is considered both a symptom of conflict and a signal to use a defense mechanism. Defense mechanisms are psychological maneuvers by which we distort reality in ways that will help us avoid conflicts and reduce anxiety. 2021/1/1233Anxiet

17、y and Defense MechanismsDefense MechanismsRepressionDenialUndoing Regression Projection DisplacementReaction formationRationalizationCompensationIntellectualizationSublimation2021/1/1234Defense MechanismsRepressionRePsychoanalytic therapy TechniquesFree AssociationsThe Analysis of Dreams The Analysi

18、s of resistanceThe Analysis of transference Interpretation2021/1/1235Psychoanalytic therapy TechniqHumanism Theory Humanism Psychology. humanistic psychology as the third force in psychologyHumanism is a psychological approach that emphasises the study of the whole person, and the uniqueness of each

19、 individual. 2021/1/1236Humanism Theory Humanism PsycHumanism TheoryAbraham H. Maslow 马斯洛(19081970)2021/1/1237Humanism TheoryAbraham H. Mas Carl Ranson. Rogers 罗杰斯(1902-1987 )2021/1/1238 Carl Ranson. Rogers2021/1/1232021/1/12392021/1/1239Self-actualization自我实现Kurt Goldsteinthe tendency to actualize

20、itself as fully as possible is the basic drive.the drive of self-actualization.“Carl Rogersthe curative force in psychotherapy-mans tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities.to express and activate all the capacities of the organism.2021/1/1240Self-actualization自我实现Kurt GoHumanism

21、PerspectiveIt views human nature is inherently and rational and as naturally moving toward self-actualization . Psychological disorders result when a persons natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked. Remove the psychological blocks, and the person can move toward self-actualization2021/

22、1/1241Humanism PerspectiveIt views hCognitive TheoryCognitive psychology TheoryThe school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. 2021/1/1242Cognitive TheoryCognitive psycAaron Beck 贝克(1921 - )Becks cognitive therapy2021/1/12432021/1/1243A

23、lbert Ellis 艾里斯 (1913 -)rational-emotive therapy,RET; rational-emotive-behavior therapy, REBT2021/1/1244Albert Ellis 艾里斯2021/1/1244The cognitive perspective It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders. For example, negative thinking is intimately involved in depression and anxiety. Treatment consiste