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1、原 稿A New Type Car - Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many carmanufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileageand reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet aboverequirements. A hybrid c

2、ar features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with anelectric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reducetailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for theenvironment. They can reduce smog by 90 percen

3、t and they use far less gasoline thanconventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they releasefewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, whichrun on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, whilea typic

4、al SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There arethree reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller thanthose on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of drivingtime when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly

5、. When extra accelerationpower is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasolineengine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lostkinetic energy in

6、 braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids arebetter than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so thereis no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also,most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while

7、 hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars bytraveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be afeasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars willhave a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electri

8、c Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofword文档 可自由复制编辑electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is acombination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy forpropulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion

9、 engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle caneither have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A

10、parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engineor the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As aconventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion enginewhich will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If

11、 it is using the electricmotor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries willthen power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same timeduring quick acceleration, on steep

12、ascend, or when either the engine or the motorneeds additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, iteliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy andback. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highw

13、ay.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can bethe electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engi

14、ne is notconnected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This meansthat the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energyfrom the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city drivin

15、g conditionssince the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle)that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the paralleland series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmissi

16、on can be directlyconnected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. TheToyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Hondas hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but werediscouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despi

17、te the growing concern forthe environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still onlyrepresent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduceemissions, addressing the

18、 issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, anword文档 可自由复制编辑important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybridscan also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuelefficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, howeve

19、r, the technology makesthe cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of peoplewho can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the imageconscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may

20、 soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world anda leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled its plan to introduce a low-costhybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a moremainstream car that will be more appealing to the

21、 general public, with the ultimategoal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for Americancar makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something theycould afford to ignore

22、in the past because hybrid cars werent worth their attention(due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profitmargins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota,which has not only grown to be the worlds largest automaker, but makes the c

23、ar thathas become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is thereforefaced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyotas dominance inthe market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well,which would hopefully result in a lower cost t

24、o the consumer. All eyes are on apotentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (nopun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe itstime that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start

25、 moderating our fuelconsumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, wemay have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-strokegasoline engines, but other types have been used, inc

26、luding the diesel, the rotary( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and downaction of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron oraluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called

27、water jackets forcoolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Whichforms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan oroil sump.word文档 可自由复制编辑Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, thislinear motion mu

28、st be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks.The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin orwrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. Theconnecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to t

29、he crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft inthe block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Disp

30、lacement andcompression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacementindicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume tocompression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within thecylinder, as well as the dista

31、nce of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine theoperating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-strokeengine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. NikolausOtto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four s

32、trokes ofthe piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Eachstroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaustin that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cyli

33、nderthrough open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intakevalve opens about 10 before t.b.c., giving 20 overlap. The inlet valve remains openuntil some 50after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes,

34、 the mixture is compressed within thecombustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on variousfactors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near thetop of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the sparkplug.3、 Power

35、strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens nearthe bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50before b.d.d.,allowing the pres

36、sure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce backpressure on tpiston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare forthe next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke.This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as th

37、e engineremainsrunning.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingword文档 可自由复制编辑cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and thepower and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or2-stroke is pre

38、ferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The morecylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. Thismeans that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arec

39、loser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways.1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinderengines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can b

40、einclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, althoughV-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders180d

41、egreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and arefound in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and Volkswagens.Subaus design isliquid cooled.Late-model vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooledVWhorizontally opposed engine.word文档 可自由复制编辑译 文新型汽车-混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今

42、天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽一个辅助发动机的电动机。发明这个复杂机器的原因是双重的：减少排放，增加形式路程。第一，混合动力车是环保的。混合动力车的排放比普通汽油机少90%。其间，混合动力车混合动力车是有发动机和电动机共同驱动的，每加仑燃料可以行使大约 5560英里，而普通的 SUV 行使相同的距离需要至少三倍的燃料！原因有三点：1）混合动力车的发动机排量比普通汽车的都小。当车不需要爬坡和急加速的情况下，发动机适应 2）混合动力车可以在怠速时使是发动机停止工作，而仅仅依靠电动机和电池驱电。大部分纯电动车每行使 50100 英里就要充电。而且，纯电动车的速度不能大于 5060

43、 英里每小时，而混合动力车可以。混合动力车以它的低油耗和长行使距离填补了纯电动车和内燃机车之间的空隙，同时，在油价高涨的今天混合动力车被证明是一种可行的选择。因此，我认为混合动力车拥有一个光明的未来。油电混合汽车是如何工作的？您或许有辆汽油车或者柴油车。您或许也听说过电动汽车。一辆混合动力量来源来推动汽车。在这种情况下，通常是由一个内燃机和一个电动机组成的。那它是如何处理动力的联结方式呢？根据混合动力驱动的联结方式通常分为三类：并联式，串联式和混联式混合动力系统。并联式混合动力系统并联式混合动力系统式由供油系统，内燃机，变速箱，电机和电池组成的。在并联式系统中，不管是内燃机还是电机都能各自驱动

44、汽车，而且在某些变速箱传递给车轮。当遇到急加速或上坡等需要额外的驱动力时，内燃机和电动机会同时工作，以满足需求。当内燃机和并联式混合动力系统连接起来后，在使用的过程中的无用燃料word文档 可自由复制编辑大部分时间是电动机在工作。串联式混合动力系统串联式系统同样拥有供油系统，发动机，变速箱，电动机和一个可以给电池充电的发电机。发电机可以是电动机也可以是另外一个独立的部分。串联式系统可以说是这3种系统中最简单的了。发动机并没有和变速箱相量来自电池，发电机或者发动机。一辆串联式混合动力车非常适和都市交通情况，使发动机避免了怠速和低速运转的工况，从而减少了油耗和排放。混联式混合动力系统混联式系统解决

45、了并联和串联式各自的问题。由于结合了两种系统的优点，变速箱既可以和发动机连接，也可以和电动机相连，从而降低了油耗。丰田的Prius和福特的Escape Hybrid都是用的是这种 技术。本田的混合动力技术我们虽然想买混合动力的汽车但最终会被它的价格泼一盆冷水。事实上姑因只有很小的市场占有率。混合动力被誉为下一个流行潮流，因为他不仅减少了给气候带来威胁的尾能和排放方面技术进步的表现。不论如何应用，科技总是会使车的涨价。一个选择。 那种情况很快就会改变的。全球最大的汽车生产商和燃料效能技术机构本田机车公司将要在2009年推的主流车型，达到更大的销售量并具有更广泛的吸引力的目标。当然这样做会使底特律

46、紧张起来，并给美国的汽车生产商们发出了一个信svu车型有更大的利润使他们并不重视混合动力的研发。现在本田不仅正在和全球最大的汽车制造商而且还是制造普锐斯-混合控的市场。同时丰田正致力于降低普锐斯的制造成本，从而降低其市场价格。所有的注意都集中在2009年的潜在的汽车消费市场。于此同时，态度强硬的全球变暖的反对者更坚信生态灾难就要来临，或许已经是到结束我们对suv车型的钟爱，并着手降低成品油消费的时候了。油价涨到了4美元并且还在无限制的增长，我们可能只有很小的选择空间了。发动机工作原理大多数汽车的发动机是内燃机，往复四冲程汽油机，但是也有使用其它类型的发动机，包括柴油机 ，转子发动机，二冲程发动机和分程燃烧发动机。往复的意思就是上下运动或前后运动，在往复发动机中，气缸中活塞的上word文档 可自由复制编辑下运动产生发动机的动力 ，这种类型几乎所有的发动机都是依赖气缸体即发动体的顶部是气缸盖，它组成了燃烧室，缸体底部是油底壳。气缸内活塞的直线运动产生动力，然而，必须将直线运动转化成旋转运动，动传递给曲轴，曲轴将其转化为旋转运动，连杆是用连杆曲轴安装在曲轴上的，用类似的轴承即主轴承将曲轴固定在缸体内。气缸的直径称为发动机的内径，排量和压缩比是两个常用的发动机 参数 ，排量是指发动机的大小，压缩比是气缸总容积与燃烧室压缩容积之比。术语: 冲程是用来说明活塞在气缸内的运动，也就是活塞行程的