肺部体检课件

1、胸部检查(1)肺部体检课件1胸部检查(1)肺部体检课件1（1）掌握胸部常用的体表标志和人工划线，胸部的陷窝和分区；（2）掌握胸、肺部视诊、触诊检查方法，能获得较正确的结果；识别正常状态和异常体征；（3）熟悉肺部常见体征的临床意义。教学目的肺部体检课件（1）掌握胸部常用的体表标志和人工划线，胸部的陷窝和分区；教胸部的体表标志骨骼标志自然陷窝一、天然标志二、人工划线或分区肺部体检课件胸部的体表标志骨骼标志一、天然标志二、人工划线或分区肺部体检骨骼标志（Skeletal landmarks）Sternal anglesubscapular angle Intercostal spaceSpinous

2、 processxiphoid Costalspinal angleSuprasternal notchManubrium sterniscapula肺部体检课件4骨骼标志（Skeletal landmarks）Sterna骨骼标志（Skeletal landmarks）胸骨角：Louis 角。两侧分别与左右第2肋软骨连接，为计数肋骨和肋间隙顺序的主要标志。胸骨角还标志支气管分叉、心房上缘和上下纵隔交界及相当于第5胸椎的水平腹上角：胸骨下角（infrasternal angle)，相当于横膈的穹窿部，正常约70-110肩胛下角：肩胛骨的最下端。直立位两上肢自然下垂时，作为第7或第8肋骨水平的标

3、志，或相当于第8胸椎的水平，作为后胸部计数肋骨的标志肺部体检课件5骨骼标志（Skeletal landmarks）胸骨角：Lo人工划线和自然陷窝（Anterior imaginary lines and landmarks）epigastric angle Infraclavicular fossaAnterior midlineSuprasternal fossaSupraclavicular fossaSternal lineParasternal lineMidclavicular line肺部体检课件6人工划线和自然陷窝（Anterior imaginary l人工划线和自然陷窝（La

4、teral imaginary lines ）Anterior axillary lineMidaxillary linePosterior axillary line肺部体检课件7人工划线和自然陷窝（Lateral imaginary li人工划线和自然陷窝（Posterior imaginary lines and landmarks）Scapular linePosterior midlineInfrascapular regionInterscapular regionSuprascapular regionScapular region肺部体检课件8人工划线和自然陷窝（Posteri

5、or imaginary 人工划线和自然陷窝锁骨中线（midclavicular line）（左、右）为通过锁骨的肩峰端与胸骨端两者中点的垂直线，即通过锁骨中点向下的垂直线肩胛线（scapular line）（左、右）为双臂下垂时通过肩胛下角与后正中线平行的垂直线肺部体检课件9人工划线和自然陷窝肺部体检课件9Anterior view of lobes肺部体检课件10Anterior view of lobes肺部体检课件10Posterior view of lobes肺部体检课件11Posterior view of lobes肺部体检课件1Right lateral view of lo

6、bes肺部体检课件12Right lateral view of lobes肺部体Left lateral view of lobes肺部体检课件13Left lateral view of lobes肺部体检 表里 上下 前后 视、触、叩、听顺序进行 胸部检查顺序肺部体检课件 表里胸部检查顺序肺部体检课件视诊（inspection)皮肤胸壁静脉肋间隙胸廓形态呼吸运动乳房肺部体检课件视诊（inspection)皮肤肺部体检课件胸壁皮肤颜色、肿胀肺部体检课件胸壁皮肤颜色、肿胀肺部体检课件胸壁静脉有无充盈或曲张上腔静脉阻塞时，静脉血流方向自上而下下腔静脉阻塞时，静脉血流方向自下而上如何判断胸壁静脉

7、的血流方向？肺部体检课件胸壁静脉有无充盈或曲张上腔静脉阻塞时，静脉血流方向自上而有无回缩或膨隆吸气时肋间隙回缩提示呼吸道阻塞肋间隙膨隆见于大量胸腔积液、张力性气胸、严重肺气肿患者用力呼气时胸壁肿瘤、主动脉瘤、婴儿和儿童时期心脏明显肿大者，相应局部的肋间隙常膨出肋间隙肺部体检课件有无回缩或膨隆肋间隙肺部体检课件胸廓形态患者体位：坐位或立位裸露全部胸廓平静呼吸前、后、左、右、两侧对比视诊（1）两侧对称性（2）横径与前后径比值 1：1.5肺部体检课件胸廓形态患者体位：坐位或立位肺部体检课件Barrel chestGibbus肺部体检课件Barrel chestGibbus肺部体检课件胸廓形态Flat

8、 chest：体型瘦长，慢性消耗性疾病Barrel chest：严重肺气肿，老年或矮胖体型者Rachitic chest：佝偻病。漏斗胸（furnnel chest）指胸骨剑突处显著内陷，形似漏斗。鸡胸（pigeon chest）指胸廓的前后径略长于左右径，上下距离较短，胸骨下端常前突，胸廓前侧壁肋骨凹陷胸廓一侧变形：膨隆；平坦或下陷胸廓局部隆起脊柱畸形肺部体检课件21胸廓形态Flat chest：体型瘦长，慢性消耗性疾病肺部体胸廓形态肺部体检课件胸廓形态肺部体检课件Thoracic deformity Pectus excavatumBarrel chest Kyphosis肺部体检课件23

9、Thoracic deformity Pectus exca肺和胸膜视诊（Inspection）Respiratory movementAbdominal breathing: male adult and child Thoracic breathing: female adultThree depressions signdyspnea肺部体检课件24肺和胸膜视诊（Inspection）Respiratory 肺和胸膜视诊（Inspection）Respiratory rate: 16-18 f/minTachypnea: 20 f/minBradypnea: 500ml: breathl

10、essness, chest depress肺部体检课件51Symptoms Dry cough 300ml: no Signs (Moderate to massive effusion)TachypneaLimited movement of affected sideCostal interspaces of affected side are widerTrachea shifts to opposite sideDecreased vocal fremitus Dullness or flatness Decreased or disappeared vesicular breath

11、 sound Decreased or disappeared vocal resonance Pleural friction rub Abnormal bronchial breath sound in upper area of the fluid肺部体检课件52Signs (Moderate to massive efPneumothorax 肺部体检课件53Pneumothorax 肺部体检课件53Symptoms Sudden chest pain DyspneaForced sitting positionUnaffected side lyingDry coughTension

12、 pneumothoraxProgressive dyspneaSevere sweatTyckycardiaTension, agitatedCyanosisRespiratory failure肺部体检课件54Symptoms Sudden chest pain 肺部体Signs Costal interspaces in affected side are widerLimited movement of affected side Decreased or disappeared vocal fremitus Trachea and heart shift to opposite si

13、deTympanyVesicular breath sound decreased or disappeared肺部体检课件55Signs Costal interspaces in af（1）胸骨角 (sternal angle)-Louis角的确定及意义？（2）肩胛下角的确定及意义？（3）锁骨中线的确定及意义？肺部体检课件（1）胸骨角 (sternal angle)-Louis角的常见异常呼吸类型的病因和特点类型特点病因呼吸停止呼吸消失心脏停搏Biots呼吸规则呼吸后出现长周期呼吸停止又开始呼吸颅内压增高，药物引起呼吸抑制，大脑损害Cheyne-Stokes呼吸不规则呼吸呈周期性，呼吸频率

14、和深度逐渐增加和逐渐减少以至呼吸暂停交替出现药物引起的呼吸抑制，充血性心力衰竭，大脑损伤Kussmaul呼吸呼吸深快代谢性酸中毒肺部体检课件57常见异常呼吸类型的病因和特点类型特点病因呼吸停止呼吸消失心脏肺与胸膜常见疾病的体征疾病胸廓呼吸动度气管位置语音震颤叩诊音响呼吸音罗音语音共振大叶性肺炎对称患侧减弱居中患侧增强肺气肿桶状双侧减弱居中双侧减弱哮喘对称双侧减弱居中双侧减弱肺水肿对称双侧减弱居中正常或减弱肺不张患侧平坦患侧减弱移向患侧减弱或消失胸腔积液患侧饱满患侧减弱移向健侧减弱或消失气胸患侧饱满患侧减弱或消失移向健侧减弱或消失肺部体检课件58肺与胸膜常见疾病的体征疾病胸廓呼吸动度气管位置语音

15、震颤叩诊音病例书写格式视诊：胸壁静脉无曲张，肋间隙无狭窄或饱满，胸廓两侧对称，无畸形，呼吸运动两侧对称，胸式呼吸为主，呼吸频率18次/分，节律规整。触诊：胸壁无压痛，无皮下捻发感，胸廓扩张度两侧对称，语音震颤两侧强度一致，无胸膜摩擦感。肺部体检课件病例书写格式视诊：胸壁静脉无曲张，肋间隙无狭窄或饱满，胸廓两Large left Hemithorax can be seen in all of the following except: 1.Left pleural effusion 2.Left Pneumothorax 3.Kyphoscoliosis 4.Agenesis of right

16、 lung Questions肺部体检课件Large left Hemithorax can be sSmaller left Hemithorax can be seen in all of the following except: 1.Consolidation of left lower lobe2.Atelectasis of left lung3.Left Pleural fibrosis4.Agenesis of left lung 肺部体检课件Smaller left Hemithorax can beWhich statement is correct in counting

17、 the Respiratory rate: 1.BP, Pulse and Respiratory rate should be taken first 2.Tell the patient that you are going to count his respiraory rate before counting 3.Count it aduring examination of Respiratory system steps 4.After patient is in a relaxed state count it without the patient being aware t

18、hat you are counting his respiratory rate 肺部体检课件Which statement is correct in Bradypnea is seen in all of the following except: 1.Brain Tumor 2.Myxedema （粘液水肿）3.Morphine overdose 4.Congestive heart failure 肺部体检课件Bradypnea is seen in all of thSlow deep breathing is: 1.Kussmals breathing 2.Biots respi

19、ration 3.Cheyne stokes breathing 4.Sighs 5.Sleep apnea 肺部体检课件Slow deep breathing is: 肺部体检课In Congestive Heart failure following can occur except: 1.Increased Respiratory rate 2.Cheyne stokes breathing 3.Platypnea 4.Orthopnea 5.Labored breathing 肺部体检课件In Congestive Heart failure foPossible causes of

20、unilateral diminution or delay in chest expansion include all of the following except: 1.Pleural effusion 2.Asthma 3.Pulmonary consolidation 4.Pleural pain with splinting 肺部体检课件Possible causes of unilateral Assessment of chest expansion with deep inspiration helps identify the side of abnormality. Patient has decreased chest