四川大学考博英语2010年真题

1、四川大学考博英语2010年真题（总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟）一、IReadingComprehension（总题数:0,分数:0.00）二、Passage1（总题数:1,分数:5.00）Inthecaseofmobilephones,changeiseverything.Recentresearchindicatesthatthemobilephoneischangingnotonlyourculture,butourverybodiesaswell.First,letstalkaboutculture.Thedifferencebetweenthemobilephoneandit

2、sparent,thefixed-linephone,isthatamobilenumbercorrespondstoaperson,whilealandlinegoestoaplace.Ifyoucallmymobile,yougetme.Ifyoucallmyfixed-linephone,yougetwhoeveranswersit.Thishasseveralimplications.Themostcommonone,however,andperhapsthethingthathaschangedourcultureforever,isthemeetinginfluence.Peopl

3、enolongerneedtomakefirmplansaboutwhenandwheretomeet.Twentyyearsago,aFridaynightwouldneedtobearrangedinadvance.Youneededenoughtimetoalloweveryonetogetfromtheirplaceofworktothefirstmeetingplace.Now,however,anightourcanbearrangedontherun.Itisnolongerseeyouthereat8,buttextmearound8andwellseewhereweallar

4、e.Textingchangespeopleaswell.Intheirpaper,InsightsintotheSocialandPsychologicalEffectsofSMSTextMessaging,twoBritishresearchersdistinguishedbetweentwotypesofmobilephoneusers:thetalkersandthetextersthosewhoprefervoicetotextmessagesandthosewhoprefertexttovoice.Theyfoundthatthemobilephonesindividualitya

5、ndprivacygavetexterstheabilitytoexpressawholenewouterpersonality.Texterswerelikelytoreportthattheirfamilywouldbesurprisediftheyweretoreadtheirtexts.Thissuggeststhattextingallowedtexterstopresentaself-imagethatdifferedfromtheonefamiliartothosewhoknewthemwell.Anotherscientistwroteofthechangesthatmobil

6、eshavebroughttobodylanguage.Therearetwokindsthatpeopleusewhilespeakingonthephone.Thereisthespeakeasy:theheadisheldhigh,inaself-confidentway,chattingaway.Andthereisthespacemaker:thesepeoplefocusonthemselvesandkeepoutotherpeople.Whocanblamethem?Phonemeetingsgetcancelledorreformedandcamera-phonesintrud

7、eonpeoplesprivacy.So,itisunderstandableifyourmobilemakesyounervous.ButperhapsyouneedntworrysomuchAfterall,itisgoodtotalk（分数：5.00）（1）.Whenpeopleplantomeetnowadays,they.（分数:1.00）arrangethemeetingplacebeforehandpostponefixingtheplacetillthelastminuteCseldomcareaboutwhenandwheretomeetVD.stilllovetoworko

8、utdetailedmeetingplans解析：解析细节事实题。根据题干关键词plan,meet定位到第三段第三句。原句中的nolonger与选项C中的seldom对应，原句中的whenandwheretomeet与选项C重现。故答案为C。（2）.AccordingtothetwoBritishresearchers,thesocialandpsychologicaleffectsaremostlylikelytobeseenon.（分数:1.00）talkersthespeakeasythespacemakertextersV解析：解析细节推理题。根据题干关键词psychologicale

9、ffects定位到原文第四、五两段。根据第五段首句可知，手机的个体性和隐私性赋予短信用户以呈现崭新外向个性的能力。故答案为D项“短信用户”。（3）.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthetextssentbytextersare.（分数：1.00）quiterevealingwellwrittenVunacceptablebyothersshockingtoothers解析：解析细节推理题。根据原文第五段最后两句可知，短信让使用者展现自我，家人收到用户所发短信会surprised（惊奇），而A项“相当明显”；C项“不能被别人接受”；D项shocking意指坏的事情给别人

10、以震惊而不是惊奇，故均可排除。B项（字斟句酌）符合题意。故答案为B。（4）.Accordingtothepassage,whoisafraidofbeingheardwhiletalkingonthemobil（?分数：1.00）TalkersThespeakeasyThespacemakerVTexters解析：解析细节事实题。根据原文第六段尾句可知spacemaker远离别人窃窃私语。故答案为C。（5）.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagemightbe.（分数：1.00）TheSMSEffectCulturalImplicationsofMobilePhoneU

11、seVChangesintheUseoftheMobileBodyLanguageandtheMobilePhone解析：解析主旨题。通读全文可知手机带给我们习惯的改变，如文中所述开会通知和短信用户，以及肢体语言的变化。C、D两项片面概括文意，B项（使用手机所带来的文化变化）概括文意。故答案为B。三、Passage2（总题数：1,分数：5.00）Humanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsom

12、eareas,andindustrialandagriculturalby-productsarepollutingwatersupplies.Sincetheworldspopulationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.Butthatdoesnthavetobetheoutcome.Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworldifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepa

13、st.Justaswebegantoappreciatepetroleummoreafterthe1970soilcrises,todaywemuststartlookingatwaterfromafresheconomicperspective.Wecannolongeraffordtoconsiderwateravirtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuchaswelikeinanywaywewant.Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewat

14、ertoreflectitsactualvalue.Thismeanschargingafeeforthewateritselfaswellasforthesupplycosts.Governmentsshouldalsoprotectthisresourcebyprovidingwaterinmoreeconomicallyandenvironmentallysoundways.Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgath

15、eringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycropland.Nomatterwhatstepsgovernmentstaketoprovidewatermoreefficiently,theymustchangetheirinstitutionalandlegalapproachestowateruse.Ratherthanspreadcontrolamonghundredsoreventhousandsoflocal,regional,andnationalagenciesthatwatchvariousaspectsofwateruse,c

16、ountriesshouldsetupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy.（分数：5.00）（1）.Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?（分数：1.00）OnlyhalfoftheworldswatercanbeusedTheworldpopulationisincreasingfasterandfasterHalfoftheworldswaterresourceshavebeenseriouslypollutedHumanityhasnotplacedsufficientvalueonwate

17、rresourcesV解析：解析细节推断题。根据题干关键词watercrisis定位到原文第二段第二句。原句中的valuingwater与选项D中的valueonwaterresources对应，选项D是将条件句改写成了肯定句。故答案为D。（2）.Asindicatedinthepassage,thewaterproblem.（分数：1.00）isalreadyseriousincertainpartsoftheworldhasbeenexaggeratedbysomeexpertsinthefieldposesachallengetothetechnologyofbuildingreserv

18、oirsisunderestimatedbygovernmentorganizationsatdifferentlevelsV解析：解析细节推断题。原文第三到五段描述了各级政府对于水资源匮乏应该采取的行动，可推知正是政府对该问题的低估才会有水资源的问题。故答案为Do（3）.Accordingtotheauthor,thewaterpriceshould.（分数：1.00）bereducedtotheminimumstimulatedomesticdemandcorrespondtoitsrealvalueVtakeintoaccounttheoccurrencesofdroughts解析：解析

19、细节推断题。根据题干关键词waterprice定位到原文第三段首句。原句中的governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue与选项C对应。故答案为C。（4）.Theauthorsaysthatinsomehotanddryareasitisadvisableto.（分数：1.00）buildbiglakestostorewaterconstructbigpumpingstationsbuildsmallandcheapirrigationsystemschannelwaterfromnearbyriverstocroplandV解析：解析细节

20、推断题。根据题干关键词hotanddryareas与原文第四段尾句中的drytropics对应，据此定位。原文第四段尾句中的gatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycropland与选项D对应。故答案为Do（5）.Inordertoraisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply,measuresshouldbetakento.（分数：1.00）guaranteefullprotectionoftheenvironmentcentralizethemanagementofwaterresourcesVincreas

21、ethesenseofresponsibilityofagenciesatalllevelsencouragelocalandregionalcontrolofwaterresources解析：解析细节推断题。根据题干关键词raisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply定位到原文尾段。尾句中的setupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy与选项B对应，建立中央集权水资源协调政策。故答案为Bo四、Passage3（总题数：1,分数：5.00）Insomecountrieswhereracialprejudiceisacute,v

22、iolencehassocometobetakenforgrantedasameansofsolvingdifferences,thatitisnotevenquestioned.Therearecountrieswherethewhitemanimposeshisrulebybruteforce;therearecountrieswheretheblackmanprotestsbysettingfiretocitiesandbylootingandpillaging.Importantpeopleonbothsideswhowouldinotherrespectsappeartobereas

23、onablemen,getupandcalmlyargueinfavorofviolenceasifitwerealegitimatesolution,likeanyother.Whatisreallyfrightening,whatreallyfillsyouwithdespair,istherealizationthatwhenitcomestothecrunch,wehavemadenoactualprogressatall.Wemaywearcollarsandtiesinsteadofwar-paint,butourinstinctsremainbasicallyunchanged.

24、Thewholeoftherecordedhistoryofthehumanrace,thattediousdocumentationofviolence,hastaughtusabsolutelynothing.Wehavestillnotlearntthatviolenceneversolvesaproblembutmakesitmoreacute.Thesheerhorror,thebloodshedandthesufferingmeannothing.Nosolutionevercomestolightthemorningafterwhenwedismallycontemplateth

25、esmokingruinsandwonderwhathitus.Thetrulyreasonablemenwhoknowwherethesolutionsliearefindingitharderandhardertogetahearing.Theyaredespised,mistrustedandevenpersecutedbytheirownkindbecausetheyadvocatesuchapparentlyoutrageousthingsaslawenforcement.Ifhalftheenergythatgoesintoviolentactswereputtogooduse,i

26、foureffortsweredirectedatcleaninguptheslumsandghettos,atimprovingliving-standardsandprovidingeducationandemploymentforall,wewouldhavegonealongwaytoarrivingatasolution.Ourstrengthisunderminedbyhavingtomopupthemessthatviolenceleavesinitswake.Inawell-directedeffort,itwouldnotbeimpossibletofulfilltheide

27、alsofastablesocialprogram.Thebenefitsthatcanbederivedfromconstructivesolutionsareeverywhereapparentintheworldaroundus.Genuineandlastingsolutionsarealwayspossible,providingweworkwithintheframeworkofthelaw.Beforewecanevenbegintocontemplatepeacefulco-existencebetweentheraces,wemustappreciateeachothersp

28、roblems.Andtodothis,wemustlearnaboutthem:itisasimpleexerciseincommunication,inexchanginginformation.Talk,talk,talk,theadvocatesofviolencesay,allyoueverdoistalk,andwearenonethewiser.Itsratherlikethestoryofthefamousbarristerwhopainstakinglyexplainedhiscasetothejudge.Afterlisteningtoalengthyargumentthe

29、judgecomplainedthatafterallthistalk,hewasnonethewiser.Possible,mylord,thebarristerreplied,nonethewiser,butsurelyfarbetterinformed.Knowledgeisthenecessaryprerequisitetowisdom;theknowledgethatviolencecreatestheevilsitpretendstosolve（分数：5.00）（1）.Whichcanbestreplacethewordacute（Line1,Para.1）mean?（分数：1.0

30、0）IntelligentandquicktonoticeandunderstandthingsHavingasharpendorpointVerysensitiveandwelldevelopedSeriousorsevereV解析：解析语义题。根据信息定位至原文首段首句，acute之后提到暴力被理所当然地认为是解决分歧的方式和手段，甚至不会受到质疑。可知种族歧视已经很严重了，故选项D（严重或者恶劣）符合题意。故答案为Do（2）.Whatdoestheauthorintendtoconveyinthefirstparagraph?（分数：1.00）Violenceleadstonowhere

31、butmakingthingsworseVViolenceistherootofevilsViolenceiswhathumankindresentsmostViolencecanbeeliminatedsoonerorlater解析：解析段落主旨题。通读原文首段可知，暴力在人类的发展史上给人类带来了种种苦难，它在解决种族歧视的问题上并没有起到任何积极的作用，反而让事态更加严重。故答案为Ao（3）.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofourenergyandstrength?（分数：1.00）Theyarewastedandmightbewelldirectedandachieve

32、moremeaningfulresultsVTheyarealreadyconstructiveandwelldirectedandwillfulfillastablesocietyTheywillworkonlywithcoordinatedeffortsTheywillworklikemagiconthesolutionofracialprejudice解析：解析细节推断题。根据题干关键词energyandstrength定位至第二段第三、四句。原句中的havegonealongwaytoarrivingatasolution（我们就已经在解决问题上有很大进展）说明当前我们的精力正在被浪费

33、，故答案为Ao（4）.Whatdotrulyreasonablemenadvocatetosolvetheproblemofraceprejudice分数：1.00）LawenforcementVKnowledgeNonviolenceEliminatingviolencemess解析：解析细节事实题。根据题干关键词trulyreasonablemen定位到原文第二段首句。具体的主张在原文第二段第二句。原句中的lawenforcement与选项A重现，他们主张执法来解决种族歧视的问题。故答案为Ao（5）.Accordingtotheauthor,whatstheprerequisiteofpe

34、acefulco-existencebetweentheraces?（分数：1.00）MutualunderstandingMutuallycooperativeLearningfromeachotherDBridgingthemisunderstandinggapbetweenracescustomsV解析：解析细节推断题。题干中的prerequisite意为“先决条件”。根据题干关键词peacefulco-existencebetweentheraces定位到原文尾段首句。原句中的appreciateeachothersproblems与选项D对应，必须要通过了解对方，和对方交流，在这样的

35、前提下消除误解，和平共处。选项A、B和C是手段，D选项才是目的。故答案为D。五、Passage4（总题数：1，分数：5.00）Webbrowsers!Interactivesoftware!Theresalotofnewtechnologytalkgoingoninpublicrelationsthesedays,anditscomingfromavarietyofsources,clients,fearfulthattheyaremissingoutonsomemysteriousnextwave,demandsomekindofwhiz-bang尖（端）demonstrationoftec

36、hnologyfromagencies.Industrypublicationscontinuouslytoutthelatestandgreatestelectronicinnovations.Collegekidsenterthemarketplacearmedwithcomputerliteracycompletelyalientomanyveteranpractitioners.Andinsomecases,membersofthemediademandthatinformationbepackagedtoaccommodatetheirparticulartechnologicalp

37、references.Istechnologynowthetailwaggingdog?Theanswer,unequivocally,isno.Technologyremainswhatithasalwaysbeen,atoolusedbyprofessionalstohelpthemdotheirjobs.Allofthismillenniumtalkhasproducedanunnecessarylevelofanxietyaboutthenecessityoftechnologicalinnovationtheideathatyouarelight-yearsbehindunlessy

38、ouarelightyearsahead.Relax!Thefoundationsofgoodpublicrelationsremainthesame:anticipatingandmeetingtheneedsofclientsandthemedia,andprovidinginformedandusefulcounsel.Solidresearch,strongwritingskills,creativity,andanappreciationforthevaluesofthemediaarethebackboneoftheprofession,regardlessofhowinforma

39、tionispackaged.Evenifthespeedofinformationtransmissionisincreasing,hightechisntforeveryone.Allclientsdontneedindividualwebpagesandsummariesofchatroomactivity.Whenconsideringapplicationsofnewtechnologies,considertheaudiencesforyourclient.Aretheycomfortablewithtechnology?Dotheyhaveaccesstothedistribut

40、ionsystemsyouareconsidering?Dotheyhavetheskillsandknowledgetousethesesystems?Dotheynavigatetheweb,useCD-ROM,orevenownaVCR?Considertheimageofthecompanyitself.Thedeliverysystemispartofthemessageandcontributestotheoverallimage,sothepractitionershouldconsiderhowthatsystemaffectstheclient,theproduct,andt

41、heaudiences.Yes,awebpagecanbeacost-efficientcommunicationtoolwhenyouconsidertheminimalmediacost.Butonceitsupandrunning,youvegottokeepitfresh,andthatmeansacontinualallocationoftimeandspecializedresources.Inthehyper-speedmodelofcommunications,nothingisolderthaninformationthatisbothoutdatedandonline.An

42、dtoinformationconsumers,yourwebpagewillceasetobeasourceifitisntkeptcurrent.Inthelastpresidentialelection,morethanonecandidatehadproblemswiththeirpersonalwebpagesbecausewebmasterswerenotkeptuptodateonchangesincampaignstrategyandmessages.Thegapbetweenwhatthecandidatewassayingandwhatthewebpagewasshowin

43、gbecameastoryinitself.IfyouregoingtohaveapresenceontheInternet,youhavetobudgetforregularmaintenance.Otherwise,youareputtingasignupthatsaystoocheaptoberelevant.（分数：5.00）（1）.Therecententhusiasmfornewtechnologyispartlybroughtonbyn.（分数：1.00）electronicinnovationsthedevelopmentofnewinteractivesoftwarecons

44、umersfearofbeingleftbehindthetideVthepopularizationoftheWeb解析：解析细节事实题。根据题干关键词newtechnology定位到原文首段第三句。原句中的fearful与选项C中的fear为同根词，原句中的missingout.nextwave与选项C中的leftbehindthetide对应。故答案为C（消费者害怕落伍）。（2）.Whatdoesthewriterthinkoftherecentnewtechnologytalkgoingoninpublicrelations?（分数：1.00）Itindicatesasuddenrea

45、lizationofanoncomingradicalchangeinpublicrelationsItremindsusofthefactthattechnologyremainswhatithasalwaysbeenVItissuperficialanddoesnotmeanthatweareusheringinanewageItisasuresignthatwearemissingoutonsomemysteriousnextwave解析：解析细节推理题。根据题干关键词thewriterthinkoftherecentnewtechnology定位到原文第二段第三句。原句中的Techno

46、logy,remainswhatithasalwaysbeen与选项B重现。故答案为B。（3）.Thetailwaggingdog（Para.2）mostprobablymeans.（分数：1.00）theoverwhelminglypredominantthingVthedogthattucksitstailbetweenitslegsthethingtobetamedurgentlytheproblemtobetackledatonce解析：解析语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段首句。第二段首句是带有强烈反问语气的话，而由其回答及本段对新技术的解释，可知A项“强有力的占主导地位的事物”符

47、合题意。故答案为A。（4）.Accordingtotheauthor,theroleofnewtechnologyinpublicrelations.（分数：1.00）cantbetooemphasizedintodaysworldisunnecessarilyexaggeratedisnotfullyrecognizedyetismoreimportanttothecompanythantotheclientV解析：解析细节对比题。根据原文第三段第二句可知并不是Allclients需要个人主页和聊天记录的。第四段第二句中可知新技术中deliverysystem对公司的整体形象有很大的影响。故

48、选项D（与客户相比对公司的重要性更大）符合题意。故答案为D。（5）.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatawebpage.（分数：1.00）canusuallyprovidetheviewerswiththelatestinformationisnotagoodideaunlessitsinformationisupdatedconstantlyVmaytakemoremoneytobesetupandkeptrunningthanimaginedcanfindextensiveapplicationsinpresidentialelections解析：解析细节推

49、理题。根据题干关键词webpage定位到原文尾段第五句。原句中的hadproblems和。keptuptodateonchanges分别与选项B中的notagoodidea和informationisupdatedconstantly对应。故答案为B。六、Passage5（总题数：1,分数：5.00）Thepotentialofcomputersforincreasingthecontroloforganizationsorsocietyovertheirmembersandforinvadingtheprivacyofthosemembershascausedconsiderableconc

50、ern.Theprivacyissuehasbeenraisedmostinsistentlywithrespecttothecreationandmaintenanceofdatafilesthatassembleinformationaboutpersonsfromamultitudeofsources.Filesofthiskindwouldbehighlyvaluableformanykindsofeconomicandsocialresearch,buttheyareboughtattoohighapriceiftheyendangerhumanfreedomorseriouslye

51、nhancetheiropportunitiesofblackmailers.Whilesuchdangersshouldnotbeignored,itshouldbenotedthatthelackofcomprehensivedatafileshasneverbeforebeenthelimitingbarriertothesuppressionofhumanfreedom.Makingthecomputerthevillainintheinvasionofprivacyorencroachmentoncivillibertiessimplydiversattentionfromthere

52、aldangers.Computerdatabankfilescanandmustbegiventhehighestdegreeofprotectionfromabuse.Butwemustbecarefulalso,thatwedonotemploysuchcrudemethodsofprotectionastodepriveoursocietyofimportantdataitneedstounderstanditsdownsocialprocessesandtoanalyzeitsproblems.Perhapsthemostimportantquestionofallaboutthec

53、omputeriswhatithascomeandwilldotomansviewofhimselfandhisplaceintheuniverse.Themostheatedattacksonthecomputerarenotfocusedonitspossibleeconomiceffects,itspresumeddestructionofjobsatisfaction,oritsthreattoprivacyandliberty,butupontheclaimthatitcausespeopletobeviewed,andtoviewthemselves,asmachines.What

54、thecomputerandprogressinartificialintelligencechallengeareanethicthatrestsonmansapartnessfromtherestofnature.Analternativeethic,ofcourse,viewsmanasapartofnature,governedbynaturelaw,subjecttotheforcesofgravityandthedemandsofhisbody.Thedebateaboutartificialintelligenceandthesimulationofmeansthinkingis

55、,inconsiderablepart,aconfrontationofthesetwoviewsofmansplaceintheuniverse（分数：5.00）（1）.Whyisitimportanttopreventtheabuseofcomputerdatabands?（分数：1.00）ToprotecttherightoftheindividualVTomaintaindisciplineinsocietyToencourageeconomicandsocialresearchTocollectwide-ranginginformation解析：解析细节推理题。根据原文第二段第二句可

56、知，由于计算机用户的隐私被泄露而危害了人类的自由，也提高了用户被敲诈的概率，原句中的humanfreedomorseriouslyenhancetheiropportunitiesofblackmailers与选项A对应。故答案为A。（2）.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutdatefiles?（分数：1.00）ItmaycauseinvasionofprivacyDangerscausedbyitshouldbepaidmuchattentiontoComputerdatafilesshouldbeprotectedfromabuseItisreasonabl

57、etocanceldatafilesinordertoprotectprivacyV解析：解析细节判断题。由题意可定位至第三段，选项A、B和C均可在第三段找出。选项D说为保护隐私合理的做法是canceldatafiles，而文中是保护数据库文件。故答案为D。（3）.Toomuchcautionintheuseofcomputerswill.（分数：1.00）preventthesolutionofeconomicproblemscausemoresuppressionofhumanfreedomVleadtoclumsymethodsofprotectioninterferewithourst

58、udyofsociety解析：解析细节事实题。根据题干关键词Toomuchcaution与原文第二段尾句中的benotedthatthelackofcomprehensivedatafiles对应，据此定位原文。原文第二段尾句中的thelimitingbarriertothesuppressionofhumanfreedom与选项B对应，如果过于谨慎地使用计算机，用户将得不到有利于自己的信息，从而更加限制了人的自由。故答案为B。（4）.Whatlessonscanbelearnedfromthepastinthisdecade?（分数：1.00）Privateissuehasalwaysbee

59、nassociatedwithdatacollectionAttacksonfreedomarenewTheaccumulationofdataencouragesoppressionPrivacyhasbeenaneglectedissueV解析：解析主旨题。文中前半部分篇幅主要讲的是由于数据库泄露用户的文件而造成诸多问题并没有被人类所注意，与选项D（隐私是个被忽略的问题）对应。故答案为Do（5）.Thearrivalofthecomputerhasmademan.（分数：1.00）havemoredifficultyunderstandinghimselfthinkmorelikeamac

60、hinelookathimselfinadifferentwayVgainlesssatisfactionfromhiswork解析：解析细节判断题。根据原文第四段尾句。尾句中的causespeopletobeviewed，andtoviewthemselves，asmachines与选项C对应，电脑的诞生即计算机的重要影响是造成人们审视自己和被审视的变化，如同机器一般。故答案为Co七、Passage6（总题数：1,分数：5.00）Amongthemanywaysinwhichpeoplecommunicatethroughspeech,publicspeakinghasprobablyrec