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1、关于动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种第1页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四基本形式一般形式to do not to doto be done一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后否定形式被动形式第2页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四完成形式 完成式表示动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前to have done进行式表示的动作或状态,与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生to be doing进行形式第3页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。e.g: To
2、finish the building in a month is difficult work. To do such things is foolish.注: 1 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2、当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 一、不定式做主语:第4页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四it做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中:(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do注意:在此句型中,adj. 只能用可以修饰 人物的形容词。例如: kind nice good brave clever wise
3、 stupid foolish honest careless cruel generous eg: It is brave of him to save the girl in the water.It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 第5页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do注意:这里的adj. 不能表示人的性质,只能表示某事或 某物的性质。例如:difficult, wonderful, meaningful, painful, usefulEg: It
4、is not difficult for us to learn English well. It is right for him to work here.第6页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 (3) it is +a +名词+ to doEg : What fun it is to jump into a lake in summer! How long did it take you to finish the work?例如: pleasure pity duty shame crime 等注: 在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语Eg : It is a
5、 duty to plant trees every day .第7页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四不定式作表语常表示将来的动作一、不定式做表语: eg : My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 1.主语是以aim duty hope idea intention mistake plan proposal job suggesti
6、on wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组 或以 what 引导的名词性从 句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容第8页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四2主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果) Eg : To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.第9页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四3 不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, r
7、emain become , look , sound , taste , smell , feel , 等后作表语All you have to do is (to )press the button.The only thing I can do is (to) give you as much help as I can.Eg : The plan seems to have been changed . 4 在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”,例如:第10页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四三 动词不定式作宾语常用动词有
8、: like wish hope want try begin start mean agree refuse promise pretend ask choose decide forget hope learn want would like intend demand expect fail offer help hate attempt determine try manage remember prepare plan 等Eg : We hope to get there before dark. The girl decided to do it herself. 1、“动词 +
9、带 to 的不定式结构”第11页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四2 不定式即可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式,一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.Eg : Im worrying about what to do next. Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.动词+疑问词+不定式这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句第12页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四疑问词(也称连接代/副词)有:what where who(m) when h
10、ow whether 这类动词常见的有: tell advise show teach find out decide discuss learn forget inquire know explain remember see understand wonder 等。Eg : I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do
11、next / where to put it.第13页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 eg : I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注2 :不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用. 注1 :如果作宾语的不定式结构后面还有自己的补语,则应使用
12、先行 it,把不定式后置Eg : He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. 第14页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 注意不定式符号的省略问题! do nothing but / except 后的不定式不带to.需要注意的是,此句型中but/ except 前必须要有实义动词do时,but / except后的不定式to才能省略,否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是: 有do无to,有 to无 doEg : She has no choice but to wait for the news. He could do
13、 nothing but wait. He will do anything for you except lend you money. . 第15页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四注3 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语,但含义不同记住要做某事;记得曾经做过某事忘记要做某事 忘记曾经做过某事停下来去做某事 停止做某事继续做另一件事 继续做原来在做的事remember to doremember doing forget to do forget doingstop to dostop doinggo on to dogo on doing第16页,共44
14、页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四Eg : I remember seeing you somewhere before. Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时请记得关好灯。 我记得以前在哪儿见过你。第17页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四Eg : We mustnt let this (to) happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep.四 不定式结构作宾语补足语1、只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词 表示“希望”“愿望
15、”等心理状态的动词,如:wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。Eg : What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady.含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词,如:let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。第18页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四Eg : He begged me not to
16、 tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris. 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词,如:ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词,如:advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。Eg : He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.
17、第19页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词,如:order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。Eg : He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again.其他还有:help, teach, show, assist, rep
18、ort, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。Eg : He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop.第20页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house? Dont imagine yourself to be always correct. We find him to
19、be dishonest. 2、既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的 动词: see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set第21页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四注 :有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语,所表达的意义是有差别的。不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成(即全过程)现在分词表示动作正在进行,即:谓语动词所表示的
20、 动作发生时,现在分词所表示的动作正在进行Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.第22页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四“看”: see, look at, observe, watch, notice“听”:hear, listen to“感觉”:feel使役动词:have, make
21、, let不定式在下列动词后作宾语补足语时,要省略to但当以上的动词用于被动式,to要还原:They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.注:使用不定式作宾语补足语时,在有些动词后面,不定式符号to 应当省略第23页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四Eg : I wont have him cheat me.I have a lot of work to do.His story made us laugh. Father made
22、a kite for his son to fly.have表示“有”,make表示“制造”,“做”等意义,且后面的不定式作目的状语,定语等时,不定式符号to不能省需要注意have, make的用法:have, make表“让,使,允许”等意,其后的不定式作宾补时,才可省to用作一般实义动词用做使役动词“允许”“有”“使”“做”第24页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四feel 在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时不带 to; 在使用 to be 型不定式时,要带 to,Eg : He felt them to be right. Did you feel the
23、earth shake? help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时,可以带 to,也可以不带 toEg : Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?第25页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四五.作定语:(常常表示将来的动作)(不定式作定语须放在被修饰的名词 或代词的后面)1.不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系e.g: Have you got anything to do this evening I have some fiends to invite.第26页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星
24、期四Eg : He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.当名词被 the first , the last, the only 等序数词 以及形容词最高级修饰时,常用不定式 作定 语,而不管动作是否已完成第27页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四2.不定式用于说明被修饰的名词或代词的内容,相当于同位语,可转换成同位语从句。e.g: I have no chance to go abroad. = I have no chanc
25、e that I will go abroad.第28页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四Eg : Alice is always the first student to come to school. The teacher gave me some English books to read. The meeting to take place here tomorrow is going to discuss the problem of pollution.Mr. Brown has a large family tosupport3作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词
26、或代词存在着两种 逻辑关系,即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的 逻辑主语 或逻辑宾语第29页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语,而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时,应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系Eg : Please pass me some paper to write on. Theres nothing for us to worry about. She has a nice pen to write with. He bought a flat for the family to live in.An office
27、 to work in /A child to look after A river to swim in第30页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四六、不定式做状语1、表目的e.g:To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.修饰动词、形容词、副词等表示目的、原因、结果、 条件等。He came here to attend an important meeting.第31页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 eg : He opened the door for the chil
28、dren to come in. They sent a man to mend the window.Eg : He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.注:不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是 它的逻辑主语例外的情况第32页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四注:为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时,通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as Eg : He came here in ord
29、er to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went early in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him第33页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四注:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于 其他功能的标志之一。 但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上 in order,但却不可以加上so as ,Eg : To draw maps properly, you n
30、eed a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use clean water. 第34页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy
31、is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 2、表结果不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型:第35页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四注意:下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义: Im only too glad to go. = Im very glad to go. I shall be only too pleased to get home.= I shall be very pleased to get home. only t
32、oo (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 第36页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四 不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作,相当于一个并列限定动词词组,这种不定式结构也表示结果 eg : She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点:1 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的,相当于一个限定动词词组,如: He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arr
33、ived late and found the others had gone home.第37页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四2 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味,其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。(有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果)Eg : He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.3 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only,以加强语气 Eg : He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
34、 They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.第38页,共44页,2022年,5月20日,12点44分,星期四注:不定式结构表示结果或表示目的,往往形式相似, 这时,须根据词汇意义认真加以区别,试比较: He arrived late to find the others had gone home.( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station t
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