Shanghai Dairy热应激体系课件

1、制订减少奶牛热应激的体系Developing Systems to Minimize Heat Stress In Dairy CattleJohn SmithMike BroukJoe Harner堪萨斯州立大学热应激的作用Effects of Heat Stress呼吸率Respiration Rate直肠温度Rectal Temperature饮水量Water Intake出汗率Sweating饲料通过率Rate of Feed Passage干物质采食量Dry Matter Intake往内部器官的血液流量Blood Flow to InternalOrgans产奶量Milk Prod

2、uction繁殖性能Reproductive Performance不同环境温度下对干物质总采食量和干物质公斤数的维持需要（露点=30） Total dry matter intake1 and kilograms of dry matter required for maintenance with increasing environmental temperature (dew point = 30) 1 Holter, West, and McGilliard. 1997. Journal of Dairy Science 80:2188.公斤干物质温度干物质采食量维持需要堪萨斯州不同

3、胎次和月份的高峰产奶量 Peak Milk Production in Kansas by Lactation and Month, 1997测定日日产奶量，公斤头胎高峰二胎高峰三胎以上高峰Nonevaporative CoolingEvaporative Cooling Respiratory TractEvaporative CoolingOuter Body Surface散热率，%腔内温度无蒸发降温蒸发降温体表面积蒸发降温呼吸道THI图 THI Chart相对湿度Relative Humidity温度Temp oC (oF)3040506070809025 (77)-727374757

4、630 (86)7577788081838435 (95)8083858789919340 (104)8689919496-45 (113)929596-50 (122)97-饮水供应Water Availability 热应激时饮水量增加1.2 至 2.0 倍！ Water intake increase 1.2 to 2.0 fold during heat stress!4排式自由卧床牛舍中牛栏和水槽的安排Pen Layout and Water Troughs Locations in 4-Row Freestall北每组84个自由卧床（90-100头母牛）4排式自由卧床牛舍中饮水量和

5、水槽位置Water Consumption vs Water Trough Location in 4-Row Freestall头日饮水量，升东南西南东北西北过道中央远端4排式自由卧床牛舍中水槽的利用Usage of Water Troughs in 4-Row Freestall占日饮水量%东南西南东北西北牛床位置过道中央远端自由卧床中的饮水供应Water Availability in Freestalls自由卧床式牛舍 Freestall housing每个交叉口有水Water at every crossover交叉口之间的距离决定是否提供了适当的水槽周长Distance betwe

6、en crossovers will determine if adequate tank perimeter is provided水槽可以安置在外墙Water troughs can be placed on the outside walls挤奶厅出口道的饮水量Water Consumption at Parlor Exit Lanes头日饮水量，公斤水槽位置西东总计遮荫的效果Response to shade母牛的日产奶量提高1.8 - 4.1公斤 1.8 to 4.1 kg of milk/cow/day遮荫材料差别很大！There are differences in shade

7、material!各种遮荫材料与波形铝板相比的有效性递降情况 Shade Material Listed in Descending Order of Effectiveness, As Compared With New Corrugated Aluminum材料Material描述Description有效性Effectiveness干草Hay15厘米厚15 cm thick1.203木材Wood未漆Unpainted1.060马口铁Galvanized Steel白顶Top white, bottom natural1.053铝Aluminum白顶Top white, bottom na

8、tural1.049尼龙Neoprene Coated Nylon两面白White, both sides1.037铝Aluminum标准品Standard1.000马口铁Galvanized Steel标准品Standard0.992石棉板Asbestos Board天然色Natural color0.956遮荫布Shade Cloth90%实体90% solid0.839遮荫布Shade Cloth80%实体80% solid0.819木条Slatted Wood5厘米实体，5厘米空5 cm solid 5 cm open0.589Bond, et al 1961七月八月中午中午屋顶坡度西

9、东空气降温系统Systems to Cool the Air带蒸发垫的隧道式通风Tunnel ventilation with evaporative pads适于栓系式牛舍的新技术New technology for dairy tie stall barns已经应用于养禽业Already used in poultry industry在栓系式牛舍中给空气降温的系统Systems to Cool the Air in Tiestall Barns蒸发垫+隧道式通风 Tunnel ventilation with evaporative pads湿度高会限制用蒸发降温的办法来降低空气温度的效

10、果High Humidity Limits Our Ability to Take Advantage of Using Evaporative Cooling to Cool the Air栓系式牛舍的降温Tie stall barn cooling温度32o C 时相对湿度对蒸发降温的影响Potential Temperature at 32o C Change Due to Water Evaporation in a Low Relative Humidity Environment温度变化相对湿度，%相对湿度低时水分蒸发对不同环境温度的影响Potential Temperature

11、Change Due to Water Evaporation in a Low Relative Humidity Environment温度变化相对湿度，%相对湿度高时水分蒸发对32o C下温度变化的影响 Potential Temperature Change at 32o C Due to Water Evaporation in a High Relative Humidity Environment温度变化相对湿度，%相对湿度高时水分蒸发对温度变化的影响Potential Temperature Change Due to Water Evaporation in a High R

12、elative Humidity Environment温度变化相对湿度，%蒸发垫+隧道式通风Tunnel Ventilation with Evaporative Pads栓系式牛舍Tie stall barns混合式自由卧床牛舍Hybrid freestall barns完全的隧道通风式自由卧床牛舍Fully tunnel ventilated freestall barns密苏里州东北部的栓系式牛舍中使用隧道式通风的蒸发降温效果Effect of Utilizing Evaporative Cooling in Tie Stall Dairy Barns Equipped with Tu

13、nnel Ventilation in Northeast MissouriM.J. Brouk, J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III用或 不用蒸发垫对隧道式通风的影响Comparison of Tunnel Ventilation with and without Evaporative Pads密苏里东北部6个栓系式牛场 6 Tie Stall Dairies in Northeast Missouri3个用隧道式通风 3 Tunnel Ventilation3个用隧道式通风+蒸发垫 3 Tunnel Ventilation + Evaporative Pads

14、3天热应激 3 Days of Heat Stress3个观察时间 3 Observation Times早晨Morning6:00-7:00下午Afternoon3:00-4:00晚上Evening9:00-10:00两种降温条件下奶牛的平均呼吸率Average Cow Respiration Rates at Different Periods of the Day for Tunnel and Tunnel + Evaporative Cooled BarnP.01, afternoon每分钟呼吸次数早中晚隧道+蒸发隧道隧道+蒸发隧道两种降温条件下的直肠温度Average Rectal

15、Temperature at Different Periods of the Day for Tunnel and Tunnel + Evaporative Cooled BarnP 320 C 时每5分钟一次 320 C every 5 minutes这些定时器市场有供应 These timers are available off the shelf喷头可能出现的问题 Potential Problems with Soakers偏差 (防止淋湿饲料和卧床) Water drift (Wet Feed and Beds)加大水滴 Larger Droplet Size降低水线 Lower

16、 the Water Lines确定喷头线的规格 Sizing Soaker Lines牛舍的供水 Water Supply to the Barn进水需要量 Inlet water demand牛栏顺序 Sequence Pens污水池容量 Lagoon Capacity 自由卧床式牛舍中风扇的布局Fan Placement in Freestall BarnsJohn SmithJoe HarnerMike Brouk我们一直强调使用低压喷头或配合不同风扇配置的淋水器 Our emphasis has been to use lower pressure sprinklers or soa

17、kers with different fan configurations.1999年热应激研究1999 Heat Stress Research 1999年的研究 1999 Study牛床和饲槽上方每7.3 米一个91厘米风扇（ F&S ） 91 cm Fans over stalls & feedline every 7.3 m (F&S)牛床上方每7.3 米一个90厘米风扇（ 2S ） 90 cm Fans over stalls every 7.3 m (2S)牛床和饲槽上方每7.3 米一个91厘米风扇（ F&2S ）91 cm Fans over stalls & feedline

18、 every 7.3 m (F&2S) 降温体系Cooling System1项目Item 2SF&SF&2SSEM起始奶量公斤 Initial milk, kg51.952.452.11.7起始泌乳日 Initial days in mil1平均产奶公斤Average milk, kg 42.6a44.8b43.8ab1.1干物质采食公斤Dry matter intake, kg 25.225.525.5-膘情变化 Change in body condition+.52+.39+.21.14ab 角注不同的数值差异显著Means with uncommon sup

19、erscript differ (P0.05)3种不同降温体系的4排式自由卧床牛舍中奶牛的产奶量，膘情和采食量 Milk Yield, Body Condition, and Feed Intake of Dairy Cows Housed in a Four-row Freestall Barn with Three Different Cooling Systems在4排式牛舍中仅在饲槽上设置风扇会有什么作用？What is the Effect of Fans only on the Feedline in 4-row Barns? 2000年研究 2000 Study在牛床和饲槽线上每

20、7.3 米设置一个91厘米风扇 91 cm Fan over stalls & feedline every 7.3 m在饲槽线上每7.3 米设置一个91厘米风扇 91 cm Fan over feedline every 7.3 m平均产奶量Average Milk ProductionP.01头日产奶公斤饲槽线牛床+饲槽线饲槽线牛床+饲槽线建议 Recommendations4排式牛舍 Four-Row Barn在饲槽线和牛床上设置风扇 Fans on Feedline and over Stalls每6.1-7.3米一个91厘米风扇 .91m fans every 6.1-7.3 m饲槽

21、线上方设置淋水器 Soakers over feed line2排式牛舍 Two-Row Barn牛床上方设置风扇 Fans over Stalls每12米一个1.2 米风扇 1.2 m fans every 12 m饲槽线上设置淋水器 Soakers over feed lineOverhang to Minimize Solar Radiation on N-S FreestallAugust 21st - 40 degree latitude1 pm2 pm3 pm4 pm5 pm6 pmWest4/12 Roof Slope1426916.5容量（ m3/秒 ）Volume (m3/s

22、econd)速度（ 6.4-9.7 公里/小时 ）Velocity (6.4-9.7 kph)待挤圈降温Holding Pen Cooling母牛的体温Cow Body Temperatures正常体温 Normal Body Temperature105104103102101 F C 383940中午Noon午夜Midnight中午Noon待挤圈降温 Holding Pen CoolingAZ数据表明，每头母牛每天.77 公斤奶 AZ data indicates .77 kg of milk/cow/day通风！Ventilation!加风扇Adding Fans风扇规格Fan Spec

23、ifications风扇尺寸 Fan Size m3/秒 m3/sec. m2/风扇 m2/fan母牛# cows91 cm283-3401410121 cm5662820风扇布局Fan Spacing风扇尺寸 Fan Size侧到侧 Side to Side行间 Between Rows91 cm1.8-2.4 m6.1 m121 cm 1.8-2.4 m 12.2 m例：20英尺宽待挤圈中风扇的布局。待挤圈的容量约80头母牛24英尺36英寸风扇最多24英尺6-8英尺风扇下倾15-30度风扇底部高出牛台8-9英尺如用48英寸风扇，最大间距为48英尺主风向设：侧墙开放，高10英尺以上，屋脊敞开

24、例：小于24英尺宽待挤圈中风扇的布局。待挤圈的容量约50头母牛设：侧墙开放，高8-12英尺，屋脊敞开母牛流向风扇只在牛背上方吹风，风扇高度略高于牛背主风向风扇高度Fan Height尽可能低 Low as Possible距离风扇底部2-2.4 米 2-2.4 Meters to the Bottom of the Fan留出设备活动的空间 Equipment Clearance加水Adding Water喷头体系的PVC叶栅Sprinkler Systems PVC Grid供水量：每个循环12.3 升/米2 Provide 12.3 l/m2/cycle每5-6分钟喷湿母牛一次 Soak

25、cows every 5 to 6 minutes例：待挤圈内的喷头体系进水管分水管设：一个喷头每小时喷水25加仑，喷水半径8英尺，约3头牛需一喷头。在蒸发垫+隧道式通风牛舍内淋湿母牛的作用（泰国） Impact of Soaking Cows that are Housed in a Tunnel Ventilated Barn with Evaporative Pads Located in ThailandD.V. Armstrong, J.F. Smith, M.J. Brouk, V. Wuthironarith and J.P. Harner, III混合体系Combination

26、 Systems蒸发垫+隧道式通风 Tunnel ventilation with evaporative pads低压淋湿器 Low pressure soakers起始和终了的温度和相对湿度 Starting and Ending Temperature and Percent Relative Humidity舍外舍内舍外舍内起始温度起始湿度终了温度终了湿度气流速度和水温 Air Velocity and Water Temperature气流速度 Air Velocity每分钟109.7 米 109.7 meters per minute每小时6.6 公里 6.6 kilometers

27、 per hour水温 Water Temperature26-28 C试验设计Experimental Design重复5 x 5 拉丁方 Replicated 5 x 5 Latin Square - 5头成母牛（日产奶41公斤） 5 Lactating Cows 41 kg/c/d milk5头头胎母牛（日产奶41公斤） 5 Lactating Cows 41 kg/c/d milk5个时期 5 Periods8个炎热而湿润的下午 8 Hot and Humid Afternoons1:30 pm 3:30 pm2003年9月6-11日 September 6-11, 2003处理Tre

28、atments对照背部不淋水 Control - No water on the back每5分钟1升水 1 liter every 5 minutes每5分钟2升水 2 liters every 5 minutes每10分钟1升水 1 liter every 10 minutes每10分钟2升水 2 liters every 10 minutes数据收集 Data Collection数据收集（每5分钟一次）Data Collection ( Every 5 min.)起始测3次（15分钟）3 Initial Measurements (15 min.)各处理测17次（85分钟） 17 Me

29、asurements Under Treatments (85 min.)停止处理后测5次（30分钟） 5 Measurements after stopping treatments (30 min)呼吸率 Respiration Rate 皮肤温度 Skin Temperature肩胛部 Shoulder髋部 Thurl后乳房 Rear udder直肠温度 Rectal Temperature 在蒸发垫+隧道式通风牛舍内 淋湿母牛的作用（泰国） Impact of soaking cows that are housed in tunnel ventilated barn with eva

30、porative pads located in Thailand.处理 Treatments C1 + 52 + 51 + 102 + 10SE呼吸/分 Respiration rate, breaths/min 72.8a51.0c51.6c59.3b55.6bc2.03直肠C Rectal Temp., C 38.5a38.2b38.2b38.3ab38.2b0.12体表C Body Surface Temp., C 髋部 Thurl 34.4a32.0c31.8c32.6b32.3bc0.38 后乳房 Rear Udder 35.3a34.6b34.7b35.0ab34.8b0.25

31、肩胛部 Shoulder34.3a32.1bc31.9c32.9b32.7b0.50淋湿频率对蒸发垫+隧道式通风牛舍中母牛呼吸率的影响（泰国） Impact of Soaking Frequency on the Respiration Rates of Cows Housed in Tunnel Ventilated Barns with Evaporative Pads (Thailand)StartTreatmentsEnd Treatments呼吸率处理开始处理结束时期1升/10分钟1升/5分钟2升/10分钟2升/5分钟对照淋湿频率对蒸发垫+隧道式通风牛舍中母牛直肠温度的影响（泰国）

32、Impact of Soaking Frequency on the Rectal Temperatures of Cows Housed in Tunnel Ventilated Barns with Evaporative Pads (Thailand) Start TreatmentsEnd Treatments直肠温度处理开始处理结束时期1升/10分钟1升/5分钟2升/10分钟2升/5分钟对照淋湿频率对蒸发垫+隧道式通风牛舍中母牛髋部皮温的影响（泰国） Impact of Soaking Frequency on Thurl Skin Temperature of Cows House

33、d in Tunnel Ventilated Barns with Evaporative Pads (Thailand)Start TreatmentsEnd Treatments皮肤温度处理开始处理结束时期1升/10分钟1升/5分钟2升/10分钟2升/5分钟对照总结 Summary每5分钟淋1升水，每5分钟淋2升水或每10分钟淋2升水的母牛的直肠温度，呼吸率和髋部皮肤温度最低 Cows soaked with 1 liter of water every 5 minutes, 2 liters of water every 5 minutes or 2 liters of water ev

34、ery 10 minutes had the lowest rectal temperatures, respiration rates and thurl skin temperatures. 4排式牛舍和6排式牛舍相比 4 Row Barnsvs.6 Row Barns牛舍类型 Barn Type早晨 Morning中午 Afternoon平均 Average -呼吸/分钟 Breaths/min -4排式 4-Row60.5a73.8a67.2a6排式 6-Row65.8b78.4b72.1ba,b同列数据角注不同者差异显著P.05 Means within the same colum

35、n differ P.05.4排式和6排式牛舍中母牛的平均呼吸率（衣阿华州西北部） Average Morning and Afternoon Respiration Rates of Cows Housed in 4 and 6-Row Freestall Barns Located in NW Iowa.自由卧床牛舍的朝向 Freestall Barn Orientation南北向与东西向相比 North/South vs. East/West牛舍类型Barn Type早晨Morning中午 Afternoon平均 Average - 呼吸/分钟 Breaths/min - 东西向 Eas

36、t/West52.2a68.8a60.5a南北向 North/South56.4b77.4b66.9ba,b同列数据角注不同者差异显著P.05 Means within the same column differ P.05.东西向和南北向4排式自由卧床牛舍中母牛的呼吸率（加利福尼亚州） Average Morning and Afternoon Respiration Rates of Cows Housed in N/S verses E/W 4-Row Freestall Barns Located in California.KSU CCC 2000南北向自由卧床牛舍的太阳角度（8月2

37、1日，纬度40） Sun Angles for N-S FreestallsAugust 21st - 40 degree latitudeSun Angles for E-W Freestall August 21st40 Degrees North Latitude东西向自由卧床牛舍的太阳角度（8月21日，纬度40） Sun Angles for E-W FreestallsAugust 21st - 40 degree latitude给母牛降温有经济价值？Is there $ in cooling cows?头日产奶量，公斤（降温或不降温）不降温降温产奶量，公斤/头/日头日产奶量（公斤

38、）和差异（降温比不降温）不降温降温差异产奶量，公斤/头/日母牛降温的经济问题Economics of Cow Cooling热应激时的降奶 Lost milk production during heat stress每天每头母牛$1.00 to $1.50 $1.00 to $1.50 cow/day繁殖率？ Reproduction?将来的产奶量？Future milk production?健康？Health?多数情况下一年可以回收降温成本 Pay back is one year in most cases体系的选择 System Selection选择体系时关键的考虑因素 Criti

39、cal factors in system selection气候 Climate温度 Temperature最高温度 Maximum temperatures湿度 Humidity 早晨 Morning下午 Afternoon你要给什么降温？ What are you cooling?母牛或空气 Cow or Air 每蒸发1磅水相当于1,000 BTU 1 lb of water evaporated 1,000 BTU你能花多少钱？ $ How much can you spend?奶价 Milk price可选的体系 System Options低压淋湿 Low pressure so

40、aking自由卧床和待挤栏 Freestalls and Holding pens在干旱和湿润气候适用 Works in arid and humid climates蒸发降温 Evaporative cooling空气降温 Cooling the air在干旱气候适用 Works in arid climates可能最适用于栓系式牛舍May be our best option in tie-stallsEconomics?混合式Combination极为炎热和湿润时适用 Severe heat and humidity杭州的温度 Temperatures in Hangzhou775950

41、4232688795Degrees FahrenheitSource: WeatherPost on 摄氏华氏1-12月份123456789101112平均温度平均高温平均低温杭州的平均相对湿度Average Relative Humidity in HangzhouSource: WeatherPost on 下午上午123456789101112月份杭州的THI for HangzhouSource: WeatherPost on 月份平均高平均低45678910杭州的平均降水量Average Precipitation in HangzhouSource: WeatherPost on

42、月份毫米68241012杭州的平均风速Average Wind Speed in HangzhouSource: WeatherPost on 公里/小时月份哈尔滨的温度Temperatures in Harbin32145-1442505987Degrees Fahrenheit4236877Source: WeatherPost on 摄氏华氏月份平均温度平均高温平均低温哈尔滨的平均相对湿度Average Relative Humidity in HarbinSource: WeatherPost on 下午上午月份哈尔滨的THI for HarbinSource: WeatherPost

43、 on 平均高平均低月份哈尔滨的平均降水量Average Precipitation in HarbinSource: WeatherPost on 哈尔滨的平均风速Average Wind Speed in HarbinSource: WeatherPost on 6859423277104113Degrees Fahrenheit508795上海的温度Temperatures in ShanghaiSource: WeatherPost on 摄氏华氏月份平均温度平均高温平均低温上海的相对湿度Average Relative Humidity in SanghaiSource: Weath

44、erPost on 下午上午月份上海的THI for ShanghaiSource: WeatherPost on 平均高平均低月份上海的平均降水量Average Precipitation in ShanghaiSource: WeatherPost on 月份上海的平均风速Average Wind Speed in ShanghaiSource: WeatherPost on 月份公里/小时5950423268778795Degrees Fahrenheit广州的温度Temperatures in GuangzhouSource: WeatherPost on 摄氏华氏月份平均温度平均高温平均低温广州的相对湿度Average Relative Humidity in GuangzhouSource: WeatherPo