2011年10月MBA英语考试真题

1、文档SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybep

2、reserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenationscyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmart

3、identitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.Theapproachcontrastswithonetha

4、twouldrequireanInternetdriverslicense10bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toes

5、tablishasenseofa13community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministrationsplanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapp

6、laudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“driveslicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.They

7、arguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5A.informationB.interferenceC.e

8、ntertainmentD.equivalent6A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login文档12A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast13A.trustedB.moderni

9、zedc.thrivingD.competing14A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20A.inv

10、itedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachssboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrow

11、nUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldmanscompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjustt

12、akinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirmsboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutivesproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeableto

13、giveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotherese

14、archersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformwors

15、e.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutside

16、directorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutside文档directorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.Otherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleo

17、fMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.AgainingexcessiveprofitsBfailingtofulfillherdutyCrefusingtomakecompromisesDleavingtheboardintoughtimes22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.AgenerousinvestorsBunbiasedexecutivesCsharepr

18、iceforecastersDindependentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirectorssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.AbecomemorestableBreportincreasedearningsCdolesswellinthestockmarketDperformworseinlawsuits24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.Amaystayfor

19、theattractiveoffersfromthefirmBhaveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirmCareaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirmDwilldeclineincentivesfromthefirm25.Theauthorsattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseeme

20、dnear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.AmericasFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizet

21、hem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsth

22、atwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefuse文档deliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetth

23、esedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,a

24、ccordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavego

25、ne.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.26.Bysaying“Newspapersliketheirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.AneglectedthesignofcrisisBfailedtogetsta

26、tesubsidiesCwerenotcharitablecorporationsDwereinadesperatesituation27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.AreadersthreatenedtopaylessBnewspaperswantedtoreducecostsCjournalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareasDsubscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts28.ComparedwiththeirAmericanc

27、ounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.AhavemoresourcesofrevenueBhavemorebalancednewsroomsCarelessdependentonadvertisingDarelessaffectedbyreadershipWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?ADistinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.BCompleteness

28、istoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.CForeignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.DReadershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.AAmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvivalBAmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWindCAmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusinessDAmer

29、icanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryText3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billand文档liningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulyb

30、emore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“lessismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerm

31、an,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Miesssignaturephrasem

32、eansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Miesssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaces

33、hedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicagosLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecitysGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffo

34、rdedandtheeleganceofthebuildingsdetailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“less”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedin

35、the1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“lessismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheve

36、rydaylifefewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryersbuthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans.AprosperityandgrowthBefficiencyandpracticalityCrestraintandconfidenceDpridean

37、dfaithfulnessWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?AItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.BItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.CMostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.DIthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.Awasrelat

38、edtolargespace文档BwasidentifiedwithemptinessCwasnotreliantonabundantdecorationDwasnotassociatedwithefficiency34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicagosLakeShoreDrive?ATheyignoreddetailsandproportions.BTheywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.CTheyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.D

39、Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?AMechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.BNaturalscenesweretakenintoconsiderationCDetailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.DEco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhaveso

40、undedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheprojectsgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozoneseconomies,weaker

41、orstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEuropessinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozonesdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizatio

42、nwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountrysvoti

43、ngrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:

44、”Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthave

45、murmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworldslargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinterna

46、lbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalism文档benign.36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarketsevenitssupportersbegintofeelconcernedsomeofitsmembercountriesplanto

47、abandoneuroitintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation37.ThedebateovertheEUssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.AarecompetingfortheleadingpositionBarebusyhandlingtheirowncrisesCfailtoreachanagreementonharmonizationDdisagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanypropo

48、sedthat.AEUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreasedBstricterregulationsbeimposedConlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordinationDvotingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat_.ApoorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfundsBstrictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountriesCloa

49、nswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountriesDrichcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel_.ApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopefulPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarked

50、detailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovernmentsroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimposefattaxesonunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedange

51、rsofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary，AndrewLansleywhoinsistedthegovernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttoshopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools，restrictadvertisingofproductsh

52、ighinfat，saltorsugar，andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproductssuchasMcDonalds.，文档TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritainsaddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity，diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson，presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandCh

53、ildHealth，saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassmokingorexcessivedrinking.Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokingintheworkplaceorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?Iwouldsuggestthatweshoul

54、dbe,saidtheleaderoftheUKschildrensdoctors.Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturesofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralroleintheChange4Lifecampaign,thecenterpieceofgovernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.Hehasalsocrit

55、icizedthecelebritychefJamieOlivershigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhowlecturingpeoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheirbehavior.StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,asltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincin

56、emas.Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes-bysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,hesaid.SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonalds,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchains

57、shouldalsostopofferinginducementssuchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.PorfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhadontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.Healsourgedcouncilstoimposefast-food-freezonesaroundschoolsandhospitals-areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonsaid:Weneedtocreateanewvis