北京版高考英语高中总复习专题九《动词的时态、语态和主谓一致（讲解练）》教与学

1、第四部分 语法知识专题九 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致高考英语 北京专用考点一动词的时态一、一般体1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下表所示:考点清单情况规则例词一般情况 加-seateats,riserises以s,sh,ch,x,o,z结尾的动词加-esdiscussdiscussesteachteaches以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词变y为iescarrycarriesflyflies1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规

2、则如下表所示:2)be的变化:am,is,are。3)have的变化:has,have。(2)一般现在时的用法用法例句表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或状态We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去的语境中,也用一般现在时The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。He said that hydrogen is a light gas.他说氢是很轻的气体。用于以here,

3、there开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态There goes the bell.铃响了。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。2.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成1)一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况 加-edpackpacked以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词 变y为-ied carrycarried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-edplanplanned以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加-dlikelikedprovideprovided用法例句表示过去发生的一次性或习惯性动作或状态We of

4、ten played basketball together.我们(过去)经常在一起打篮球。(过去的习惯性动作)I got to know her in 1998.我1998年结识了她。(过去的一次性动作)I didnt know her at that time.那时我不认识她。(过去的状态)want,hope, think,intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原”之意I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他没打算伤害你。wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但口气要比用一

5、般现在时更加委婉、客气I wondered if you could do me a favour.我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。2)was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。3)注意以元音字母加-y结尾的动词,直接加-ed。如playplayed。(2)一般过去时的用法用法例句“used to+动词原形”表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)续表3.一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成1)will/shall+动词原形2)is/am/are go

6、ing to+动词原形3)is/am/are about to+动词原形4)is/am/are to+动词原形5)is/am/are due to+动词原形6)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式用法例句表示将来的习惯性动作或状态Spring will come again.春天还会再来。He will be here in an hour.他一个小时后到这里。表示将来发生的一次性动作If you dont hurry, you will miss the train.如果你不快点儿,你就会赶不上火车。 will表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势Fish will die without water

7、.离开水,鱼就会死。表示偶然的、临时的决定Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗?不知道。我现在就去看他。(2)一般将来时的用法用法例句be going to用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain

8、.看这些乌云,要下雨了。be about to/be on the point of+动名词表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(=and at this/that time)引出的分句连用The train is about to start.火车就要开了。续表用法例句be to表示“按计划或安排要做的事”When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家?表示要求做某事,意为“应该”,相当于should,ought toYou are to report it to the po

9、lice.你应该报警。表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,wantIf we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我们要在10点前到那儿,我们现在就得走。be due to定于They are due to meet again tomorrow.他们定于明天再次见面。有些动词如come,go,arrive, leave,begin,start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作Im leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情,

10、这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、电影开演时刻表、作息安排等We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock.我们必须快点儿。第一节课将在8点开始。续表4.过去将来时(1)过去将来时的构成1)should/would+动词原形2)was/were going to+动词原形3)was/were about to+动词原形4)was/were to+动词原形5)某些动词的过去进行时形式用法例句从过去某一时间看将要发生的事情He said he would be here at eight oclock.他说他将在8点到这里。I wa

11、s about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.我正要睡觉的时候,有人敲门。I thought it was going to rain.我当时觉得要下雨。He told me he was leaving in an hour.他告诉我他计划一个小时后离开。was/weregoing to过去本打算做某事,但未做I was going to go to the party, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.我本打算要参加聚会,但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。was/we

12、re to have+过去分词We were to have told you,but you were not in.我们本来想告诉你的,但是你不在家。was/were to+动词原形过去曾计划要做某事,但不表明计划是否被执行I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到紧张,因为我很快就要首次离开家了。表示命中注定要发生的事They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告了别,一点也没想到以后再也不会见面

13、了。(2)过去将来时的用法题组训练单句填空Theylive(live)in the same building, dont they?I promise Iwill support(support)you all the time.The planetakes(take)off at 8:00 a.m.I hoped Iwould find(find)a job soon.二、进行体1.进行体的构成(1)课程标准对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时,它们的形式分别为:现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词过去进行时:was/were+现在分词将来进行时:will/

14、shall+be+现在分词(2)现在分词的构成形式情况规则例词一般情况 加-ingtrytrying以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-ingregretregrettingbanbanning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,加-ing hatehatingdatedating用法例句表示某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性的特点I didnt really work there;I was just helping out un-til the new secretary arrived.我并不在那里上班,我只是去帮忙。新秘书来了,我就离开了。(暂时性)表示某

15、阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情,常与these/those days,this/that week等时间状语连用We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always, con-tinually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。有些动词的进行体可以表示将来(见一般将来时的用法)2.进行体的用法3.有些动词(短语) 不用于进行体,常见的有:题组训练单句填空

16、Sorry, you cant use my computer. Iam using(use)it now.Iwas watching(watch)TV when you rang me up.At this time tomorrow, Iwill be sitting(sit)at the table.分类示例感觉类look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear情感类like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore心态类wish,hope,want,need,believe, understand, remember,forget,a

17、gree,know状态类appear,lie(位于),remain,belong to,have三、完成体1.完成体的构成温馨提示(1)规则动词的过去分词的构成方法同过去式的构成方法,详见一般过去时部分“规则动词变化方法”。(2)不规则动词的过去分词构成详见“附录四”(不规则动词表)部分。时态形式现在完成时have/has+过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词用法例句表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(甚至到将来)。常与之连用的时间状语有:lately,recently, in the last(past)few days/years,since then,up to now,so far(至今

18、)等In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。He has written 8 books so far.到现在为止,他已经写了8本书了。表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。说话者中心在现在,常用的状语有:already,ever,just(刚刚),yet,before等He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。The concert has already started.(=Th

19、e concert is on now.)音乐会已经开始了。2.完成体的用法(1)现在完成时用法例句在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the+序数词+time”之后的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。have gone to意为“去某地了”,表示此人现在还在那里He has gone to the zoo.他去动物园了。He has gone to live abr

20、oad.他到国外居住了。have been to意为“去过某地”,表示此人已经回来了Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去过上海吗?He has been to see his teacher.他去看他老师了。(已经回来)瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语()He has finished his work. ()He has finished his work for an hour.续表(2)过去完成时用法例句一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”),那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时She had learned s

21、ome English before she came to the institute.她在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。He said that he had been abroad for three years.他说他在国外待了3年了。表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of+表过去的某一时间By then he had learned English for three years.到那时,他已学了3年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it y

22、et.到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)用法例句在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when”和“No sooner. than.”句型中,when和than 从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚就”Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆

23、而下。在“It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句”中since从句的谓语用过去完成时It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。在“That/It/This was the first/second.time+that 从句”句型中,that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。续表题组训练单句填空Ihad thought(think)you would

24、 come the next day,but you didnt.This is the first time that hehas passed(pass)the exam.Hardlyhad(have)we started when the car got a flat tyre.四、完成进行体1.课程标准对完成进行体所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为:have/has+been+doing。2.现在完成进行时的用法用法例句动作发生在过去,持续到现在且现在还在进行He has been learning English for six years.他学英语已经6年了。(强调到现在还

25、在学)现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,因此,它既具备现在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点It has been raining for three days.已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)五、动词时态的呼应1.主将从现用法例句所谓“主将从现”,即主句表将来(不一定为一般将来时,祈使句、“情态动词+动词原形”也可表将来),从句(包括时间、条件、让步状语从句)用现在时(不一定是一般现在时,现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这类从句中表示将来)Whatever you say,I will not change m

26、y mind.无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。If she is still waiting,tell her to go home.如果她还在等,就让她回家。I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我做完工作就和你一起去。2.含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题(1)宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约,如果主句谓语为现在时或将来时,宾语从句中的谓语可以不受影响。He says (that) (2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态,即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去

27、将来时、过去将来进行时等。如:注意:(1)当主句为过去时,宾语从句有明确的表过去的时间状语时,可不必用过去完成时而用一般过去时。I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。(2)当宾语从句表达真理时,谓语动词不必变为过去时,而继续采用一般现在时态。This proved that the earth is round.这证明地球是圆的。题组训练单句填空The teacher told us that the Yangtze Riveroriginates(originate)in Qinghai. He said hewas leaving/would lea

28、ve(leave)a few days later.六、易混时态的区别1.一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连,它所表示的事情纯属过去;现在完成时说的是现在的情况。比较下面几组句子,体会两种时态的不同: 2.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别(1)一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况,而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.他来这个学校之前就已经学了3,000个英语单词了。(2)过去完成时的时间状语

29、常用by或before 引导的短语或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2010,by the time+句子(一般过去时)等。He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.到上个月月底为止,他已经写完这本书了。3.过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语)。比较下面的说法

30、:题组训练单句填空The reports went missing in 2012 and nobodyhas seen(see) them since.Im calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise)the other day.Could you tell me more about it?During the last three decades,the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has increased (increase)sh

31、arply.考点二动词的语态1.被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的,而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表:时体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成have/has been donehad been done(will have been

32、done)(would have been done)完成进行2.被动语态的用法用法例句不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者Attention, please! A meeting will be held in the of-fice at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.请注意!明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。强调或突出动作的承受者The woman was taken to hospital.那位女士被送进了医院。动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰The idea was supported by t

33、hose who wished to make much money.想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。题组训练单句填空If nothing is done (do),the oceans will turn into fish deserts.Hundreds of jobswill be lost(lose)if the factory closes.A new cinemais being built(build) here.They hope to finish it next month.考点三主谓一致主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定:用法例

34、句主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数The results of the research are to be published soon.研究结果不久将发表。复合不定代词someone,anyone, everyone, nobody/no one, something, anything, everything,nothing等作主语,谓语动词用单数If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.如果有人看到莉萨,请她给我打个电话。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上无难事,只怕有心人。

35、each of+作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但“we, you, they或名词复数+each”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式Each of the students has an apple.这些学生每人有一个苹果。(不定代词Each作主语)The students each have an apple.这些学生每人有一个苹果。(The students作主语,each作同位语)一、语法一致用法例句代词all 作主语:若指人,谓语动词用复数;若指事物或现象,谓语动词通常用单数All are equal before the law.法律面前,人人平等。All is well that end

36、s well.结局好一切都好。不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.换乘火车多少有些不便。+单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数Many a page in this book is missing.这本书缺了许多页。The whole nation is in deep sorrow.整个国家沉浸在悲痛之中。续表题组训练单句填空His suggestionhas(have)been accepted.To say you were ignorant of the rulesis(be)no

37、excuse. How to earn daily bread by my penwas(be)then the problem. 二、意义一致用法例句形式为单数但意义为复数概念的police,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。表示一类人/物的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded等和“the+姓氏复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数The rich are to help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。The Greens are going to London.格

38、林一家要去伦敦。表示某国人的总称的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主语时,谓语动词用复数The Chinese are hard-working.中国人民是勤劳的。maths,physics,politics,news等以“s”结尾却表示单数或不可数概念的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数Physics is my favorite subject.物理是我最喜欢的科目。Bad news has wings.坏事传千里。用法例句单复数同形的名词sheep,deer,means,works(工厂)等作主语,谓语动词的数与实际意义一致Three sheep are

39、eating grass there.3只羊在那里吃草。A sheep is lying there.有只羊正躺在那里。集体名词family,class,crew,team,group,public,au-dience,crowd,committee,government等作主语时,动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词作为一个整体看待时,谓语动词用单数;如果指其中各个成员时,谓语动词用复数The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。(强调class这一整体)The class a

40、re doing experiments. 全班学生正在做实验。(强调class里的各个成员)题组训练单句填空 The cattleare(be)eating grass on the hill now.Not every meansis(be)useful.The Englishare(be)proud of their sense of humor.三、就近一致or, either.or., neither.nor.,not only.but also.,not.but.在句子中连接并列主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词要和离它最近的主语保持一致。Not his parent

41、s but he doesnt want to go.不是他的父母不想去而是他不想去。Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.不仅是学生,老师也盼望假期。There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.桌上有一杯茶和一些苹果。题组训练单句填空 Are(be)either you or he fit for the job?Not you but Iam(be)responsible fo

42、r this. Are(be)not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?四、主谓一致的几个难点1.并列主语的主谓一致用法例句两个单数可数名词或不可数名词用and连接,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词用复数Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。用法例句两个单数可数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念,或表示不可分的整体时

43、,谓语动词仍用单数The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。被every,each,many a,no等限定的名词由and连接时,谓语动词仍用单数Many a teacher and(many a)student has seen the film.许多老师和学生看过这部电影。一个单数可数名词或不可数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时,可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式Simple and plain living is a fine quali

44、ty.生活简朴是一种优良的品质。English and American literature are appealing to her. 英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。由and连接的两个what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一致。What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。续表用法例句在含“名词或代词+with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than,but,excep

45、t或not等+名词或代词”结构的句子中,谓语动词的数应该和第一个名词或代词保持一致Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加聚会了。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一个老师和三个学生在实验室里。续表题组训练单句填空Many a good manhas(have) been destroyed by drink. The writer and translatoris(be) delive

46、ring a speech in our school now.Tom, not the students,has(have)gone there.Mary, along with her sisters,attends(attend) the conference regularly.2.由两部分构成的表示物体的名词,如trousers, pants, jeans,glasses, shoes等作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of/two/three/.pairs of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。题组训练单句填空Compassesare(be)usually used to draw circles. That pair of compassesis(be)lost.3.数词与量词(+名词)作主语时的主谓一致用法例句表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等名词的复数作主语时,通常作整体看待,谓语动词用单数Twenty years is a long time in ones life. 20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。“分数、百分数、half、the rest或most+of+名词”作主语时,其谓语动词需与of后的名词保持一致About one third of the books are worth