2022年考研《英语(二)》考试真题及答案解析【完整版】

1、2022 年考研英语（二）考试真题及答案解析【完整版】Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Harlan Coben believes that if youre awriter, youll find the time;and that if you cant find the time, then writing isnt

2、a priority yourenotawriter.Forhimwritingisa(1)job-ajoblikeanyother. Hehas(2)itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesntwake up and say that he cant work with pipes today. (3), like most writers these days, you re holding down a topaythebills,itsnot(4)tofindthetimetowrite.Butitsnot impossible.Itrequ

3、iresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness. (5)thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheywereother things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly (6)often have to do other work to(7)their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested its a(8)of priorities. To makewritingapriority,youl

4、lhave (9)someofyourday-to-day-activitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour (10)andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatching television or listening to music, though some people can (11)they listen to music. You might have to (12)the a mount exercise or sport you do. Youll have to

5、make social media an (13)activity rather than a daily time-consuming (14). Therell probablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewith your family. Its a (15)learning curve, and it wont always make you popular.Theresjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor, (16)yourwriting-andthats

6、reading.Andwriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;itstheone(17)supporter-somethingcant do without.Time is finite. The older you get, the(18)it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as(19)as we can. That means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time on the things really

7、want to do. If youre a writer, that means(20)writing.【题干】1. 【选项】A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasant【答案】B【题干】2. 【选项】A.combined B.compared C.confused D.confronted【答案】B【题干】3. 【选项】A.IfB.Through C.Once D.Unless【答案】A【题干】4. 【选项】A.enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy【答案】D【题干】5. 【选项】A.Accept B.Explain C.Reme

8、mber D.Suppose【答案】C【题干】6. 【选项】A.well-known B.well-advisedC.well-informed D.well-chosen【答案】A【题干】7. 【选项】A.donate B.generateC.supplement D.calculate【答案】C【题干】8. 【选项】A.cause B.purpose C.question D.condition【答案】C【题干】9. 【选项】A.highlight B.sacrifice C.continue D.explore【答案】B【题干】10. 【选项】A.relations B.interest

9、s C.memories D.skills【答案】B【题干】11. 【选项】A.until B.because C.while D.before【答案】C【题干】12. 【 选 项 】 A.put up withmake up ofhang on tocut down on【答案】D【题干】13. 【选项】A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensive D.emotional【答案】B【题干】14. 【选项】A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan【答案】A【题干】15. 【选项】A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.fun

10、ny【答案】A【题干】16. 【选项】in place ofin charge ofin response toin addition to【答案】D【题干】17. 【选项】A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisible D.instant【答案】A【题干】18. 【选项】A.dullerB.harder C.quieter D.quicker【答案】B【题干】19. 【选项】A.peacefully B.generously C.productively D.gratefully【答案】C【题干】20. 【选项】A.at mostin turnon aver

11、ageabove all【答案】DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text 1On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some re

12、st in the shade of a parked carothersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butitsbydesign, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as as$8adozen.arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-fr

13、iendly,buttheyre alsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.Im excited about our progress, says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-basedNestFreshEggsand

14、isaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawworms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs we supply to our customers.The egg industrys push is the

15、 first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant

16、-basedmeats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesfor regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associat

17、e professor of agriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-r

18、ange, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggswill embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults really care

19、about the planet, says John Brunnquell, president of Eggs Innovations. They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what theyre doing.【题干】the climate-friendly eggs are produced.【选项】at a considerably low costat the demand of regular shoppersas a replacement for

20、 organic eggson specially designed forms【答案】D【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词climate-friendlyeggsThis all seems random, but is by design, part onext big thing: climate-friendly eggs(这看起来随意，但其实是设计好的，是下一个大ThisD。【题干】Larry Brown is excited about his progress in.【选项】A.reducing the damage of climate change B.accelerati

21、ng the disposal of waste C.creating sustainable system D.attracting customers to his products【答案】CLarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogress 定位到第三段句，该句提到(Brown) is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat(Brown 正在添加更多的覆盖作物来吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀给鸡吃 )。结合句 The birds waste then fertilizes

22、 fields( 然后鸡的排泄物可以给田地施肥) 和 句中的 Such improvementsallowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalCcreating sustainable system(创造一个可持续的系统)是对-句的合理概括，所以本C。【题干】the example of organic eggs is used in the Paragraph to suggest.【选项】the doubts to over natural feedsthe set breaks in the eggs industrythe potential

23、of regenerative productsthe promotional success of super markets【答案】Corganic eggswhether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering(来自再生农场的动物产品能否成为下一个优质产品)。Cthe potential of regenerative C。【题干】Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphthatyoungpeople.【选项】are reluctant to change th

24、eir dietare likely to buy climate friendly eggsare curious about new foodare amazed at agriculture advances【答案】Byoung peoplegenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange(年Youngadultsreallycareaboutthe planetThey are absolutely altering foodchainare likely to buy climate-friendly B。25【题干】John Brunnqu

25、ell would disagree with Julie Stanton regenerative products.【选项】markets prospectsstandard definitionmarket prospectmoral implication【答案】A【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干中的JohnBrunnquell的句，Brunnquell 说年轻人真的关心地球。结合句他说年轻人绝对在改变JulieStanton段的句，StantonRegenerative products could be a hard sell品可能要被强行推销)，可见她对再生产品的市场前景是悲观的。

26、因此这两人在marketprospects(A。Text 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growingtrend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplanto haveajob inretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconducted by Harris Poll forTD Ameritrade

27、.Evenmore surprising isthat more than half of unretirees-those who plan to work in retirement or went to work after retiring would be employed in their even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financialneedsarenttheonlyculpritfortheunretirementtrend. Otherreasons,accordingtoth

28、estudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuch asstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.About 72% of unretiree respondents said that they would return to work retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.The concept of retirement is evolving. said Christi

29、ne Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. Its not just about finances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingretirement.Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansareliving longer.OlderAmericansarealsothefastest-growing segmentoftheU.S. workforce, and boomers are e

30、xpected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor hasdoubledoverthe pastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolder wereintheworkforceinFebruary,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life sp

31、ans. Americans are also boosting their savingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 unretirees are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according the survey. Among themost popular waysthey are doingthis, the c

32、ompanysaid, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement preparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheir later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-found

33、er at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting afamilyandultimatelyretiring.Weisssaid.Itsnotjustafinancial decision, but an e

34、motional one. Many people believe they cant 【题干】ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.【选项】over half of the retirees are physically fit for workthe old workforce is as active as the younger one doseone in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementmore Americans are willing to work in retirement【答

35、案】D【题干】It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans to think that.【选项】A.retirement may cause problems for them B.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlooked D.unretirement contributes to the economy【答案】A【题干】Retirement patterns are changing partly due t

36、o.【选项】A.labor shortage B.population growth C.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs【答案】C【题干】Many retirees are increasing their savings by.【选项】A.investing more in stocks B.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less【答案】D【题干】With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that people a

37、re.【选项】A.unprepared B.unafraid C.disappointed D.enthusiastic【答案】AText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and lives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedofrustratedbyamembership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimple

38、andtransparentcan be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impairconsumer choice. These are example of patterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,dark patterns is a catch-all tern for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making

39、ability of users. Brig identifies12typesofcommondarkpatters,rangingfrommisdirectionand hidden costs to roach motel. where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researche

40、rs found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesig

41、nanddarkpatterns? BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,and legalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the companys user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsibleforsign-

42、ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digital deception.Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the appr

43、oval of additional regulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)thatensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to theirdataprivacyrights.Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns-this meansprohibitingcompaniesfromusingconfusinglanguageorunnecessary steps such as forcing them

44、to click through multiple screens or to reasons why they shouldnt opt out.As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there isaneedforgreateraccountabilityformwithinthebusinesscommunity. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only organizationsholdthemselves

45、accountable,notjusttolegalrequirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.【题干】It can be learned from the first two paragrphs that patterns.【选项】improve user experienceleak user information for C.undermine users decision-making D.remind users of hidden costs【答案】C【题干】The2019studyondarkp

46、atternismentionedtoshow.【选项】their major flawstheir complex designstheir severe damagetheir strong presence【答案】D【题干】To handle digital deception business should.【选项】listen to customer feedbacktalk with relevant teamsturn to independent agenciesrely on professional training【答案】B【题干】Theadditionalregulat

47、ionsundertheCCPAareintendedto .【选项】guide user though opt-out processesprotect consumers from being trickedgrant companies data privacy rightrestrict access to problematic content【答案】B【题干】Accordingtothelastparagraphakeytocopingwithpatterns is.【选项】new legal requirementsbusiness self-disciplinestrict r

48、egulatory D.consumers safety 【答案】BText4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists unsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherway is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests on sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found tha

49、t, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzeebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityof Californi

50、a,Riverside:studentsattitudesonthetopicarevariableand unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature agreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classesreadanarticleontheethicsof factory-farmedmea

51、t,optionally watchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion. Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothe students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebelpredictedth

52、einterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hepreviously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonation andreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeat ethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-and this ef

53、fect held steady for the studys duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention, Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study

54、, says wants the effectto bereal but cannotrule outsome unknown confounding variable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge: Easy come, easy go.Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence-classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared

55、 their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmight play a bigger role Now the researchers are probing the specific ofteachingstyle,teachingassistantseatinghabitsand

56、studentsexposure. Meanwhile. Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect will be eating his words.【题干】Scientists generally believe that the effects of classes are.【选项】hard to determinenarrowlyinterpreted C.difficult to ignore D.poorly summarized【答案】A【题干】Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearchersstud

57、y meat eating?【选项】It is common among students.It is a behavior easy to measure.It is important to students health.It is a hot topic in ethics classes.【答案】B【题干】EricSchwitzgebelspreviousfindingssuggestthatprofessors.【选项】are seldom critical of their studentsare less sociable than other professors.are n

58、ot sensitive to political issuesare not necessarily ethically better【答案】D【 题 干 Nina Strolminger thinks that the effect of the is.【选项】A.permanent B.predictable C.uncertain D.unrepeatable【答案】C【题干】Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students change inbehavior.【选项】can bring psychological benefitscan be

59、analyzed statisticallyis a result of multiple factorsis a sign of self-development【答案】CSection II Reading Comprehension Part BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two

60、extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How to Get Active Again After a BreakMoving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart-attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build strength a