《综合教程》(第2版)第一册最新课件

1、综合教程(第2版)第一册最新PPT课件综合教程(第2版)第一册最新PPT课件Gender = Sex ?Sexmarksthedistinctionbetweenmenandwomenasaresultoftheirbiological,physicalandgeneticdifferences.Genderrolesaresetbyconventionandothersocial,economic,political,andculturalforces.Itisnotnecessarilyonthebasisofbiologicaldistinction.?Gender = Sex ?Sex

2、marksthedistGender Differences?Genderdifferenceisatermusedtorefertosocialcharacteristicthatdistinguishmenandwomen.Theseincludesuchthingsasdifferencesinhairstyles,clothing,familyresponsibilities,occupationalroles,acceptablebehaviorandotherculturallylearnedactivitiesandtraits.Allofthesedifferencesarel

3、inkedtothenon-biologicalnotionsofmasculinityandfemininitywhichvaryfromoneculturetoanother.Gender Differences?GenderdiffeMen and women speak differently?Perceptually,femaleandmalearesaidtospeakdifferentvarietiesoflanguage:womenaresaidtousedistinctlyfemininewords,aremoremeticulousthanmeninenunciatingw

4、ordsandsentencesandintheuseofintonationpatterns,employmarkedgrammaticalfeatures,andtendtobegrammaticallyhypercorrect.Phonologically:InmanyaccentsofAmericanEnglish,ithasbeenfoundthatwomensvowelsaremoreperipheralmorefront,moreback,higher,orlowerthanmens.Lexically:Mentendtousetaboowordsmoreoftenthanwom

5、en.Wordchoiceinsomelanguagesisgender-markedGrammatically:Multiplenegation,charactersConversation:topic,howmuchtotalkuuuuMen and women speak differentlGender BiasGender BiasGender bias in Chineselanguage?妄、妥、妻、委、妾、耍、婆、娶、婪?爷、爸、爹、斧?妖、奴、奸、婪、妄、妒、嫉、婊、娼、妓?好、妙、娆、妩、姣、婷、娴、嫩、婉、娇、婧Gender bias in Chineselanguage

6、Gender bias in Chineselanguage?男女、夫妻、夫妇、子女、公婆、兄妹、父母、祖父母、伯父伯母、岳父岳母、夫唱妇随、男尊女卑、男男女女、男耕女织、男欢女爱、男婚女嫁爷们儿，妇人之见，女流之辈?先生，小姐/女士?市长，女市长，女强人?贱内，糟糠，浑家，屋里的，烧火的?Gender bias in ChineselanguageGender bias in Chineselanguage?黛玉芙蓉; 宝钗牡丹; 元春桃花; 迎春菊花;探春杏花; 惜春水仙; 妙玉梅花; 李纨兰花;巧姐梨花; 凤姐玫瑰; 可卿樱花; 湘云芍药红颜祸水?水性杨花?Gender bias in

7、ChineselanguageHave you found any gender bias in English language?Can you give some examples?Have you found any gender biasGender bias in Englishlanguage1. In English,man:M & FMan can conquer the nature meeting:womanchairmanThen: Madam chairman2. speaking or writing:gender unknown personhe!not she?O

8、ne&ones,repeatedhe!not she?Everyone,everybody,anyone,anybody: he, she or they, but more frequently he/him/his, not sheGender bias in EnglishlanguageGender bias in Englishlanguage?3.men and women ,boys and girls , father and mother ,husband and wife , Mr.and Mrs.,Sir and Madam,etc.Of course there are

9、 exceptions:ladies and gentlemen?4. governorgovernessa call boy acall girl .Gender bias in EnglishlanguageGender bias in Englishlanguage?the colour of sex discrimination;the equality of the sexesThen comes feminismAt the end of the 20thcentury, many gender-related terms were replaced by gender-neutr

10、al forms (e.g., actorfor both man and woman, serverinstead of waiter and waitress, chairinstead of chairman and chairwoman, mail carrierinstead of mailman) in a number of English speaking communitiesspokesperson, businessperson, chairperson, mailperson, even spokeswoman.?Gender bias in Englishlangua

11、gePossible explanationsuBiologymen are innately predisposed to independence and vertical relationships and women to dependence and horizontal relationships.Dual culture model (apolitical)how societys work is divided between the two sexes.Dominance model (political)male dominance in society is a majo

12、r contributing factor.Language socialization patternshow young children are socialized within family and in social surroundings (men learn to be men and women learn to be women).?uPossible explanationsuBiologyGlobal reading of the text?1.Whattypeofwritingisthetext?Thistextisanexpositiveessaywithrefe

13、rencetogenderbiasinlanguage.2.Whatsthemainstrategytodevelopthisexpositiveessay?Thetextismainlydevelopedbymeansofexemplification.ExamplesareabundantlyusedinParagraphs2-6.?Global reading of the text?1.Structural analysis3. Work out the structure of the textParagraph(s)1Main ideaThe writer raises the i

14、ssue to be discussed by introducing two different opinions.2-67The writer provides quite a number of typical examples to illustrate gender bias in language.The writer makes his attitude or opinion clear on the issue of gender bias in language.Structural analysis3. Work outDetailed reading -Para.1?1.

15、2.What does the author think of language?Powerful, yet complicated.Which two opinions are presented in the first paragraph?“Is language the cause of the bias?”“Is language reflective of the preexisting bias that the user holds?What is your opinion?Detailed reading -Para.1?1.2Understand & Interpret?1

16、.How do you interpret the two opinions mentioned in the text?Thelanguageweuseeverydayisbynaturenotfairandthewayitisusedisalsobiased.Firstofall,wehaveprejudicesandbiaswithinourselvesandthenwedenoteitthroughtheuseoflanguage.2.Understand & Interpret?1.How dParaphrase ?,thatwemusttakeintoaccounttheperso

17、nslinguisticgenealogy.isitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?Thatistosay,thewordsthatpeoplechoosetouseinconversationdenotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistence.?Paraphrase ?,thatwemusttakeinLanguage work1. bias: 1) n.an opinion or feeling that strongly favors one side in an argume

18、nt or an item in a group or series; predisposition; prejudiceEx: This university has a bias towards the sciences.Students were evaluated without bias.2) vt.to unfairly influence attitudes, choices, or decisionsEx: Several factors could have biased the results of the study.Collocation:bias against/to

19、wards/in favor ofEx: Its clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities.Language work1. bias: 1) n.anLanguage work?2. nuance: adj. slight, delicate or subtle difference in color, appearance, meaning, feeling, etc.Ex: Language teachers should be able to react to nuances of meaning of

20、common words.He was aware of every nuance in her voice.Synonym:subtlety?Collocation: nuance ofLanguage work?2. nuance: adj.Language work?3. genealogy:a diagram showing a particular persons ancestry;successive generations of kin; family tree Language work?3. genealogy:a dLanguage work?4. reflective:

21、adj. (of a person, mood, etc.) thoughtful; (of a surface) reflecting lightEx: She is in a reflective mood.These are reflective plates.?Derivation:reflect v.reflectiveness: n.Language work?4. reflective: Language work5. harbor: v.?to keep bad thoughts, fear and hopes in your mind for a long time?Ex:

22、I think he is harboring some sort of grudge against me.?to contain sth esp. sth hidden and dangerousEx: Sinks can harbor germs.?to protect and hide the criminalEx: You may be punished if youharbor an escape criminal.Language work5. harbor: v.?to Detailed reading -Para.2?What is the point in regard t

23、o gender bias the author wants to make in Para.2?Some words in English areinherently biasedagainst women.The English language generally reflects male supremacyand female subservience.Examples?Detailed reading -Para.2?WhaUnderstand & Paraphrase?TherearewordsintheEnglishlanguagethatareexistingorhaveex

24、isted(and)thathaveinherentlybeensexuallybiasedagainstwomen.Thelanguageisarrangedsothatmenareidentifiedwithexaltedpositions,andwomenareidentifiedwithmoreservice-orientedpositionsinwhichtheyarebeingdominatedandinstructedbymen.Sothelanguageusedtoconveythistypeofmalesupremacyisgenerallyreflectingthehono

25、redpositionofthemaleandthesubservienceofthefemale.?Understand & Paraphrase?ThereaLanguage work1.inherent:adj.existingasanaturalorpermanentfeatureorquality?Ex:Theproblemsyoumentionareinherentinthesystem.?勤劳俭朴是中华民族的本色。IndustryandfrugalityaretheinherentqualitiesoftheChinesenation.inherently:adv.2.ident

26、ify:v.showorprovewhosb.isorwhatsth.is;recognizesb./sth.asbeingthespecified?Ex:Sheidentifiedthemanasherattacker.Wecannotidentifywealthwithhappiness.Herefusedtoidentifyhimselfwiththeradicalleft.?identification:n.Language work1.inherent:adj.exLanguage work?3.orient:v.directsbsinteresttosth;directsthats

27、b;speciallydesignsthforsbEx:Theteachertriedtoorienthisstudentstowardsthescience.Thesecourseswereorientedtoforeignstudents.Womentendtodoservice-orientedjobs.4.insult:v.speakoractinawaythatintendstohurtsomeonesfeelingordignityinsulting:adj.veryrudeandoffensivetosomeoneEx:Itisinsultingtoahighlyskilledw

28、orkertobeofferedsuchalowsalary.?Language work?3.orient:v.direDetailed reading -Para.3?Can you find out the topic sentence in paragraph 3?ThisshowsthattheusageofmanyoftheEnglishwordsisalsowhatcontributestothebiaspresentintheEnglishlanguage.Examples?1. What a man / woman is valued for?2. In word pairs

29、, the usage shows the bias, that is masculine words usually go before the feminine words.?Can you give some Chinese examples?Detailed reading -Para.3?Can Men from Mars, Women VenusMen from Mars, Women VenusDetailed reading -Para.4?Whatisputforwardbytheauthorbygivingustwoexamples?Womenareseenaspassiv

30、ewhilemenareactiveandcanbringthingsintobeing.Examples?1.Thebridewillbegivenawayfromonemantoanotherman.2.Thewomanbecomesabridewhilemanwedwoman.Themantakesawayawomansvirginityandawomanloseshervirginity.?Detailed reading -Para.4?WhatLanguage work1. bring things into being:cause things to come into exis

31、tence; create things?Ex: That outstanding scientist is good at bringing things into beings.Sth comes into being:come into existence; happen?Ex: It was a great time because computer came into being.2. come into play:be active or have an influence?Ex: Personal feelings should not come into play when y

32、ou make political decisions.High prices of food have come into play in our life.bring sth into play:cause sth to come into play?Ex: You may bring your strength into play.Language work1. bring things iLanguage work?3. perpetuate: vt. make a situation, attitude, etc., especially a bad one, continue to

33、 exist for a long timeEx: These measures will perpetuate the hostility between the two groups.Derivation:perpetuation: n.?Language work?3. perpetuate: Understand & Paraphrase?Thisdenotesherinability,apparentlyduetohergender,toholdontosomethingthatisapartofher,thusenforcingthemansabilityandrighttocla

34、imsomethingthatisnothis.Thisexampleindicatesthatbecauseofhergender,womanisnotabletokeeporretainsomethingthatisanaturalpartofher,thereforeitstrengthensmansabilityandrighttorequestanddeclaresomethingthatdoesnotbelongtoher.?Understand & Paraphrase?ThisdeLanguage work4. enforce: vt. 1) make sth. such as

35、 a statement, an argument, a belief, etc. more forceful Ex: Have any statistics that would enforce your argument?2) make sth. such as law, rules, etc. effectiveEx: Governments make laws and the police enforce them.Collocations:enforce sth. on/against sth.enforce sth. on sbLanguage work4. enforce: vt

36、. 1Detailed reading -Para.5?Whatsthemainideaofthisparagraph?Itstatesthelinguisticdifferencethatarefargreaterpositiveconnotationsconnectedwithbeingamanthanwithbeingawoman.Detailed reading -Para.5?WhatExamples?shrew:n.smallmouse-likeanimalthatfeedsoninsects鼩鼱ill-temperedscoldingwomanshrewd:adj.havingo

37、rshowinggoodjudgmentandcommonsense“markedbycleverdiscerningawareness”LittlegirlsforbeingtomboyisOK,butlittleboysplayingdollsorridinggirlsbicyclesisnotacceptable.?Examples?shrew:n.smallmouse-Understand & Paraphrase?Tobeendowedbygeneticswiththeencodingofamalewouldbeashavingbeenshowngrace,unmeritedfavo

38、r.Paraphrase:TobepredeterminedbyonesgeneticstructuretobeamalewouldbeashavingbeenshownGodskindnessandundeservedfavor.?Understand & Paraphrase?TobeenLanguage work1. be endowed with sth:to naturally have a good feature or quality?Ex: She was endowed with both good looks and brains.endow sb/sth with sth

39、:make sb / sth have a particular quality?Ex: Herbs have been used for centuries to endow a whole range of foods with subtle flavors.2. merit: vt. be worthy of, deserve?Ex: I think the suggestion merits consideration.?merit: n.unmerited: adj. not really deservedLanguage work1. be endowed witLanguage

40、work3. vicious: adj.acting or done with evil intentions; spiteful ?Ex: I was shocked by his vicious look.(of animals) savage and dangerous?Ex: Judging from the basic meaning of “shrew”, women may be regarded the same as a vicious animal.viciously: adv.viciousness: n.Language work3. vicious: adj.aDet

41、ailed reading -Para.6?WhichsentencesinParagraph6denotethewritersattitude?Thesentencesthatshowthewritersattitudetowardstheuseofimpolitetermsinreferencetowomenare“butwhyusethemwhentherearesomanymoretochoosefrom?”and“Itisalsothemosteffectiveweaponofdestruction.”Detailed reading -Para.6?WhicDetailed rea

42、ding -Para.6?Vulgar or derogatory words are used in reference to or directed toward women.babe: n. (sl.) young womana way of speaking to someone you love, wife or husband?attractive a way of speaking to young womana woman, offensive?broad: n. (US sl.) womanrude, with sexbroad in the beam?chick: n. (

43、dated, sexist) young womanDetailed reading -Para.6?VulgaDetailed reading -Para.7?Whatkindofchangehastakenplaceinregardtogenderbiasinlanguage?Whatisthewritersopinioninreferencetogenderbiasinlanguage?Thewriterthinksitisnecessarytomaketheproperadjustmentsinternallytouseappropriatelanguagetoeffectivelyi

44、ncludebothgenders,andthatitisuptoourdecisionoftheproperwordused.?Detailed reading -Para.7?WhatkLanguage work1. qualify: v. have the right to have or do sth?Ex: Hequalified forthe unemployment benefit, but he did not plan to apply for it.Membership of the club qualifies you for the access.Pass an exa

45、mination or finish a course in order to do sth?Ex: He finally qualified as a pilot.Make the statement less general or extreme?Ex: I must qualify my last remarks in case they are misinterpreted.qualified: adj.?Ex: It takes more than 10 years to become a qualifieddoctor.Language work1. qualify: v. haL

46、anguage work?2. be up to sb.: be required as a duty or obligation from sb.; be left to sb. to decideEx: It is up to us to help those in need.Its up to you whether you take the job or not.What do you prefer, an Indian meal or a Chinese meal? It is up to you.Language work?2. be up to sb.Key to Exercis

47、esKey to ExercisesExercise -?I.?D?II.?TFFTTComprehensionExercise -?I.?D?II.?TFFTTComprExercise -Comprehension?.IV.Languageisanintricatesystemcapableofexpressingsubtledifferencesinmeaning,emotion,attitudeandsoon.Thewordspeoplechoosetouseinconversationshowtheprejudicestheyholdwithinthemselves.N

48、ilsenarguesthat,atthebeginningofaweddingceremony,whenthefatherisaskedwhogivesthebrideawayandheranswers,Idosexualprejudiceshowsitself.Tobebornaman,withthemarkofmale,isalmostlikereceivinggrace,afavorfromGodonedoesntusuallydeserve.Exercise -Comprehension?1.2.3.Exercise -Vocabulary I.?1.consider/takeint

49、oconsideration?2.byitsnatureandbythewayitisused.?3.menssuperiority?4.thereasonthatleadsto?5.beginstoshowitself?6.inconnectionwithExercise -Vocabulary I.?1.consExercise -?1.bias?2.perpetuate?3.oriented?4.achievements?5.exalts?6.misinterpreted?7.Inreferenceto?8.yielded?9.tempers?10.supremacyVocabulary

50、 II.Exercise -?1.bias?2.perpetuateExercise -1.C2.D3.A4.B5.C6.A7.A8.B9.C10.DVocabulary III.Exercise -1.C2.D3.A4.B5.C6.A7.Exercise -Vocabulary IV.?Prejudice:referstoadislikeorevenhatredforaparticulargroup,race,orreligion,inalargelyunexpressedorevenunknownmanner.Bias:pointstoapredispositioneitherforora

51、gainstsomething.?Whereprejudicecanindicateafixed,inflexibleattitude,biasmightsuggestonlyatendancytotakeagivenview.1.a.biasc.biasb.prejudiced.prejudice?Exercise -Vocabulary IV.?PrejuExercise -Vocabulary IV.?Request:suggestsacourteousstatementofdesire,anditisfrequentlyusedasaeuphemismfordemandinordert

52、ohidethelattersharshness;Claim:suggeststhatarightisbeingassertedoronehastherighttosomething.?2.?a.requestedb.claim?c.requestedd.claim?Exercise -Vocabulary IV.?RequeExercise -Vocabulary IV.?Connect:isusedofthingsthatcomeintocontactatsomepointwhileclearlyremainingseparate.Itmayalsosuggestacontactthatr

53、esultsinthetransferofpowerfromasourcetoareceiver.?Attach:appliestothefasteningonofaparttoawhole,ofalesserthingtoagreater,orofsomethingmovabletosomethingfixed.3.?a.connectingb.connected?c.attachesd.attached?Exercise -Vocabulary IV.?ConneExercise -Vocabulary IV.?Example:mayindicatesomethingphysicallyp

54、resentasaspecimen,andmoreoftenitsuggeststhecitingofsupplementarymaterial.Itoftenimpliesbriefcitationsgivenforclarityratherthantocorroborateathesis;Instance:pointstoparticularorconcreteexamplesoroccurencies.?4.?a.instancesb.example?c.instancesd.example?Exercise -Vocabulary IV.?ExampExercise -Vocabula

55、ry V.1.strong,mighty,forceful2.understand,comprehend,interpret3.entertain,cherish,nurture4.include,embrace5.unbiased,just,balanced6.inferiority,subservience7.conventional,common,usual,habitual8.little,small,inconsiderable,insignificantExercise -Vocabulary V.1.stronExercise -Vocabulary VI..5.6

56、.7.8.Theaircraftcancarry480peopleexcludingthecrewandcabinstaff.Hispoetryconveysagreatsenseofreligiousdevotion.Thejudgedecidedthatallowingthevideotapeasevidencewouldbeprejudicialtotheoutcomeofthetrial.Itseemshesnotsolelytoblamefortheaccident.Thepoliticaldisparitybetweenthetwocommunitiesisobvious.Atth

57、eceremonymanyspeakersexaltedhislifetimecontributiontothemovieindustry.Inthelasttwotothreeyears,drinkershavebecomemorediscerningandarenowenjoyingawidervarietyofbeerofbetterquality.Thechangestothenationalhealthsystemwillbeimplementednextyear.Exercise -Vocabulary VI.1.2.3.Exercise Grammar I.?1.Thereare

58、peoplewhouselanguagethatwouldbeconsideredprejudicialorbiasednuse.(who:subject;that:subject)2.Butthequestionthatisraisedisinregardtolanguageusage:Islanguagethecauseofthebiasorisitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserhokds?(that:subject)3.Therearethosewhobelievethatthelanguagethatweuseinday-to-day

59、conversationisbiasedinandofitself.(who:subject;that:object)4.Theyfeelthatthetermmailman,forexample,isonethatexcludeswomenmailcarriers.(that:subject)5.Thentherearethosewhofeelthatlanguageisareflectionoftheprejudicesthatpeoplehavewithinthemselves.(who:subject;that:object)6.Thatistosay,thewordsthatpeop

60、lechoosetouseinconversationdenotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistence.(that:object;that:object)7.TherearewordsintheEnglishlanguagethathaveinherentlybeensexuallybiasedagainstwomen.(that:subject)Exercise Grammar I.?1.TExercise Grammar I.?8.Forexample,thepersonwhoinvestigatescomplaints(who:subj