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1、词性分类词类又叫词性,英语单词依据其在句子中功用,能够分十个大类。 第1页词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(nan缩写为n.)表示人或事物名称party政党China中国代词Pronoun (prnanpron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他that那数词Numeral (njum()r()l num.)表示数量或次序one一first第一形容词Adjective (dktvadj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物特征、性质safe安全great伟大副词Adverb (dvbadv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词,表示动作或形状特征hard艰辛here这里冠词Article (tk()la

2、rt.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指人或事物an,a,the动词Verb (vbv.)表示人或事物动作或状态eat吃have有介词Preposition (,prepz()n prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间关系under在。下in在。里连词Conjunction (knd(k)()n conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和but不过第2页名词概念名词能够分为专有名词和普通名词 . 专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有名称,如Beijing,China, the United States, UN, WTO, Jane 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念名

3、词,如:book,sadness等。(普通名词包含可数名词和不可数名词)普通名词又可分为下面四类: 第3页1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中个体,如:person, policeman. 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成集合体,如:family, people, police. (以上两类属于可数名词)可数名词(要么带复数词尾,要么前面带a/ an/ the/指示代词/物主代词第4页3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体实物,如:air, water, coffee, rain.但表示“一个、一阵、一场、一份”时可用a/ an,如:a heavy rain一场大雨, a coffee一份/杯咖啡 4)抽

4、象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work, happiness, education, knowledge, health. (以上两类属于不可数名词)第5页代词代词是代替名词一个词类。英语中代词,按其意义、特征及在句中作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 第6页一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”词。人称代词有些人称、数和格改变 数 单数复数单数复数格 主格主格宾格宾格第一人称 Iwemeus第二人称 youyouyouyou 第三人称 he sheit theyH

5、im heritthem第7页通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常,当单数主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?第8页二、 物主代词表示所相关系代词,也可叫做代词全部格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数改变见下表, 数 单数复数人称一二三一二三形物 myyourhis/her/ its ouryourtheir名 物 mineyours

6、his/hers /itsoursyourstheirs第9页通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词使用方法,应该位于名词前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture. And that is mine.第10页三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念代词。单数复数this thatthese thoseEg. That is a good idea. I love those book in blue. Thes

7、e people are my friends.第11页四、本身代词,也称为反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等代词。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves第12页反身代词使用方法1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末):The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself.2. 用作宾语(动词或介词宾语):Take good care of yourself.3. 用

8、作表语The poor boy was myself.第13页五、 表示相互关系代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在利用中,这两组词没什么区分。 We should love each other.Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each other. Our students learn one another.第14页eg. I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All of you are

9、 students.六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词代词叫做不定代词。常见不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都能够代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语第15页七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来组成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is

10、this?Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.第16页八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导定语从句关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;其次它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。He is the man whom you have been looking for. I hope I can find a

11、 job that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.第17页 1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still couldnt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river. A. every B. both C. eit

12、her D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others 4.Before handing in your compositions, please correct the mistakes in each line if_. A. so B. no C. any D. some Exercises B B B C第18页形容词 用来表示人或事物性质、状态和特征词称为形容词。 作 用例 句定

13、 语You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.表 语Your coat is too small.宾语补足语The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy.注意:形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要放在这些词后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.第19页形容词在句子中位置作定语时放在名词前面,且音节少词放在音节多词前。 a big yellow wooden wh

14、eel .作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable.作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 We must try our best to keep our environment clean. 后置情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。 Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”词连用时形容词后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall.第20页注意:一. 以-ly结尾形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherl

15、y,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.二. 用形容词表示类别和整体 一些形容词加上定冠词能够泛指一类人,与谓语动词复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.The English like

16、to be with their families.第21页三. 多个形容词修饰名词次序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school“美小圆旧黄,中国木书房”第22页一个旧很漂亮黑色日本式方形木制小写字桌 A pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk. 一件崭新漂亮中式短款红羊毛外套 A

17、 beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat.第23页形容词比较级和最高级(1) 规则形式普通说来,单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; -est 来组成比较级和最高级;其它双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如:great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important(2) 不规则形式good (well)-better-bestbad (ill)-worse-worstmany (much)-more-mostlittle

18、-less-least第24页no more than一样不;仅仅,只有 He is no more than a worker. 他仅仅是个工人。not more than不比更,不如;至多 He is not more diligent than you are.他不象你那样勤奋。no less than不亚于,竟达之多 The audience was no less than five thousand.听众有五千人之多。 not less than不比差,最少 Ill stay here not less than three days. 我将待在这里最少三天。第25页副词副词是用来

19、修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,比如:not(不),here(这里),now(现在),well(很好地),fast(快速地),happily(高兴地),carefully小心地一、副词位置 在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰动词后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。 He angrily closed the door. 3.句中副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前 We have already read the book. 第26页二.副词分类1、 时间和

20、频度副词: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday. 第27页2、 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, b

21、elow, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 第28页4、程度副词,放在被修饰词之前: much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quit

22、e, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, slightly.5、疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6、关系副词: when, where, why. (用来引导定语从句)7、连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 第29页注意:1 副词very 能够修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意: 2副词enough要放在形容词后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I

23、dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 第30页3hard, hardlyhardly意为几乎与hard在词义上完全不一样。如:I work hard every day.I can hardly remember that.late, latelylately意为最近、最近,late意为晚、迟。如:He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?4 副

24、词比较等级使用方法 其使用方法与形容词相同,只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如:Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.We must work harder.第31页功效: 主要作状语,修饰以下词:A、修饰动词: Mary reads very well. My teacher always speaks slowly but clearly.B、修饰形容词:She looks very happy today. C、修饰副词:Thank you very much.D、修饰句子: Luckily, his stepmother was

25、kind to him. 第32页 例1 Toms father thinks he is already _ A high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall 例2 _ the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I takeC Taking more of the medicineD More medicine taken 例3I havent been to London yet.I havent been there _.A too

26、 B also C either D neither 例4 Mr Smith was _ moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeplyBDCB第33页动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态词。比如:run;work;sleep,等 动词分类1 依据其在句中功效,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:We have lunch at 12. I am hungry. She didnt know him. You can swim. 第34页系动词系动词亦称联络动词(Link Ver

27、b),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些含有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),组成系表结构说明主语情况、性质、特征等情况。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词, 2)连续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一个情况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,第35页3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste 5)改变系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,改变系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall,

28、 get, go, come, run 6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表示证实,变成之意 第36页助动词最惯用助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1) 助动词本身没有词义,不可单独使用 2) 助动词帮助主要动词完成以下功用,a. 表示时态,He has got married. b. 表示语态,He was sent to England. c. 组成疑问句,Do you like college life? d. 是否定副词not适用,组成否定句,I dont like him. e. 加强语

29、气,He did know that. 第37页情态动词情态动词是一个本身有一定词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对相关行为或事物态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。只做情态动词: must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词: need, dare含有情态动词特征: have (had, has) to, used to第38页实义动词实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟

30、宾语动词)How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.第39页数词 (表示数目多少或次序多少词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少数词叫基数词;表示次序数词叫序数词。) 一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、序数词 序数词缩写形式: first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st第40页基数词普通是单数形式,但以下情况,惯用复数:a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与详细数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;b. 在一些表示

31、一排或一组词组里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两抵达了。c. 表示几十岁;d. 表示年代,用 in +the +数词复数;e. 在乘法运算一个表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.第41页数词使用方法 1)表示倍数 once, twice, three times2)表示分数组成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.第42页介 词介词是一个用来表示词

32、与词、词与句之间关系虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成份。介词置于名词或名词同等语之前组成一个短语,普通用以说明该名词或名词同等语与句子中其它词关系。介词能够分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其它介词,第43页介词分类按结构英语介词可分为2类: 1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。 2短语介词,指多个单词组成介词,如,in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。 第44页1.表示地点位置介词 at ,in, on, to, above,

33、 over, below, under, in front of, in the front of, beside,behind 2.表示时间介词in , on,at, after, from, since, 时间名词前介词使用方法口诀 年前周前要用in , 详细日子要用on , 碰到几号也用on ,早晨下午得是in , 要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚 , 午夜黄昏用at ,拂晓用它也不错 ,at用在时分前 ,说“差”可要用上to ,说过要用past 第45页表示运动方向介词:across, through 4.表示“在之间”介词:表示“在之间”介词在英语中属于方位介词,如in front

34、 of ,behind ,on, in, near, under, up between, among 第46页 介词后通常带名词、代词、动词-ing形式作宾语。“介词+宾语”组成短语叫介词短语:by accident 偶然hand in hand 手拉手,携手be/get/become used to doingfeel like doing第47页 连词(是一个虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成份而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句作用。)连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和隶属连词。 1. 并列连词用来连接平行词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then等等。 2. 隶属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等第48页什么叫从句:由句子充当主句某成份,本身不能独立表示完整意思,处于隶属地位句子叫做从句。已

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