高中英语句子成分和句子种类

1、(完满word版)高中英语句子成分和句子种类(完满word版)高中英语句子成分和句子种类9/9(完满word版)高中英语句子成分和句子种类句子成分和句子种类详解句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的重点。英语中很多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语构成的，这些词或短语在句子中起必然的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同样的内容需要不同样种类的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同样的句子种类。学习英语句法的基础是认识句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包含主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语

2、等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分；表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。1.主语：主语说明谓语动作或状态的履行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。Subjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence,whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout.1）名词：Thestudentsarelearninggrammar.Ourteacherspeaksveryfast.2）代词：Sheiswriting.Helikesplayingtennis.3）数词：Fiveisanoddnum

3、ber.Sixismyfavouritenumber.4）不定式：TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.Itisnoteasytorememberallrules.5）动名词：Swimmingisinteresting.Learninggrammarwellisdifficult.6）主语从句：WhatIsaidistrue.Whatwecantgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.谓语：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限制动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。Predicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectan

4、dbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader.1）简单谓语动词：Heboughtadictionaryyesterday.动词短语：Heislookingforhispen.2）复合谓语系动词+表语：Wearestudents.神态动词+不定式：Imaybewrong.动词+不定式：Wehavetodosomethingforthem.表语：表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特色、类属、状态、身份等。充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。Predicativeex

5、pressesthestatus,characteristicsorthequalityofthesubject.1）名词：Heisadoctor.Mr.Scottisafarmer.2）代词：Itisme.Thatssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.13）数词：Myluckynumberisnine.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4）形容词：Theclassroomisbig.Hishairhasgonewhite.5）副词：Iamhere.6）介词：Weareintheclassroom.7）动名词：Myjobisteachin

6、gthemgrammar.Teachingthemgrammarismyjob.8）分词：Thefilmisexciting.Timeispressing.Letshurryup.9）不定式短语：Myjobistoteachthemgrammar.AllIcandoistosendheratelegram.10）表语从句：Helooksasifheweregoingtocry.Thesuggestionisthatweshouldrecitemorewords.注意：名词：身份、性质、内容。形容词：特色、特色。宾语：宾语为动作的承受者。Objectrepresentsthepersonorth

7、ethingthatsomethingisdonetoorthepersonwhoisconcernedintheresultofanaction.1）名词：Heisdrinkingwater.IveboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2）代词：Theteacheristalkingtoher.Theydidntpromisehimanything.3）数词：Ilikesix.Iwantthefirst.4）动名词：HelikeswatchingTV.Ienjoyedworkingwithyou.5）不定式：Iwanttobuyabook.Myfatherlik

8、estoswiminwinter.6）宾语从句：Heaskedifhemightgothere.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?注意：英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。1）单宾语：Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyoupleaseturnitup?Pleasestopmakingnoise.DoyouunderstandwhatImean?2）双宾语：双宾语指动词后边接指人和指物的两个宾语。（指人的宾语叫间接宾语；指物的宾语叫直接宾语）其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb.+sth.Pleasetellmehowtheaccidentc

9、ameabout.（me为间接宾语，how从句为直接宾语）Theteacheraskedmeaquestion.（me为间接宾语，aquestion为直接宾语）2当直接宾语与间接宾语地点调换时，须在间接宾语前加介词to/for等。Wouldyouliketodomeafavor?=Wouldyouliketodoafavorforme?3）复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间拥有逻辑上的主谓关系。Weallfindhimaniceboy.him为宾语，aniceboy为宾语补足语）Isawastrangerwavingtome.astranger为宾语，wavingt

10、ome为宾语补足语）4）同源宾语：同源宾语指由名词担当的能重复动词部分或所有意思的直接宾语，前面常有修饰语。laughagoodlaugh大笑smileagentlesmile轻轻一笑liveahappylife过着幸福生活dieagloriousdeath死得光荣dreamabeautifuldream作美梦singasweetsong唱了一首甜美的歌blowaheavyblow深重地一击同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解说、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同样地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语经常置于被说明的词今后。Appositiveisthefurtherinformationafteran

11、ounorapronounreferringtowhoorwhat.1）名词：ZhangSir,ourgrammarteacherishumorous.ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.2）代词：Hehimselfdidit.3）数词：Theyear,1988isimportant.Wetwowillgoshoppingthisafternoon.4）动名词：Mytask,lookingafterthesechildrenisimportant.5）不定式：Myjob,toteachthemgrammarishard.6）同位语从句：Ihadnoideat

12、hatyouwerehere.Thesuggestionthatweshouldrecitemorewordsisuseful.定语：定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。Attributiveisusedtomodifyanounorapronoun.前置定语：1）名词：IwantanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Hehasboughtagrammarbook.2）代词：Thisismybag.Nodifficultywhatevercanstopouradvance.3）数词：Therearetwopolicemaninthestreet.Plea

13、sereadthefirstparagraph.4）冠词：Thisisadesk.5）形容词：Ilikeredapples.Hegavemeavividdescriptionofthebattle.6）动名词：Thisisasleepingcar.Theswimmingpooliswonderful.3后置定语：7）副词：Thestudentsherearegood.Thebuildingsaroundareofmodernconstruction.8）介词：Thestudentsintheclassroomaregood.Thebookonthedeskismine.9）不定式：Ihavea

14、nappletoeat.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.注意：当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时，不定式用主动形式表被动。10）定语从句：Thestudentswhoareintheclassroomaregood.Theboywhowenttothelibraryisourmonitor.注意：是作前置定语还是后置定语取决于自己的长度。11）分词：此刻分词：Thisisasleepingboy.Thesleepingboyismybrother.Therearesomeboysplayingoutside.过去分词：Thisisabrokenglass.Sheistaking

15、careofthenewly-bornchild.Wemustsolvetheproblemsleftbyhistory.注意：动名词作定语，表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。Thisisasleepingcar.Thisisacarusedforsleeping.分词作定语，表示所修饰名词的动作或状态。Ilikethechildrenplayingontheground.Thisisaglassbrokenbythatkid.状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原由、目的、结果、条件和退步等。Adverbialisusuallyusedt

16、omodifyaverb,anadjective,anadverborasentence.英语中有十大状语：1）时间状语：HeistoflytoLondontomorrow.2）地点状语：ThemeetingwasheldinHarbin.3）方式状语：Theworkerstherearepaidbytheweek,notbythemonth.4）比较状语：Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.5）程度状语：Heloveshissonverymuch.6）原由状语：Becauseofthewarmandsunnyweather,orangesgrowverywellhe

17、re.7）目的状语：Wedoitinthiswaysoastosavetime.8）结果状语：Hereturnedhometofindhisfatherdead.49）条件状语：Withoutplants,animalscouldnotliveintheworld.10）退步状语：Inspiteofallhisefforts,hefailed.注意：十大状语，九大状语从句。程度状语没有状语从句，由程度副词或此刻分词来担当。1）名词：HewillgotoJapantomorrow.2）副词：LiuXiangrunsfast.3）形容词：Hegothome,coldandhungry.Unable

18、toanswerthequestion,hesaidnothing.4）状语从句：Sincehewasunabletoanswerthequestion,hesaidnothing.Hegotupearlysothathemightcatchthemorningtrain.注意：当状语从句位于主句前面时，必然有“，”后边时，“，”没关紧迫5）介词：Wearelearninggrammarintheclassroom.6）不定式：TheywenttoBeijingtovisitafamouswriter.Theystudyhardtopasstheexamination.7）分词：Seeingt

19、henotice,heranaway.Seemfromthehill,thevillageisbeautiful.注意：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。Settled,webeganourwork.Thequestionsettled,webeganourwork.8）独立主格：名词/代词+名词：Hetalkedaboutfriends,allstars.形容词：Hestoodthere,hisfacered.副词：Classover,thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom.介词：Theteachercamein,abookinhishand.不定式短语：Much

20、worktodo,IdontthinkIllhavetimetocomeandseeyou.分词：Someboysmakingsomuchnoise,Icouldntstudy.Thequestionsettled,webeganourwork.补语：补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。Complementisusedtoformcompletesemanticmeaningofasentence.补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。注意：补足语力求句意的圆满，依据语意，不可以任意拿掉。1）名词：WecallherZ

21、hangSir.SheiscalledZhangSirbyus.形式主语，逻辑上的宾语主动语态的主语变到介词后注：被动语态主宾一体。2）形容词：Thelettermadehimsad.Hewasmadesadbytheletter.53）介词：Weconsiderherasourfriend.Sheisconsideredasourfriend.注意：Asourfriend,sheiskind.状语可以任意拿掉4）不定式短语：（遇到动词的限制）Illmadehimcomein.主语补足语（bareinfinitive）Hewillbemadetocomeinbyme.主语补足语Theteach

22、ermadeusrecitethewords.Weweremadetorecitethewords.5）副词：Illmadhimin.Hewillbemadein.Illlethimout.Hewillbeletout.注意：虚词不可以独立在句子中作成分。6）分词：Isawhercrossingthestreet.Hewasseencrossingthestreet.独立成分：与句子没相关系或关系很松，独立于句子以外的成分称为独立成分。1）惋惜词：惋惜词作独立成分多置于句首。Well,letsendthediscussion!There,there!Nevermind.Itsnothingse

23、riousatall.2）称号语：称号语作独立成分可置于句首、句中或句尾。Directaddressisusedtoaddresssomebodyintheconversation.名词：Hurryup,children!代词：You,standup!Somebody,fetchabasinofwater.人名：Tom,comehere.3）插入语：Parenthesisisoneormorewordsintroducedasanaddedexplanationorthought,andinwritingusuallyenclosedatbothendsbyabracketoracomma.不

24、定式：Tobefrank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.分词：Judgingfromyouraccent,youmustbefromScotland.介词短语：This,inmyopinion,isonlyoneoftheminorissues.形容词：Sureenough,enoughplanescameagainthenextday.副词：Honestly,Idontneeditatthemoment.从句：Whatsmore,40percentofthefamilieswouldgetanincomeofover10000yuan.句子：Thecross-talk,Ith

25、ink,wasbothinterestingandinstructive.6句子结构英语句子依据其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。1）主语+谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）。Poemsdonttranslateeasily.诗歌不好翻译。Myrecentbooksellsverywell.我近来出的书销路很好。2）主语+谓语+宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）。Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.我希望赶忙收到你的来信。Youcanputthedishesinth

26、ekitchen.你可以把碟子放到厨房里。3）主语+系动词+表语：这类句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的状况。ThisismyEnglishbook.这是我的英语书。Theweathercontinuedwindyandrainy.天气仍连续刮风下雨。4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语：Thedriversavedusalotoftrouble.司机为我们省去了很多麻烦。Theyhaveofferedus60,000forthehouse.他们已向我们出价六万美元买这所房子。5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语：Weallthinkhimanhonestboy.我们都以为他是个诚实的孩子。Isaw

27、LittleTombeingpunishedbyhisparents.我看到小汤姆正在被父亲母亲处罚。并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。Theseflowersarewhiteandthoseflowersarered.这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。Wefishedallday,butwedidntcatchathing.我们钓了一整天鱼，一条也没有钓到。不用连词而用分号“;”连接。Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.我们钓了一天鱼，一条也没有钓到。Hurryup;its

28、gettinglate.快点，快迟到了。两个以上的简单句可用逗号和一个连词连接；连词只用在最后一个分句以前，连词and前的逗号可要可不要。Ifoundabucket,putitinthesink,andturnedthetapon.我找到一个水桶，把它放在水槽里，此后打开了水龙头。7Itookoffmycoat,searchedallmypockets,butcouldntfindmykey.我脱下外衣，找遍了所有的口袋，可是没有找到我的钥匙。2）并列句的分类：（1）and“和，且，而”；neither.nor“既不也不”；notonly.but(also)“不只并且”；both.and“和都

29、”；then“此后”等连接的表示同样关系，由两个或两个以上意思相关的分句构成的并列句。Thebellrangandtheteacherenteredtheclassroom.铃儿响了，老师走进了教室。Neitherishemistaken,noramI.他没错，我也没错。Notonlydidthestudentsdance,but(also)theirteachersang.不只学生们跳了舞，并且他们的老师还唱了歌。2）but“可是”；whereas“可是，而”；yet“可是，可是”；while“可是”；however“可是”；still“可是”等连接的表示转折关系，由含有转折关系的两个分句构成的并列句。Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar.我们热爱和平，但其实不惧怕战争。Heworkedhard,yethefailed.他工作很努力，可是他失败了。Thenewsmaybeunexpected;neverthelessitistrue.这信息可能是猜想以外的，可是倒是真切的。Someofthestudiesshowpositiveresults,whereasothersdonot.有一些研究得出必然的结果，可是其余的则不然