英语真题2010含答案

1、2010SectionUseofRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered bl mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poIn 1924 Americas National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a of experiments elephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. hoped they would

2、 learn how shop floor lighting workers productivity. Instead,the studies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential 2010SectionUseofRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered bl mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poIn 1924 Americas Nati

3、onal Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a of experiments elephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. hoped they would learn how shop floor lighting workers productivity. Instead,the studies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential

4、idea t the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects The idea arose because of the behavior of the he According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done he experiment; 7 something was changed, prod

5、uctivity rose. A (n) 8 t they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers 10 After several decades, the same data were to econometric theThe Hawthorne experiments had another surprise store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found t levels of productivity were rela

6、ted to changes in It turns t peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led ions of ppened. , lighting was always changed on aSunday. When work started again on Monday, output rose compared the previous Saturday and to rise for the next couple of comparison with data forks when there was no

7、 experimenion showed output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19to be diligent for thedays of k in any case, beforea plateau and then slackening off. t the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.ABCD2.ABCD3.ABCD4.ABCD5.ABCD6.ABCD7.AasfarBfortCintDsolong8.ABCD9.ABCD10.ABCD11.ABCD12.AContra

8、ryBConsistentCParallelDPeculiar13.ABCD14.ABCD15.AInBForCInconsequenceDAs16.9.ABCD10.ABCD11.ABCD12.AContraryBConsistentCParallelDPeculiar13.ABCD14.ABCD15.AInBForCInconsequenceDAs16.ABCD17.ABCD18.BC19.AB20.ABCDReadingPartA Read the following four texts. Answer the below each choosing A, B, CorD.Mark y

9、ouranswers onANSWER SHEET1. (40ve taken place in English-language Of all the rs during past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the of sibility for the average reader forty to imagine a time wh

10、en high-quality arts criticism could be ost big-rs. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of he 20th century consisted in large part of r reviews. To read books today is to marvel at the t their learned contents were once deemed forpublicationingeneral-circulationWe are even

11、farther removed from the unfocused r reviews published England bet when n the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War , was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament the publications in which it hose far-off days, it was taken tthe critics of major rs would write in

12、detail bout the events covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their lightly, like e Bernard Shaw and , could be trusted to know they were about. These men beved in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be he daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or li

13、terary gift enough keep their own end up in journalism, wrote, t I am tempted to journalism as a term of contempt appd by writers who are not read to writers who are. ”y,thesecriticsarevirtuallyotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for Manchester Guardian from 1917 until they were about. These men beved

14、in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be he daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough keep their own end up in journalism, wrote, t I am tempted to journalism as a term of contempt appd by writers who are not read to writers who are. ”y,thesecriticsarevirtuallyot

15、ten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he alsooneofEnglandsforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelythisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-s

16、eller.Hewasknightedin1967,critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in , and his vast body writingsonmusicisunknownsavetoIs there any t Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect remote. tes had changed long before his death, tmodern have little use for the richly upholster

17、ed Vicwardian prose in which he speMoreover, the amateur traditionusic criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1andtAartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-cityBEnglish-languagersusedtocarry moreartsChigh-qualityrsretainalargebodyofDyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismon

18、22.rreviewsinEnglandbeforeworldwarwerecharacterizedfree casualCDradical23.whichofthefollowingwouldShawItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticItiscontemptibleforwriterstobemostprobablyagreeCWritersarelikelytobeoDNotallwritersarecapableofjournalistic24.WhatcanbelearnedardusaccordingtothelasttwoAHismusicc

19、riticismmaynotappealtoreadersBHisionasamusiccritichaslongbeeninCHisstylecaterslargelytomodernDHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateur25.WhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheArsoftheGoodOldBThelostHorizoninCMournfulDeclineofDProminentOver the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are busines

20、s received one for its one-click online payment MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatenteda technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears y ready to ack business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they authorized 10 yea

21、rs ago. In a ellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” say Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School

22、 of Law. It “has potentialtoeliminateanentireclassofCurbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasFederal Circuit troduced suchbusiness-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they authorized 10 years ago. In a ellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U. Court of A

23、ppeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” say Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has potentialtoeliminateanentireclassofCurbsonbusin

24、ess-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasFederal Circuit troduced such patents with its 1998 he so-e Street case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund truling produced an exploin business-method patent filings, initially by emerging ernet companies trying to stake out exc

25、lusive rights to specific types of ions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, only as a defensive move against t might beat them to the punch. In 2005, noted in a court t d been ed n 300 business-method patents, ranting them. Similarly, some despite the t it qu

26、estioned the legal basis Streetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforlproducts,evenasitionsincourtcasesingtheThe Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging he market. The Federal Circuit ed an unusual order t the case would be by all 12 of the courts judges, n a typical pane

27、l of three, t one e wantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itseStreetThe Federal ion he wake of a series of recent s by Supremes narrowed the scope of protections for patent holdersLast for le, t too many patents were being upheld t are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting t

28、o anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, ” says Harold C. Wegner, a torney professorateWashingtonUniversityLaw26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseAtheirlimitedvaluetoBtheirconnectionssetCsiblerestrictionontheirDthecontroversyovertheir27.whichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsr

29、ulingswiththecourtItinvolvesaverybigbusinessCsbeendismissedbytheFederalDItmaychangethelegalheU.28.Theword“about-face”（Line1,Para.3）most probablylossofincreaseofchangeofenhancementof29.WelearnfromthelasttwoAareimmunetolegaltbusiness-methodBareoftensarilylowertheesteemforpatentincreasetheincidenceof30

30、.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheAloomingthreattobusiness-methodProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-method, Malcolm Gladwell t In his book The ldemics”driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of l individuals, oft

31、en influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is uitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideaually spread.The Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-method, Malco

32、lm Gladwell t In his book The ldemics”driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of l individuals, often influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is uitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideaually spread.The ed importance of influentials

33、derives from a plausible-sounding largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests t if they can just find and influence the influentials,

34、those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also to he sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, any such cases, a cursory search for causes t some group of people was wearing, promoting, or whatever it is before anyone paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of thi

35、s kind fits nicely with the t only lpeoplecandriveheir recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the tinfluentials have far less impact on so they dont seem to be required at all.ln is generally ed. In The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about l With the exception

36、 of a few rities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence primarily a function of media, ersonal, influence-even the most influential eract t many others. Yet it is members of a population simply thesenon-ce to drive sority influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are ldemics, by in

37、fluencingtheir friends and colleaguesdirectly. For a ldemic to occur, however, so affected must then influence his or her ,whourninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyothersattention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If networkjust two degrees removed fromthe ini

38、tial influentialprove resistant, forex the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic ersonal influence, the researchers studied dynamics of l influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations populations, manipulating a number of variables relating

39、 to peoples ability to others and their tendency to be influenced. They found what is called “global cascades ”the widespret the principal requirement for ropagation of influence networksis the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31.Byciting

40、thebookThe,the endsyzethe oflBdiscussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingCexemplifyuitiveresponsetolDdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsof32.Theauthortthe“two-step-flowservesasasolutiontomarketinghashelpedexplaincertainprevalenthaswonsupportfromDrequiressolidevidenceforits33.Whattheresearchershaveobserve

41、drecentlyAerofinfluencegoeswithlersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughtheCinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachtheDmostritiesenjoywidemedia34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”,inParagraph4referstotheonesDrequiressolidevidenceforits33.WhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyAerofinfluencegoeswithlersonallinksca

42、nbeenhancedthroughtheCinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachtheDmostritiesenjoywidemedia34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”,inParagraph4referstotheonesAstayoutsidethenetworkoflhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofareinfluencedandtheninfluenceareinfluencedbytheinitial35.WhatistheessentialTheeagernesstobeThei

43、mpulsetoinfluenceThereadinesstobehedynamicsofl DTheinclinationtorelyoners have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind Bscenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. rules, moan the s, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just

44、 not These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.y, s lobbying now seems to be working. The details may unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper of capital market

45、s, is being compromised. And, unless s carry toxic assets at tract buyers, revivingtheingsystemwillbeAfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericaslAccountingBoard （FASB）rushed through rule changes. These gave s more freedom to ms to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on

46、long-e ements.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstwho “question our motives.” nk shares rose and the changes enhance what lobbyinggroupycalls“theuseofjudgmentbyEuropean ministers instantly t ernational Accounting Board （IASB）do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall plan

47、ning, but the re to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later year is McCreevy, a European er, warned the t it “not live in apolitical vacuum” but “ different rules.he real world” t Europe could yet It was st were on the wrong planet, t vastly assets. Today they t market e losses, bec

48、ause they largely the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will be known for years. But s shares trade below their book value, tinvestors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of s which not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet

49、 are reluctant to buy all those sup To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless s mark assets levels which buyers find attractive. sful markets require independent and combativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhaveb

50、eent,cleaningup onstockoptionsands,forle,againsthostilityfromerests.Butocriticsnowtheyareinvitingretomakemore36.ersttheywereforcedfollowunfavorableassetevaluationcollectpaymentsonstockoptionsands,forle,againsthostilityfromerests.Butocriticsnowtheyareinvitingretomakemore36.ersttheywereforcedfollowunf

51、avorableassetevaluationcollectpaymentsfromthirdcooperatewiththepricereevaluatesomeoftheirassets37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultAthediminishingroleofBtherevivaloftheingCtheslong-termassetDtheweakeningofits38.AccordingtotheParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASBsattemptAkeepawayfro

52、mpolitical.BevadetherefromtheirCactontheirowninrule-Dtakegradualmeasuresin39.Theauthorthinkstheswere“onthewronghatAretedmarketpriceexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbadDdeniedbookingheirsaleof40.Theauthorsattitudetowardsstandard-settersisonePart B For Questions 41-45, choose

53、 the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G fill o the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poA and more important is the consumers growing preference eating

54、out; the consumption of food and drink in n homes has from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting demand from the food egment by 4 to 5 percent a year across compared with growth in retail demand o

55、f 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic B Retail sales of food and drink in Europes largest markets are at a leaving European grocery gry for opportunities to grow. Most retailers ha

56、ve already merce, with limited s, and But almost all have ignored the big, profitable heir own backyard: wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers C Will such variations bring about a he overall structure of the and drink market? y not. The functioning of

57、the market But almost all have ignored the big, profitable heir own backyard: wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers C Will such variations bring about a he overall structure of the and drink market? y not. The functioning of the market is based on tren

58、ds dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather n the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will y acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic ernational regardless of how long the current attern will take D All in all, this clearly seems to

59、 be a market in which big retailers profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure, and proven management of product ranges, logistics, and elligence. master ricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in profits t is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection important among th

60、e biggest national markets, customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differen before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might un