伽达默尔阐释学视角下《赎罪》欺骗与赎罪研究

1、AbstractThisthesisreliesonhermeneutics,comparesthethemeinthenovelandthefilm,makesthehermeneuticsusedinthefieldofthefilmadaptation.Atthesametime,thisthesistrytoexplainwhatisthedifferencesbetweenthefilmadaptionandtheoriginaltext?Isthefilmsthemesameasthenovel?Whatisthediscrepancyofsubjectivepresentatio

2、nbetweenthefilmadaptionandthetext?Shouldthedirectorbefullyrespectthe original text? by researching on the difference between the film and novel. Theresearchresultisthattherearemanydifferencesbetweenthenovelandfilminplot,ending,narrativeperspective,wardescriptionandaudio-visualeffect.Thethemeinthenov

3、elisaboutwar,loveandconfession.Mostofthenovelisaboutwhatisconfessionandhowtoconfess.However,thefilmismorelikeabeautifullovefilm.AndthenovelismoreconcentrateonBrionysconfession.SincethepublicationofthefilmAtonementin2007,thefilmhasbeenanalyzedandcommentedonfromdifferentperspectives.Atfirst,Gadamershe

4、rmeneuticswaswidelyusedinthefieldofliterarytranslation.Withthefilmcameonthestageofhistoryattheendof19thcentury,thefilmontheadaptationofthenovelalsohasemergedandarousedpeoplesattention.Gadamershermeneuticsapplytothisfieldcouldprovideanewperspective.Keywords:Atonement,Gadamershermeneutics,filmadaption

5、,confession摘 要本文以阐释学为理论基础，对比分析小说和电影中的主题，使阐释学应用于电影改编领域。与此同时，本文尝试解释电影与小说的不同是什么？电影与小说表达的主题是否一样。电影与小说表达主题的方式有什么不同？导演是否应该彻底忠实于原著。研究结果是电影与小说在情节，结尾，叙事视角，战争描写和视听效果方面存在很大的不同。小说的主题是关于战争，爱情与救赎。小说的大部分是关于什么是救赎，怎样救赎。然而，电影更像一部爱情电影，小说则更专注于救赎。自从电影赎罪2007年上映以来，人们从多种角度分析了此电影。 HYPERLINK javascript:; 起初，伽达默尔阐释学被广泛应用于文学翻译

6、领域。19世纪末电影登上历史舞台，电影改编也逐渐出现并吸引了人们的关注。将伽达默尔阐释学应用于这一领域也会提供一个新的视角。关键词：赎罪；伽达默尔阐释学；电影改编；救赎Chapter1.IntroductionThispapermakehermeneuticsusedinthefieldofthefilmadaptationofthenovel,studyonthethemeinthefilm.Atonementisanovelaboutdeceptionandredemption.AtonementismainlyaboutawritercalledBrionyTallis,athirtee

7、n-year-oldgirl,whoirrevocablychangesseveralpersonsfates.Becausesheaccusesheroldersistersloverofacrimethatthemandidnotcommit.Toredemption,sheworkedasanurseduringtheWorldWarII,tryingtoredeemherselfbyhelpingothersanddoingpracticalthings.AtonementwritinglikeAtonementisanimportantpartofcontemporaryworldl

8、iterature.Redemptionisanimportantthemeofliterarycreation;itisnotonlytheinquiryofpeoplesmind,butalsotherectificationofthemoralvaluesinreallife.Contemporarywritersthinkthattheevilofhumannatureoriginatesfromhumansprideandrebellion,soself-repentance and self-punishment are important and it is the true w

9、ay to achieveredemption.Inaword,itismeaningfultostudyandlearnmorefromconfessionalfictionand provide a theoretical basis for the films theme study after adaptation, and alsoprovidesanewperspective.AtonementregardedasoneofIanMcEwansbestworks,andalsooneofthemostcelebrated and honored books of recent ye

10、ars. According to many researchershard-workingontheclassificationoftherelatedcriticismsonAtonement,thesestudiesgenerallycanbegroupedintothreecategories:thematicstudies,narratologicalstudies,andmetafictionalstudies.TheresearchabroadisaboutAtonementasametafiction,itisfull of self-consciousness.The fic

11、tion and reality always blurred in metafiction.As aconfessionnovel,religiousconfessionandliteraryconfessionenrichedthestudy.ThestudiesonAtonementinChinaareaboutthefilmlackofself-consciousness,butthefilmstillcanexpressthethemebymanykindsofexpressiontechnique.Asametafiction,metafictional techniqueison

12、eoftypical characteristicinthenovel.From thefamilysystem,thepersonsinnerstatecanbegreatlyinfluencedbythefamilyenvironmentandfamilybackground.Andtraumawritingandnarrativetherapyinthenovelcanexpressdeceptionandredemptionbetter.This paper attempt to uses hermeneutics theory in the field of film adaptio

13、n.Comparingthethemeinthenovelandthefilm,makingthehermeneuticsusedinthefieldofthefilmadaptationofthenovel,thispapermainlyemphasizeswhatisthedifferencesbetween the film adaption and the original text? Is the film s theme same as thenovel?Whatisthediscrepancyofsubjectivepresentationbetweenthefilmadapti

14、onandthetext?Shouldthedirectorbefullyrespecttheoriginaltext?Basedonthedeceptionandredemptionexpressedintheoriginalworks,Iwillcomparethenovelwiththemovie,andanalyzethedifferencesofthethemeexpressionbetweenthetwotexts.Theresearchmethods are documentary research and closereading to study the themeofthe

15、 filmAtonement.Inordertoobtaintheinformation,andunderstanddeceptionandredemptionexpressedinthefilmfullyandcorrectly,Iwillinvestigateontheliteraturesoastocomparethefilmwiththenovel.Afurthermorestudywillbasedonhermeneutics.Thispaperconsistsoffivechapters.Thefirstchapterisfortheintroduction.Itmainlyint

16、roduces the research background, research object, research significance, researchquestions,researchmethodandstructureofthispaper.Thesecondchapterisfortheliteraturereview.ItmainlyreviewspreviousstudiesonAtonement.Thethirdchapterisforthetheoreticalfoundation.Thischaptermainlyintroducesthehermeneuticst

17、heory.ThefourthchapterisforHermeneuticsappliedinAtonementappreciation.Thelastpartistheconclusion,asummaryofthewholepaper,andthemaincontents,majorfindings.Thewholepaperisdividedbythesefiveparts.Chapter2.LiteraturereviewSinceitspublicationin2001,Atonementhasanalyzedandcommentedonfromdifferentperspecti

18、ves.ThenovelAtonementwhichwaswrittenbyacontemporaryBritishwriterIanMcEwan,hasbeenwellreceivedbyacademicsandthemassmediasinceitsinception.In2007,thesamefilm,HollywoodstarKeiraKnightleyandJamesMcAvoydrewthemediaattentiononceagain.Inthisrespect,McEwenisverygratefultoDirectorJoeWrightandotherpeople.Howe

19、ver,whenheaskedwhetherthefilmreproducedthethemeofthenovelvividly,heexpressedhisdisappointment.Becausehebelievesthatthefilmdoesnotgivethereaderaclearsensethatthefilmcannotpresentthethoughtsandfeelingsinthenovel.Manycriticshavediscussedthe apparentthemesofthebooklove, writing, and redemption. Several

20、critics have studied the relationship ofAtonementtotheworksofotherwriters.Thesestudiesgenerallycanbegroupedintothreecategories:narratologicalstudies,metafictionalstudies,andthematicstudies.2.1Previousstudieson Atonementabroad2.1.1ThestudiesonnarrativetechniqueThenarrativetechniqueofintratextualitywh

21、ichmainlyreferstothelinkingbetweeneventsandthetextofthenovel,arelatedtypeofconnectionwhichinvolvesinternalrelationshipwithinthetext.Itisdifficulttoachievetheflexibilityofthetext,andexpresstheauthorsperfectnarrativetechniqueproperlyinthefilm.However,IanMcEwanexplainedinaninterview:“Youwouldalwaysbeaf

22、raidwhenyoutrytoshootagrandcommercialfilmbasedonliterature.Becauseingeneral,themainideaofthenovelcannotperformedperfectlyinthefilm,andmostofmynovelisaboutconsciousness.”(McEwan,2007).MiekeBal,afamousDutchstoryteller,believesthat“Theconversionfromanoveltofilmisnotaconversionfromthestoryelementstothei

23、mage,butratheravisualmanipulationofthemostimportantaspectsandmeaningsofthenovel.”(Bal,2003).Thefilmisaprocessaboutthenarrativethroughthecharacters,scenery,musicandothermethods.Thedocumentarytechniqueofthefilmfollowsthenarrativestructureoftheoriginalworks,whichcompletelyobscuresthedeconstructionnarra

24、tiveconsciousnessofthetext.2.1.2Thestudiesonself-consciousnessSelf-consciousnessisaprominentfeatureofthewritingofmetafiction,andmostofIanMcEwansnovelisaboutconsciousness.Ifusingfictionalarttoreflectthefictiveprocess of art is called metafiction, then the core characteristic of metafiction isself-con

25、sciousness. The writers draw their reader s attention to the process of theconstructionoftheirworksbyfrustratingtheircurrentexpectationofmeaningandclosure.AmongthemanypaperswhichdiscussedthemetafictionalelementsinAtonement,BrianFinneysworkisperhapsoneofthemostinfluential.BrianFinney(2004)concentrate

26、dontheself-consciousnessandliteraryallusionsofthisnovel.Thenheproceedstodigoutthemetafictionalnarrativesandthefunctionsofintertextualityinthenovel.Hemakesacomprehensivestudyonatonementsnarrativestylefromthepointofmetafiction.Todisplaythefictionalityinthisnovel,McEwanalsousedintertextualityfrequently

27、.FinneyconcludedthatAtonementisconcernedwith“thedangersofenteringafictionalworldandthe compensations and limitations which the world can offer its readers andwriters.”(Brian Finney, 2004) The literary self-consciousness is present from theopeningpageofthenovelandservesthroughoutthebooktounderminethe

28、classicrealistmodeofnarration.Itisthetendencytoexplorethenatureoffictionandthefictionalizingprocess.Thus,tosomeextent,thewritersdrawtheirreadersattentiontotheprocessoftheconstructionoftheirworksbyfrustratingtheircurrentexpectationofmeaningandclosure.Therefore,Atonementisfullofself-consciousness.2.1.

29、3ThestudiesonfictionandrealityTheboundarybetweenfictionandrealityblurredinpostmodernnovels.Thenovelismainlyabout thenarratorBrionysspiritualsalvation,thecontradictionbetween theresponsibility and desire. This novel embodies the deep thinking of McEwen to thecomplicatedhumannatureandcarriesthehumanis

30、ticsolicitude.PilarHidalgo(2005)inspiredbythemetafictionalelementsinthenovelanddoesaspecificstudyonthememory and storytelling of Atonement. Hidalgo elaborated on how lan McEwanrepresentedthepast,toldthestoryandalsoonhisexplorationofthegapbetweenwhatisrealandwhatisimagination.InAtonement,thememoryofB

31、rionyTallisandhercrimearesetinthebackgroundofEnglishliterarytradition.TheEnglishhistory“Thenarrativetechniqueisnolessnovel,ifthestyleandsubjectmatterofAtonementsurprisedreadersandcritics.BecauseitisrootedinthetraditionoftheEnglishnovel.”(85)HebelievesthatinAtonementMcewanachievestheweldingoftheliter

32、arymemory,historicalexperienceandthepersonalmemoryinone.“Inhisexplorationofthegapbetweenwhatisrealandwhat is imagination, Mcewan deploys a variety of stylistic devices and narrativetechniquesthatmakethenovelbecomemoreinterested.”(83)InHidalgosstudy,thefictionandrealityalwaysblurredinmetafiction,soth

33、enovelcanbemoremeaningful.2.1.4.ThestudiesonconfessionConfessionisthemainideaofthenovel.ElkeDHoker(2006)believesthatlanMcEwansAtonementisanunusualcaseofconfessionalfiction.DHokerfirstclarifiesthe differences between religious confession and literary confession by quoting fromDennis A. Foster that “r

34、eligious confession is a conventional, ritualistic discourse.”Literary confession, however, seems to be less powerful compared to the religiousconfession. The critical question for literary confession is that it has no authoritiesempoweredtoabsolve,sothereisnowayfortheconfessioncompleted.Thereisanot

35、herproblem,thetruth.Thepurposeoftheconfessionalnarrativeis,totellthetruth,andrightthewrong.However,theliterarytruthisratherpersonalandinterior;theliterarytruthisbynomeansauthentic.Thesearethedifferencesbetweenreligiousconfessionandliteraryconfession.Religious confession andliterary confession enrich

36、ed thestudyabout theconfessionnovel.SotheresearchabroadofAtonementisaboutthedocumentarytechniqueofthefilmobscures the deconstruction narrative HYPERLINK javascript:; consciousnessofthenovel.Asametafiction,Atonementisfullofself-consciousness.The fiction and reality always blurred inmetafiction.Asacon

37、fessionnovel,religiousconfessionandliteraryconfessionenrichedthestudy.2.2Previousstudieson Atonementathome2.2.1ThestudiesonthesuccessandfailureofthefilmIntheprocessofadaptation,theadaptionhaveacloserelationshipwithdirectorslifeexperience,theaestheticidealsofthattimesandthevalueorientation,sothatthec

38、reationofthefilmcanexpresstheuniqueness.ThestudyonAtonementinChinaisfocusedonthefilmmainly.Itisworthmentioningthatthereisalsoaforward-shadowingtechniqueinthefilm,alsoknownastheFlashforward,usedto“describetheeventsthathavenotyetoccurred,showingthecomingtime.”(DaiJinhua2004:21).Unfortunately,thereisno

39、flashforwardinthefilmAtonement,sotheaudiencecannotperceivethenarratorsPotentialconsciousness.Theresanothershortcomingofthefilmisthatthethemeofthefilm is not same as the novel. “Expressing the hope for goodness through writingevil.”(Shang biwu 2012:85). In fact, the absence of the subjective consciou

40、sness ofAtonementisnotaspecialcaseintheHollywoodfilmadaptation.TaiwanScholarLeoLeesaidtheformersfilmistooexaggeratedaftercomparingthefilmsdirectedbyWrightandChinesedirectorAngLee.Hethoughtthat“AngLeebroughtthestoryandthecharactersfeelingsintoitsfilm,andWrighthasonlytakenKellaRaitliesbeautyintofilms.

41、”(LeoLee2008:63).Atonement,itcanbeseenthatWrightalsofocusedontheconstructionofthepicture.Theexchangebetweenthefilmandthetextcannotbeperfect.“Asthefilmnarration, themoviehasthedifferentnarrativeartandthetextualcharacteristicofthenovel.”(MaoLingying2007:79)Themovieisthepicturepresent;itisdifferentfrom

42、thetextwhichisunlimitedinthespaceandtime.Thefilmandthenovelhaveasignificantdifferenceintheexpressiontechnique:thenovelborrowsthetexttoexploreandexpressthepersonsthoughtsandfeelings.Thefilmusesthepicturethinking,andbecometheperformanceobjectintothevisualimage.Sothefilmexpressesthesenseofthepictureand

43、theitemsthroughthevisuallanguagetoexpandorpromotetheplot.Inbrief,someresearchersbelievethatthefilmlackofself-consciousness,butthefilmstillcanexpressthethemebymanykindsofexpressiontechnique.2.2.2ThestudiesontheendingMetafictionaltechniqueisoneoftypicalcharacteristicinAtonement.ChenRongisone of the ea

44、rly scholars on Mcewan who has researched on the characteristic ofmetafiction in Atonement. In 2008, he published “The Original Sin and itssalvation-analysisoflanMcewansAtonementanditsmetafictionalEnding.”ItstudiesAtonementfromhistorygraphicmetafiction.Inhispaper,heclaimsthatthemetafictionalcodareve

45、aledMcEwanseffortsreflectedinnarratinghishistoryandrepresentinghistory.Suchefforthasdemonstratedhiscalmmindinthefictivenatureofthenovel(92).Healsoconcludesthatthemetafictionalstrategiescomplywiththecontemporarywriterswhoappeal to return to modernism from the postmodernist trend. As for the film, Guo

46、xianjin(2016)presentedtherearesomenarrativetechniquessuchasmulti-viewanddelayinthefilmAtonement.TheauthorpresentstheprotagonistslifestruggleandthetraumaoftheordinarysoldiersintheevacuationofDunkirk,thusstimulatingtheaudiencetothinkdeeplyabouthumannatureandhumanslivingsituation.Metafictionaltechnique

47、isoneoftypicalcharacteristicinthenovel,andsomenarrativetechniquessuchasmulti-viewanddelayusedinthefilmmakethefilmcanexpressthetraumafrommanyperspectives.2.2.3ThestudiesontheinnerstateofcharactersFamily systems theory views the family as an emotional unit and uses systemsthinkingtodescribethecomplexi

48、nteractionsintheunit.Eachpersoninafamilyisapartofthewholesystem.Familymembersaffectedbyeachothersthoughts,feelings,andactionsprofoundly.YanChunmei(2007)introducedadifferentwayofthinkingaboutlanMcEwansAtonement.Shemainlyfocusontheemotionalprocessofhumanrelationships,withaparticularfocusontheheroineBr

49、ionysself-differentiation.Thefamilysystemstheory provides an insightintoherpsychological development.Yanbelieves thatIanMcEwanismoreconcernedwiththecharactersinnerstate.Itisthenatureofafamilythat its members are intensely and emotionally connected. The concept “self-differentiation”underMurrayBowens

50、familysystemstheory,YanfirstanalyzesBrionysfamilyoforigin,thefamilysbakgroundandthenanalyzeshowBrionydevelopsintoapoordifferentiatedperson.YanrevealedthetheoreticalfoundationforBrionysthoughtsandbehaviors.Then basedontheassumptionof“self,”aperson can rarelychangeshimselfexcepthemakesastructuredandlo

51、ng-termeffort,itexplainsthatitishardforBrionytoachievethetransformationofself-differentiation.Xieshufen(2016)expressedMcEwanwittinglyconcealingthefatherimagesinAtonement,hecreatesthe“absence”oftraditional hegemonic masculinity, combined with the characters and the progress ofthemes.Although this man

52、linessis effaced onthesurface, maleauthority still keepsrunningthroughthewholework,invisiblypushingthedevelopmentoftheprotagonistsandplots.Thepersonsinnerstatecanbegreatlyinfluencedbythefamilyenvironmentandfamilybackground.2.2.4ThestudiesoninnertraumaofcharactersTraumaticwritinghasbeenanimportanttop

53、icinMcEwanswritingcareerandthereisnodoubtthatAtonementistraumaticwriting.Wangrongrong(2017)trytoexplorethetraumaticwritingandnarrativetherapyinAtonementfromrelatedconceptsoftraumatheorynarrativepsychology.McEwanoncereferredtohowhegrewupwiththe“detritusofwar”aroundhim,andthushebelongedtothegeneration

54、thatgrewupundertheshadowofthewar,whichcandemonstratefromthetraumaticwriting.ThetraumaticexperiencewrittenbyMcEwaninthenovelisnotonlyaboutthepersonaltraumaexperienceanditstraumatic manifestations, but also the collective trauma which presents theentangledtraumabothatapersonallevelaswellasatacollectiv

55、elevelcausedbyWorldWarII.Wangrongrongalsoanalyzedtheindividualtrauma,familytraumaandcollectivetraumasufferedbyBriony.Therefore,thestudyoftraumawritingandnarrativetherapycannotonly help people understand the healing function of literature, but also reming theindividualtoshouldertheresponsibilityforth

56、etraumaticevents.SothestudiesonAtonementfocusedonthenovelinChinaareaboutthefilmlackofself-consciousness,butthefilmstillcanexpressthethemebymanykindsofexpressiontechnique.Asametafiction,metafictionaltechniqueisoneoftypicalcharacteristicinthenovel,andsomenarrativetechniquessuchasmulti-viewanddelayused

57、inthefilmmakethefilmcanexpressthetraumafrommanyperspectives.Fromthefamilysystem,thepersonsinnerstatecanbegreatlyinfluencedbythefamilyenvironmentandfamilybackground.Andtraumawritingandnarrativetherapyinthenovelcanexpressdeceptionandredemptionbetter.Manycriticshavediscussedthenovelsuchasnarratological

58、studies,metafictionalstudies,andthematicstudies.Therearealsoalotofstudiesaboutthefilm.Insummary,scholars at home and abroad have made great explorations in Atonement, and theenthusiasmofthescholarsonAtonementisstillhigh.However,thestudyofatonementismainlyfromthecharacteristicsofmetafiction,post-mode

59、rnnarrativetechnique,traumawritingandnarrativetherapyandsoon,whicharegenerallylimitedundertheframeworkofartistictechniques.Thereisnodoubtthatthesestudiesprovideacertainperspectiveforafurtherstudy.Butwecannotneglectitstheme.Comparativelyspeaking,thethemeofmovie can be studied, from the perspective of

60、 hermeneutics. This paper relies onhermeneutics,comparedthethemeinthenovelandthefilm,makethehermeneuticsusedinthefieldofthefilmadaptationofthenovel.Toprovideatheoreticalbasisforthestudyofthefilmsthemeafteradaptation,andalsooffersanewperspectivefortheresearch.Chapter3.TheoreticalFoundationHermeneutic