石油英语专业知识市公开课获奖课件

1、Chapter Two Petroleum GeologyGeology（地质学） is a natural science. With it men can discover all kinds of useful minerals. Geology studies the earth. But of the three spheres, the atmosphere（大气圈）, the hydrosphere（水圈）and the lithosphere（岩石圈）, it only directly studies the lithosphere. Petroleum geology（石油

2、地质学）is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. 第1页第1页Before further study four terms must be understood:Porosity（空隙度） , Permeability（渗入率）, saturation（饱和） and Darcys law（达西定率）,Porosity is a percentage of holes or voids in the rock, and con

3、trols how much fluid the rock can hold. Primary or original porosity（原生空隙度）is created as the rock is deposited. Secondary porosity（次生空隙度） is the pore space that is gained or lost as the rock buried. Two process may increase the secondary porosity (solution溶解作用 and fracturing断裂作用); while other two ma

4、y decrease secondary porosity (cementation胶结作用 and compaction压实作用)第2页第2页Permeability（渗入率） is a measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through the rocks. If the pore are interconnected（互相连接）, the fluids can flow from pore to pore through the rock. Permeability is measured in units of millida

5、rcies (md)（毫达西）. The greater the permeability, in millidarcies, the easier it is for the fluids to flow through the rock. 第3页第3页Saturation（饱和） The fraction or percentage of the pore volume occupied by a specific fluid (e.g., oil, gas, water, etc.). Is an important figure in calculating the potential

6、 reserve（潜在储量） the higher the saturation, the more oil the formation（地层） holds第4页第4页PermeabilityDarcys law（达西定律）describes the rate of flow of fluids through rocks. It states that the rate of flow depends on the permeability（渗入率） of the rock times the difference in fluid pressure from one side of the

7、 rock to the other (pressure gradient压差) divided by the fluid viscosity（粘稠度）.Q = rate of flowK = permeability(p1- p2) = pressure drop across the sampleA = cross-sectional area of the sampleL = length of the sampleu = viscosity of the fluid第5页第5页Petroleum Geology4. The Essential Conditions of Formati

8、on of Oil Reservoir（油藏）2. Petroleum Migration（运移）and Accumulation（汇集） in Reservoirs3. Traps（圈闭） of Petroleum1. Generation（生成） of Petroleum第6页第6页1. Generation of petroleumGeological requirement Sediments are deposited along with organic matter at the rate that is rapid enough before the organic matte

9、r being destroyed by decay. Oxygen-free condition organic matterkerogenpetroleumTemperature In an average sedimentary basin, oil generation starts starts at 50 degree C, peaks at 90 degree C, and ends at 170 degree C. Time: millions of years ago. 第7页第7页2. Petroleum Migrates and Accumulates in Reserv

10、oirsPrimary Petroleum Migration: Petroleum is squeezed out of source beds（烃原岩层） and is accepted by a receiver bed（运载岩层）.Underlining principles for Primary migration: thermal expansion of the hydrocarbons, Porosity and permeability, pressure, properties of fluid第8页第8页Secondary Petroleum Migration Onc

11、e within the receiver bed, petroleum travels upward and laterally with in the receiver bed until a suitable geologic deformity（地质变形） (trap) is reached or until the petroleum can find an exit（出口） from the receiver bed. Gas is separated and goes up to form a gas cap.Underlining principles for secondar

12、y migration: thermal energy, water drive, capillary pressure, oil is lighter than water, gas is the lightest.第9页第9页A single accumulation is referred to as a pool or a reservoir. A field consists of one or more reservoirs. Oil reservoirs are often used term in the petroleum industry, and the deposits

13、（油气沉积） are more often like piles of sand or porous rock that have been saturated with oil. Accumulation of PetroleumIts guiding principle is this: oil and gas move through permeable beds until they reach a position in which the energy available is insufficient to move it further or it dissipates at

14、the surface. Such leakage at the surface (called “seeps”（油苗） or “seepages”) have guided exploration activities to important accumulations, and at least they indicate that conditions for petroleum generation and migration exist. 第10页第10页After petroleum generated, petroleum compounds originated both i

15、n the sands and muds and the rock compaction squeezed them from these source beds into pore spaces of the layers of sands and carbonated where deposits of oil and gas are located today. Being lighter than the adjacent（邻近） water, the oil and gas floated upward through the tiny tortuous（弯弯曲曲） pore cha

16、nnels（孔隙通道） in the sand . The oil and gas tend to rise and will eventually reach the surface of the earth and be dissipated（消散） unless they encounter a barrier stops the upward migration. Such a barrier produces a trap.储集层是指能够储存和渗滤油气岩层，它必须含有储存空间(孔隙性)和储存空间一定连通性(渗入性)。储集层中能够制止油气向前继续运移，并在其中贮存汇集起来一个场合，称为

17、圈闭或储油气圈闭。 第11页第11页3. Traps of PetroleumGeologists have classified petroleum traps into three types: structural traps（结构圈闭）, stratigraphic trap（地层圈闭） and depositional trap (lithologic trap)（岩性圈闭）Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hy

18、drocarbons. Two common examples of structural traps are fault and anticlines.第12页第12页The anticlinal trap （背斜圈闭）is the simplest and commonest form of petroleum accumulation. A porous and permeable reservoir rock must be sealed above by a fine-grained（质地细密）, relatively impermeable bed such as clay, sh

19、ale, or salt. The surface is the form of a dome（拱行） or elliptical（椭圆）dome forms a closed space in which the oil or gas, being less dense than water, accumulates. Within the reservoir, oil lies on water, and the interface between them is known as the “oil/water contact”（油水界面）. If gas occurs associate

20、d with the oil, it forms a gas cap.第13页第13页Fault traps （断层圈闭）are also common. There must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed above by a fine-grained, relatively impermeable bed. But the real trap is provided by the fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-

21、grained material in the fault itself or by the bringing of a fine-grained relatively impermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncates the reservoir.第14页第14页Stratigraphic traps（地层圈闭）comprise an interesting variety of accumulations in which the trapping mechanism, as the n

22、ame suggests, is from stratigrahphic rather than structural causes. In these, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rock sealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration（形状） of this to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and

23、nature of the resulting sediments.第15页第15页depositional trap (lithologic trap)（岩性圈闭） refers to the trap surrounded by impermeable rocks such as granite（花岗岩）.第16页第16页4. The Essential Conditions of Formation of Oil ReservoirOil reservoirs are the deposits which are more often like piles of sand or poro

24、us rock that have been saturated with oil. In order to have a gas or oil deposit in any area, three subsurface conditions must be met. 第17页第17页First, there must be a subsurface source rock that generated the gas or oil at some time in the geologic past. Oil Source Bed生油岩按照有机成因学说，大量微体生物遗骸与泥砂或碳酸质沉淀物埋藏

25、在地下，通过长时期物理化学作用，形成富含有机质岩石，其中生物遗骸转化为石油。这种岩石称为生油岩。Second, there must be a separate subsurface reservoir rock that holds the gas or oil. Oil Reservoir Bed储集层 是指能够储存和渗滤油气岩层，它必须含有储存空间(孔隙性)和储存空间一定连通性(渗入性)。储集层中能够制止油气向前继续运移，并在其中贮存汇集起来一个场合，称为圈闭或储油气圈闭。第18页第18页Third, there must be a trap or high point on the r

26、eservoir rock that concentrates the gas or oil Cap Rock, Seal Rock盖层 为了不使储集层中油气逸散掉，在储集层上方需要有一套致密、不渗入地层把储集层中油气保护起来。这种致密不渗入保护层就叫做盖层，适合做盖层岩石有页岩、泥岩、盐岩、石膏等。致密泥灰岩和石灰岩有时也能够充作盖层。第19页第19页Petroleum Reservoir are the deposits which are more often like piles of sand or porous rock that have been saturated with

27、oil. 油气藏圈闭内储集了相称多油气，就称为油气藏。Petroleum field may contains one or more petroleum reservoirs.油气田在地质意义上，油气田是一定(连续)产油面积内各油气藏总称。该产油面积是受单一或各种地质原因控制地质单位。Petroleum Zone: areas underlain by mature source rocks with another name generative depressions.油气汇集带是油气汇集条件相同、位置邻近一系列油气藏或油气田总和。它含有明确地质边界区，形成年产原油430万吨和天然气3.8亿立方米生产能力。Petroleum Generative Basin: that contains one or more petroleum generat