2022年环境工程专业英语翻译

1、Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是有关什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生

2、理解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们如何控制它们。这本书涉及：Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances有关引起环境干扰基本因素的基本信息Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and

3、to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并可以定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前合用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex i

4、nteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的互相作用的科学知识上存在相称大的缺陷Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of

5、a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用既有技术消除或减少，但没有得到解决是由于社会缺少这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样由于缺少资源。Some important definitions 某些重要的定义Where they are first used in this book，definitions are introduced in block form，as shown here，or printed in bold type.如果她们是第一次使用这本书，定义简介采用块形式，像这里显示的同样，或印成黑体字。Environment is the phy

6、sical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是环绕在我们周边物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，ir

7、rigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，根据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一种整体或者有机整体的互相关联的事物;例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival

8、，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其他生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应当有的变化，。When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word “environment” broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural aspects. Such b

9、roadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course. Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”.当改善环境质量的目的是用来改善人类的福祉， “环境” 这个词扩大到涉及社会，经济，文化等所有方面的内容。这种扩大化在许多实际状况下是不可行的，在本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也

10、是不切实际的。因此，我们对环境问题的考察限于我们定义的“环境”。Interaction of Systems互动系统A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 许多不同的环境问题都波及到水，空气，或土壤。Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories.许多这些问题只合用于在

11、其中一种系统，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充足的理由。Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.这种分类也有助于更容易理解一种系统里的有关问题。Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and so

12、lid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.此外，这样做是明智的，由于是行政管理的因素，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水解决，往往是由政府机构分别解决的。Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一种

13、空气，水，或土壤系统，更波及系统之间的互相作用。A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。目前的一种例子是酸雨问题，本源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。These gases are the

14、n transported by air currents over wide regions.这些气体被气流运送到广阔的区域。Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops.雨水“将它们洗去”，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are

15、presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature.两个有有关系统间互相作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增长的全球性问题以及具有地区性质的酸雨问题。Environmental Disturbances环境扰乱Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of sc

16、ience and technology.我们的生活水平的许多重大改善，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。A few examples are noted here. Can you think of others?这里举几种例子，你可以想到其她例子吗？The production of more and better quality food生产更多更好的优质食品The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space发明能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间The building of

17、 fast and reliable means of transportation建设迅速和可靠的运送方式The invention of various systems of communication发明多种通信系统The invention of machines to replace human or animal power发明机器来取代人类或动物体力The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供应和废物解决The elimination of many infectious diseases消灭多种传染疾病The

18、 elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会The protection from

19、 the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.避免最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant

20、to controls.然而,随着(科学技术的)发展,产生了不良的副作用,例如,可耕地丢失,森林消失,环境污染,微生物滋长.Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to humans.起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物目前被觉得对自然和人类存在的潜在威胁。In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising fo

21、od, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处,她们在陆地上种植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。The c

22、ities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes.在古代的都市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the

23、earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems.从一种最早建成之一且最有名的污水管-古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马都市提供安全的水的渠道，就是这样的系统的例子。The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的都市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设都市的人遗忘了许多种世纪。Water supply an

24、d waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.供水和废物处置的忽视，导致爆发了许多疾病，如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其他水传染的疾病。The industrial revolution in nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, a

25、nd North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization.直到19世纪中期，人们才意识到废物的不对的处置导致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世

26、纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革命带来了工业化和都市化的增长，也加重了环境问题。都市化和工业化在过去和目前都是引起水和空气污染的主线因素，这在当时的都市还不可以解决。 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of water

27、borne diseases.在接下来的几十年，水解决和废水的部分解决技术在发达国家迅速发展，这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少。Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land system.注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。Unit Two Historical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA回忆美国处置危险物品的历史Hazardous substance di

28、sposal practices in the United States have traveled full circle.在美国，解决危险物品的做法走过了迂回的道路。Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulations regarding the disposal of these materials. 1978年之前，很少有任何有关如何处置这些物品的法规。Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, cont

29、aminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. 这些化学物品的不当处置使市民陷入健康问题，水供应受污染和野生生物死亡。With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manufacturing facilities now have an obligation to account for all waste materials that are generated by the facility. 随着资源回收法（197

30、8年）的颁布，工厂有责任处置生产设施所产生的所有废弃材料 。Implementation of RCRA has been slow. 但是资源回收法的实行始终进展缓慢。From the very early industrial period in the United States, which started about 1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials th

31、at were generated as by-products during manufacturing processes. 在美国，从大概19开始的初期工业时代，到第二次世界大战结束后几年里，几乎没人关注解决在生产过程中作为副产品产生的废弃材料的合理措施。Up until the 1960s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals from manufacturing, salt water from oil production wells and wa

32、ste acids from steel mill activities. Virtually every conceivable waste oil, solvent, or resin waste could be found in the rivers.事实上，所有可以想象到的废物如废油、溶剂、废树脂都可以在河流里面找到。 The laws of the time were either non-existent or not enforced. 然而当时的有关法律要么不存在，要么是没有被实行。The literature has many examples of health prob

33、lems of individuals as well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat. 文献记载了许多有关个体的健康问题以及鱼类、野生动物栖息地被破坏的例子。Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the literature.许多其她发生的事件并未记载在文献上。Other waste materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift excavations either at the factory side or throug

34、hout the country side. 其她废弃物质被草率地埋在临时挖掘在工厂尚有乡村旁边的坑洞里面。 Because of ignorance and lack of economic incentives to do so, the factories made no attempt to prevent contamination of underground water supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of. 由于对环境的忽视以及缺少经济刺激，各公司完全没故意识来保护被化学物质污染的地下水供应。In fact, knowl

35、edgeable scientists of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous underground formations as methods of waste treatment. 事实上，现代有见识的科学家，已经接受了土地清洗以及过滤可渗入地底层这两种可作为解决废弃物治理的措施。Although these treatment methods may have been intended for non-hazardous materials, they were employed for

36、 hazardous materials as well. 尽管这些治理措施或许用于无毒害的物质，同步也可用于有毒害的物质。Again, there were no governmental regulations protecting the underground aquifers from these practices. 再者，并没有政府法规因保护地下蓄水层而严禁这些解决措施。The problem of disposal of hazardous chemicals did not improve with the creation of the Environmental Prot

37、ection Agency (EPA) in the 1996. 解决有毒化学物品的问题并没有由于在1996年环保局的成立而有所改善。 The first task of the new agency was to clean up rivers and streams. 此新兴机构的首要任务是清理干净河流水道。 Unfortunately, no one in power in the government at the time had insight into the problems that were to be created by the new agency. 不幸的是，当时政

38、府的执政人员没有一种洞察到那个新兴机构带来的问题。The EPA was quite successful in those early days in the enforcement of the many water pollution laws that evolved. 环保局在早些年的时候，对于强制执行污染法的发展还是做的相称成功的。 As the practice of the dumping of hazardous materials into the rivers and streams was eliminated, those same materials created

39、 other disposal problems. 随着往河道排放有毒物质的习惯的消除，但这些相似的物质导致了其她解决问题。Many of the chemicals saved from the sewer were either worthless or of such a low value as to render recovery uneconomical. 在下水道中回收到的物质不是没价值的就是低廉到局限性以恢复运用. In some cases, recovery was technically impossible. As a result, the waste chemica

40、ls were disposed of by any convenient method. 某些状况下,回收在技术层面上是不也许的.因此,诸多废弃的化学药物都被很简朴地扔掉了. The makeshift dumps sites were expanded. Because there were no regulations regarding disposal, 临时的垃圾场已经不得不扩大,由于没有任何有关废物丢弃的法规.persons with no technical expertise entered into the business of waste disposal. The p

41、rofits were high because these individuals did not treat the chemicals. 诸多不具有专业技术知识的人就进入了废物解决的行业,由于这些人并没有真正解决掉化学药物，因此这个行业的利润相称高。In most cases, the waste materials were transported to impounding areas located on privately owned land. 诸多状况下,废弃的化学物品会被运到私有土地上的贮物地.The factories that generated the waste f

42、elt secure in the belief that the waste transporter was disposing of the materials in an acceptable manner. 那些产生废弃物的厂家之因此感到安心是由于她们相信废物解决者会用一种合理的措施来处置掉废物.In most cases, this was not a correct assumption. 但诸多状况下,事实并非如此.The unregulated dumps grew both in size and complexity. 乱堆放的大小规模和复杂度上都在增长. When the

43、 dumps were in close proximity to populated areas or public water supplies, a series of problems begin to develop. 当垃圾场很接近居住区或公共水源的话,一系列的问题将会开始产生.Citizens in the vicinity of some of the dumps began to experience adverse health problems such as skin rashes, paralysis, cancer, and birth defects. 在某些垃圾

44、场附近的居民会开始遇到某些像皮肤疹.麻痹.癌症.先天缺陷等不利的健康问题. In some cases, these problems have been attributed to contamination from the chemicals. 有时候,这些问题会归属于受到化学药物的污染而产生的.Because of these concerns, the United States Congress enacted a new legislation that dealt with the issues of disposal of hazardous wastes. 由于这些紧张，美

45、国国会通过了一种新的解决有害废物过程中浮现问题的法规。This was the Resource Conversation and Recovery Act of 1987.这就是1987年的资源回收保护法。The purpose of the Act was to allow regulation of hazardous substance disposal. 这项法案的目的是批准有害物质解决的措施。As a result, industries that generated large quantities of these waste materials now had to ensu

46、re that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.成果导致产生大量废物的公司目前不得不保证这些物质被以对环境安全的措施解决。Many of the improper dumps that were created prior to the RCRA legislation were created by persons with little or no financial resources.在资源回收保护法由很少或者没有经济资源的人确立之前 ，诸多不合理的堆放已经

47、导致。As a result, the cleanup of the old sites has been taken over by the government under legislation. 使得清理旧的堆放点的工作由政府接管。As of this time, the results of these clean up efforts have been ineffective. 在这一时期，这些清理的努力效率不高。Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulations have been enacted that f

48、orce American industry to be responsible for hazardous waste disposal.由于过去的这些问题，强制美国工业承当有害物质解决的责任的有关法规已经颁布。The problems were brought about by a lack of economic indentives to the industrial community.这些问题是由对工业界缺少经济动力带来的。The problems were compounded by the inexperience and lack of insight by elected

49、governmental officials and the governmental agencies charged with the task of regulation.政府官员缺少经验和洞察力以及政府机构对法规的控制任务使得问题复杂化。Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.尽管目

50、前有足够的法规来解决有害物质的解决问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内是不也许真正的解决的。Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才干最后得到解决。Unit 3 What is Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization?什么是废物减量化，废物至少化 A great amount of time has been spent in

51、 the U.S. discussing the terminology of such words as source reduction, waste minimization, recycling and pollution prevention. EPA has provided the following definitions.美国耗费了大量的时间在讨论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和制止污染这些术语上，EPA已经提供了如下的定义。Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a proc

52、ess. 资源减量化：减少在于一种过程中的大量废物的任何行为。This includes, for example, process changes, feedstock changes, improved housekeeping/management, and in-process recycling.它涉及，例如，过程调节，原料调节，提高管理和回收内在循环。Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored,

53、 or disposed of. 废物至少化：产生的废物最大限度减少，然后解决，存储，或者处置。It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment.它

54、涉及了被导致了只要减量化与目前或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目的一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承当任何资源减量化或循环的活动。Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. 回收：作为一种商业产品的替代品，或作为一种工业过程的原料的运用或再运用。This includes the on-or off-site reclamation of usefu

55、l fractions of a waste or the removal of contaminants from a waste to allow reuse.它涉及了废物的有用的小部分或来自容许再用的清除了污染物的废物的在现场或离开现场的回收运用。Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers. 污染的避免：污染也许在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一种产品被用作商业用途或被消

56、费者使用的时候产生。This may be prevented in three ways: changing inputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous raw materials; process changes /increasing efficiency/improved maintenance such as equipment modifications, better housekeeping, in-process closed-loop recycling; or changing outputs/reducing relia

57、nce on toxic or hazardous products.这样也许在三个方式上被制止：变化投入/减少依赖有毒物或有害的原材料；变化过程/增长效率/提高类似设备修改的维修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者变化产出/减小对有毒或者有害产品的依赖。With the passage of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1984, the U.S. Congress established a national policy declar

58、ing the importance of reducing or eliminating the generation of hazardous waste.随着1984年危险废物和固体废物修正案资源保护和恢复法的通过，美国国会建立一种国家政策来表白回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性。The Congress hereby declares it to be a national policy of United States that wherever feasible, the generation of hazardous waste is to be reduced or elimina

59、ted as expeditiously as possible. 美国国会宣称它是一项无论在美国哪里都可行的国家政策，要尽量迅速地回收或消除危险废物的产生。Waste that is nevertheless generated should be treated, stored, or disposed of so as to minimize present and future threat to human health and the environment.然而产生的废物还是应被解决、储存或处置，从而尽量减少目前和将来对人类健康和环境的威胁。In 1990, the U.S. C

60、ongress passed the Pollution Prevention Act, establishing a hierarchy of waste management as national policy; stating that first pollution should be prevented or reduced wherever feasible; 在1990年，美国国会通过污染防治法，建立了一种全国废物管理政策。表白第一污染应当被避免或回收；second, waste should be recycled in an environmentally safe man