人力资源管理专业词汇

1、AppendixAGlossaryofHuman ResourceManagement Termsabsentees Absentees are employees who are scheduled to be at work but are not present.Accident andsicknesspolicies Accident and sickness policies usually provide a minimum-care stipend for several weeks up to six months to help employees defray the lo

2、ss of income while they are sick or recovering from an accident.accreditation Accreditation is a process of certifying the competence of a person in an area of capability. The Society for Human Resource Management operates an accreditation program for personnel professionals.activelistening Active l

3、istening requires the listener to stop talking, to remove distractions, to be patient, and to empathize with the talker.adverseselection Adverse selection occurs when an insurance company has a disproportionately high percentage of insureds who will make claims in the future. Adverse selection often

4、 results when people are given a chance to buy insurance without prescreening, which often means that a higher than normal proportion have a condition that is likely to cause them to be frequent claimants.affirmativeactionprograms Affirmative action programs are detailed plans developed by employers

5、 to undo the results of past employment discrimination, or to ensure equal opportunity in the future.AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967 (asamended) This act prohibits discrimination on employment because of age against those who are 40 and older.AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressof IndustrialO

6、rganization(AFL-CIO) The AFL-CIO is a federation of most national unions. It exists to provide a unified focal point for the labor movement, to assist national unions, and to influence government policies that affect members and working people.appliedresearch Applied research is a study of practical

7、 problems, the solutions of which will lead to improved performance.arbitration Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to a neutral third party.assessmentcenters Assessment centers are a standardized form of employee appraisal that relies on multiple types of evaluation and multiple raters.assoc

8、iatemembership Associate membership in a labor organization allows people who are not employed under a union contract to affiliate with a union by paying fees and dues in return for union-supported benefits.attitudesurveys Attitude surveys are systematic methods of determining what employees think a

9、bout their organization. The surveys are usually done through questionnaires. Attitude survey feedback results when the information collected is reported back to the participants. This process then is usually followed by action planning to identify and resolve specific areas of employee concern.attr

10、ition Attrition is the loss of employees who leave the organizations employment.auditreport The audit report is a comprehensive description of personnel activities. It includes both commendation for effective practices and recommendations for improving practices that are ineffective.auditteam An aud

11、it team consists of those people who are responsible for evaluating the performance of the personnel department.authorizationcards Authorization cards are forms that prospective union members sign. The cards indicate their wish to have an election to determine whether a labor organization will repre

12、sent the workers in their dealings with management.autonomousworkgroups Autonomous work groups are teams of workers, without a formal company-appointed leader, who decide among themselves most decisions traditionally handled by supervisors.autonomy Autonomy is having control over ones work.bargainin

13、gbook A bargaining book is a compilation of the negotiation teams plans for collective bargaining with labor or management. Increasingly, the bargaining book is being replaced by information stored in accompany or union computer.bargainingcommittee The union bargaining committee consists of union of

14、ficials and stewards who negotiate with managements representatives to determine wages, hours, and working conditions to be embodied in the labor agreement.behaviorallyanchoredratingscales(BARS) BARS rate employees scale that has specific behavioral examples on it to guide the rater. Behavioral mode

15、ling Behavioral modeling relies on the initiation or emulation of a desired behavior. A repetition of behavior modeling helps to develop appropriate responses in specified situations.behaviormodification Behavior modification states that behavior depends on its consequences.blindads Blind ads are wa

16、nt ads that do not identify the employer.bonafideoccupationalqualifications(BFOQ) A BFOQ occurs when an employer has a justified business reason for discriminating against a member of a protected class. The burden of proving a BFOQ generally falls on the employer.bottom-linetest The bottom-line test

17、 is applied by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to determine if a firms overall selection process is having an adverse impact on protected groups. Even though individual steps in the selection process might exhibit an adverse impact on a protected group, the firm will be considered in com

18、pliance if the overall process does not have an adverse effect.Boulwarism Boulwarism is a negotiation strategy developed by General Electric. Using this approach the company made its best offer to the union at the beginning of negotiations. Then it remained firm unless the union could find where man

19、agement had erred in the calculations used to arrive at the offer. This strategy has been ruled as an unfair labor practice by the National Labor Relations Board and by the federal courts.brainstorming Brainstorming is a process by which participants provide their ideas on a stated problem during a

20、freewheeling group session.buddysystem The buddy system of orientation exists when an experienced employee is asked to show a new worker around the job site, conduct introduction, and answer the newcomers questions.burnout Burnout is a condition of mental, emotional, and sometimes physical exhaustio

21、n that results from substantial prolonged stress.businessagent A business agent is a full-time employee of a local (usually craft) union. The business agent helps employees resolve their problems with management.businessunionism Business unionism describes unions that seek to improve the wages, hour

22、s, and working conditions of their members in a business like manner. (See social unionism.)buy-back Buy-backs occur when an employee who attempts to resign is convinced to stay in the employment of the organization. Normally the person is bought back with an offer of increased wages or salary.Cafet

23、eriabenefitprograms Cafeteria benefit programs allow employees to select the fringe benefits and services that answer their individual needs.career A career is all the jobs that are held during ones working life.careercounseling Career counseling assists employees in finding appropriate career goals

24、 and paths. careerdevelopment Career development consists of those experiences and personal improvements that one undertakes to achieve a career plan.careergoals Career goals are the future positions that one strives to reach. These goals serve as benchmarks along ones career path.careerpath A caree

25、r path is the sequential pattern of jobs that form ones career.careerplanning Career planning is the process by which one selects career goals and paths to those goals.careerplateau A career plateau occurs when an employee is in a position that he or she does well enough not to be demoted or fired b

26、ut not well enough to be promoted.changeagents Change agents are people who have the role of stimulating change within a group.checkoff A checkoff provision in a union-management labor agreement requires the employer to deduct union dues from employee paychecks and to remit those moneys to the union

27、.CivilRightsActof 1964 This act was passed to make various forms of discrimination illegal.closedshop A closed shop is a workplace where all employees are required to be members of the union before they are hired. These arrangements are illegal under the National Labor Relations Act.codetermination

28、Codetermination is a form of industrial democracy first popularized in West Germany. It gives workers the right to have representatives vote on management decisions.coinsuranceclause A coinsurance clause is a provision in an insurance policy that requires the employee to pay a percentage of the insu

29、reds expensescommunication Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to parableworth Comparable worth is the idea that a job should be evaluated as to its value to the organization and then paid accordingly. Thus jobs of comparable worth would be paid equally. Fo

30、r example, two people with widely different jobs would both receive the same pay if the two jobs were of equal value to the parativeevaluationapproaches Comparative evaluation approaches are a collection of different methods that compare one persons performance with that of co-pensation Compensation

31、 is what employees receive in exchange for their work.ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingActof1973(CETA) CETA was a broad-ranging act designed to provide job training, employment, and job hunting assistance to less advantaged persons. It has since been replaced by the Job Partnership Training Act.con

32、centrationinemployment Concentration exists when an employer (or some subdivision such as a department) has a higher proportion of employees from a protected class than is found in the employers labor market. (See underutilization.)concessionarybargaining Concessionary bargaining occurs when labor m

33、anagement negotiations result in fewer employer-paid fringe benefits or wage concessions, such as a freeze or wage cut.conciliationagreement a conciliation agreement is a negotiated settlement agreeable to the EEOC and to all parties involved. Its acceptances closes the case.ConsolidatedOmnibusBudge

34、tReconciliationActof1985(COBRA) Thisact was signed into law in 1986. COBRA requires employers that provide group benefits to employees through a group plan to also provide group benefits to qualified beneficiaries with the right to elect to continue their coverage for a certain period of time after

35、their coverage would otherwise terminate, with a few exceptions.constructs Constructs are substitutes for actual performance. For example, a score on a test is a construct for actual learning.contractlabor Contract labor consists of people who are hired (and often trained) by an independent agency t

36、hat supplies companies with needed human resources for a fee.contributorybenefitplans Contributory benefit plans are fringe benefits that require both the employer and the employee to contribute to the cost of the insurance, retirement, or other employer benefit.coordinatedorganizing Coordinated org

37、anizing occurs when two or more unions pool their resources to organize a targeted employer or group of employees.correctivediscipline Corrective discipline is an action that follows a rule infraction and seeks to discourage further infractions so that future acts are in compliance with standards.co

38、unseling Counseling is the discussion of an employee problem with the general objective of helping the worker cope with it.counselingfunctions Counseling functions are the activities performed by counselors. They include advice, reassurance, communication, release of emotional tension, clarified thi

39、nking, and reorientation.craftunions Craft unions are labor organizations that seek to include all workers who have a common skill, such as carpenters or plumbers.criticalincidentmethod The critical incident method requires the rater to report statements that describe extremely good or extremely bad

40、 employee behavior. These statements are called critical incidents, and they are used as examples of good or bad performance in rating the employee.Decision-makingauthority See line authority.deductibleclause A deductible clause is a provision in an insurance policy that requires the insured to pay

41、a specified amount of a claim before the insurer is obligated to pay.deferraljurisdictions Deferral jurisdictions are areas in the United States where the EEOC will refer a case to another (usually a state or local)agency; for example, Florida Human Relations Commission.deferredstockincentivesystems

42、 These incentives award stock that becomes owned by the executive gradually over several years.delegation Delegation is the process of getting others to share a managers work. It requires the manager to assign duties, grant authority, and create a sense of responsibility.Delphitechnique The Delphi t

43、echnique solicits predictions from a panel of experts about some specified future development(s). The collective estimates are then reported back to the panel so that the members may adjust their opinions. This process is repeated until a general agreement on future trends emerges.demographics Demog

44、raphics is the study of population characteristics.demotions Demotions occur when an employee is moved from one job to another that is lower in pay, responsibility, and organizational level.development Development represents those activities that prepare an employee for future responsibilities.Dicti

45、onaryofOccupationalTitles(DOT) The Dictionary of Occupational Titles is a federal government publication that provides detailed job descriptions and job codes for most occupations in government and industry.differentialvalidity Differential validity is used to demonstrate that tests or other selecti

46、on criteria are valid for different subgroups or protected classes.directivecounseling Directive counseling is the process of listening to an employees emotional problems, deciding with the employee what should be done, and then telling and motivating the employee to do it. (See non directive counse

47、ling.)discipline Discipline is management action to encourage compliance with the organizations standards.dismissal Dismissal is the ultimate disciplinary action because it separates the employee from the employer for a cause.disparateimpact Disparate impact occurs when the results of an employers a

48、ctions have a different effect on one or more protected classes.disparatetreatment Disparate treatment occurs when members of a protected class receive unequal treatment.Drug-FreeWorkplaceActof 1988 This legislation requires that organizations applying for federal grants certify that they will make

49、good-faith efforts to provide a drug-free work place. dualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagement Since both line and staff managers are responsible for employees, production, and quality of work life, a dual responsibility for personnel management exists.dueprocess Due process means that established r

50、ules and procedures for disciplinary action are followed and that employees have an opportunity to respond to the charges made against them.earlyretirement Early retirement occurs when a worker retires from an employer before the normal retirement age.EmployeeAssistancePrograms(EAPs) EAPs are compan

51、y-sponsored programs to help employees overcome their personal problems through direct company assistance, counseling, or outside referral.employeehandbook The employee handbook explains key benefits, policies, and general information about the employer.TheEmployeePolygraphProtectionAct The act proh

52、ibits the use of polygraphs in private industry by forbidding any employer engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce from directly or indirectly requiring, requesting, or causing any employee or prospective employee to take or submit to a lie detector test. Restrictions also cov

53、er use of information regarding results of such a test and the taking of adverse employment action against any employee who refuses, declines, or fails to take a lie detector test.EmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurityAct(ERISA) ERISA was passed by Congress to ensure that employer pension plans meet minim

54、um participation, vesting, and funding requirements.employmentfreeze An employment freeze occurs when the organization curtails future hiring.employmentfunction The employment function is that aspect of personnel responsible for recruiting, selecting, and hiring new workers. This function is usually

55、 handled by the employment section or employment manager of a large personnel department.employmentreferences Employment references are evaluations of an employees work performance. They are provided by past employers.employmenttests Employment tests are devices that assess the probable match betwee

56、n the applicants and the job requirements.EqualEmploymentActof1972 This act strengthened the role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission by amending the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 1972 law empowered the EEOC to initiate court action against non complying organizations.equalemploymentoppor

57、tunity Equal employment opportunity means giving people a fair chance to succeed without discrimination based on factors unrelated to job performance-such as age, race, or national origin.EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC) The EEOC is the federal agency responsible for enforcing Title VII of

58、 the Civil Rights Act, as amended and other laws such as the Age Discrimination in Employequalemploymentopportunitylaws Equal employment opportunity laws area family of federal and state acts that seek to ensure equal employment opportunities for members of protected groups.EqualPayArtof1963 This ac

59、t prohibits discrimination in pay because of a persons sex.ergonomics Ergonomics is the study of biotechnical relationships between the physical attributes of workers and the physical demands of the jobs. The object is to reduce physical and mental strain in order to increase productivity and qualit

60、y of work life.errorofcentraltendency The error of central tendency occurs when a rater evaluates employee performance as neither good nor poor, even when some employees perform exceptionally well or poorly. Instead, the rater rates everyone as average.evaluationinterviews Evaluation interviews are