医学英语课件资料：超声引导子宫内脂多糖注射是一种诱导早产小鼠的新模型

1、The American Journal of PathologyUltrasound-Guided Intrauterine Injection of Lipopolysaccharide as a Novel Model of Preterm Birth in the Mouse美国病理学杂志超声引导子宫内脂多糖注射是一种诱导早产小鼠的新模型 Mouse models are used to study mechanisms that link intrauterine infection and preterm birth (PTB). To mimic intrauterine inf

2、ection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly injected into the uterus. Traditional minilaparotomy is invasive and can cause PTB in control animals. Less-invasive ultrasound-guided intrauterine LPS injection could minimize PTB in control animals.Laparotomy ModelIntravaginal ModelUltrasound-Guided Mod

3、el PTB in control group effect live born pups % Unable to induce PTBImmuno-histochemistryqPCR Influx of neutrophils Parturient gene up-regulate can induce PTB reduce PTB in control group Target gene expression was normalized for RNA loading by using Actb, and the expression in each sample was calcul

4、ated relative to a calibrator sample (untreated D17 uterus, fetal membranes, or placenta), which was included in all reactions, using the 2-Ct method of analysis.Quantitative real-time PCRActb: -ActinCT: Cycle Threshold词根与课内相关知识Intrauterine & intrvaginalIntra- 在之内的文献内：Intravaginal LPS administration

5、, intrauterine infection引申：Intralobular ductUterine, ureter, urethraMinilaparotomy 小切口剖腹手术Mini- 表示tiny，此处译为小切口的Laparo- 即abdominalLaparoscope 腹腔镜Laparorrhaphy 腹腔缝合术 (-rrhaphy, suture)Laparocele 腹疝 (-cele, hernia)-tomy 表示cut-ectomy, 表示切除 -stomy, 常表示造口 (colostomy, 结肠造口术)Proinflammatory Pro- 表示before, f

6、orward文献内：Proinflammatory cytokine, 致炎（炎症前）细胞因子From Wiki: Proinflammatory cytokines are cytokines that promote systemic inflammation , such as TNF and IL. They are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions.SubclinicalSub- 表示below,

7、under文献内：Subclinial, 直译为“亚临床的”释义：not manifesting characteristic clinical symptoms, may be in an early stage in the evolution of a disease. 含义等同于asymptomatic, clinically silent, 即无症状的Inoculation 预防接种In- 此处表示into （通常表示not）oculo- 此处表示bud，原意为eyeOculomotor n.引申：ophthalm, oculo 含义偏向于眼球，如ophthalmology眼科opt

8、, -opia, -opsia 含义偏向于视力，如optic n., hyperopia远视，heteropsia双眼不等视Inoculate: implant a bud or “eye” of one plant into another, usually used in sense of “to vaccinate, to implant germs of a disease to produce immunity”文献中：intravaginal LPS inoculation，表示给药，相当于administrationDepilatoryde- 表示lack of, losspil

9、/o 表示hairpiloerection 立毛的pilocarpine 毛果芸香碱，一种眼科药物文献中：Abdominal hair was clipped, and residual hairwas removed with depilatory cream, and warmed ultrasound gel was applied to the abdomen. 脱毛膏 Supine含义：“bent backwards, lying on the back”, or figuratively “inactive” 即仰卧的，消极的文献中：For all ultrasound exper

10、iments, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and were positioned supine on the ultrasound stage. 仰卧于超声台上引申Supinate, 表示“to place the hand so that the palm is turned upward” 译为旋后，词根为supine, 即手掌和小臂“仰卧”的姿态Pronate词根为prone，表示 “bent forward”, or figuratively “inclined to”, 前倾 译为旋前，即手掌小臂“前倾”的姿态相

11、关工具：http:/ 查询单词词根/ 医学单词缩写及相关延伸常见期刊名称的缩写AJP (Am J Pathol )The American Journal of PathologyAJG (Am J Gastroenterol)The American Journal of GastroenterologyAJCN (Am J Clin Nutr)The American Journal of Clinic NutritionJAMAJournal of the American Medical Association NEJMNew England Journal of MedicineBM

12、JBritish Medical JournalJNeurosciJournal of NeurosciencePreterm Birth 早产Pre-term BirthPTB其他常见的表达preterm; premature (deliver/labor/birth)文中常用缩写Lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖lipo-poly-saccharideLPS延伸 lipooligosaccharide (LOS) Phosphate-buffered saline 磷酸盐缓冲盐水PBSUltrasound Contrast Agent 超声造影剂UCA文中常用缩写Tumor ne

13、crosis factor-TNF-Interleukin 1Inter-leukin 1IL-1Anti-Ly-6GLymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G 细胞因子及抗体缩写Acute-phase reaction在炎症反应中，血浆内浓度发生急剧变化的蛋白 increase (positive acute-phase proteins) decrease (negative acute-phase proteins)Cxcl1chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 趋化因子（C-X-C结构）配体 Ccl2chemokine (C-

14、C motif) ligand 2 趋化因子（C-C结构）配体 基因名称缩写Il1binterleukin 1 白介素1Tnfatumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子Actbactin, beta (-actin) 肌动蛋白基因名称缩写Ccl2(Mm00441242_m1)Mus musculus Rattus norvegicusHomo sapiens Homo erectusHomo habilisAustralopithecus常见编码NCBI中RefSeq各种accessionModel RefSeq RNA and protein products that ar

15、e generated by the eukaryotic genome annotation pipeline. These records use accession prefixes XM_, XR_, and XP_.Known RefSeqRNA and protein products that are mainly derived from GenBank cDNA and EST(expressed sequence tags) data and are supported by the RefSeq eukaryotic curation group. These recor

16、ds use accession prefixes NC_, NM_, NR_, and NP_.常见编码AccessionMoleculeNoteAC_123456Genomic一些可供选择的注释的基因组序列，主要用来标记病毒和原核生物。AP_123456ProteinAC_标记序列对应的蛋白产物。NC_123456Genomic完整的基因组分子序列，标记的类别包括基因组、染色体、细胞器、质粒。NP_123456NP_123456789Protein蛋白产物；主要是全长转录氨基酸序列，但也有一些只有部分蛋白质的部分氨基酸序列。常见编码mean SEM (SEM = standard erro

17、r of mean)mean SEmean SD (SD = standard deviation)CI：confidence interfere 置信区间t-test：student t test 学生t检验统计中的常用缩写Polysemy一词多义朱佳伟201301030主要运用的工具CNKI快速，便捷，能够查找到大多数单词能够给出单词相应的例句，以及该单词各个意思所用次数有道词典 主要用于翻译普通词汇涉及专业名词的翻译较为不准确丁香园（个人觉得不如CNKI）Administration d,mnstren管理行政；行政机关实行本文献中相关词组：intrauterine LPS admini

18、stration 给药引申：delivery交付；分娩；递送。也能翻译成给药 drug delivery systemtreatment tritmnt治疗对待疗法本文献中相关词组：PBS treatment & LPS treatment 处理invasive nvesv 侵略性的攻击性的本文献中相关句子： this method is invasive for the animals 有创的；创伤性的拓展：扩散性的 they found invasive cancer cells during a examination.infiltration ,nfltren 渗透渗透物本文献中相关句

19、子： neutrophil infiltration浸润：嗜中性粒细胞浸润血液中的白细胞在炎症时渗出血管壁，迁入炎性组织中成为炎细胞炎细胞在炎症灶聚集的现象称炎细胞浸润Pilot palt n. 飞行员v. 驾驶；领航；使用 本文献中相关词组： pilot experiment预先的；试点的A preliminary experiment whose outcome can lead to a more extensive experiment.Systemic sstmk 系统的 systemic risks体系的本文献中相关词组：systemic administration 全身的相关词

20、汇：systematicSystemic主要指全身，systematic指系统的、有序的、有计划的如果systemic也做“系统的”意思理解的话,可以写成systematicLabor leb(r) 劳动工作本文献中相关词组：preterm labor分娩相关词汇：laborious，laborer，laboratoryPup pp n. 小狗；幼畜v.生（小狗等小动物）本文献中相关词组：live born pups 仔鼠相关词汇：puppy，pupil（学生，瞳孔）ultrasound-guided 超声介导超声引导本文献中相关句子： ultrasound-guided intrauteri

21、ne administration介导和引导的区别：（1）介导指的是以一个中间步骤来传递或起媒介的作用。指把某种物质作为媒介转导某种物质，即将一种“物质”传递给另一种“物质”的过程和方式。（2）引导，即带领指引。名词解释王伦 201301036Vaginal plug：阴道塞Gestational sac：孕囊Fetal membrane：胎膜Ultrasound contrast agent：超声造影剂3R principles：3R原则 Vaginal plug 阴道塞雄性分泌（hard plug / glue），雌性生殖道（可排出） 受精优势（time advantage）成分主要是各类

22、酸蝎子，蜘蛛，蜜蜂，爬行类，大鼠，小鼠，松鼠，袋 鼠，少数灵长类Passive mate-guarding VS Active mate-guardingHomosexual matings Gestational sac 孕囊Large cavity of fluid surrounding theembryo. Amniotic sac expanded to occupy the majority of its volume, eventually filling the entire space. Also called thechorionic cavity. Gestational

23、 sac = ExtraembryoniccoelomOnly structure to determine intrauterinepregnancy until embryois identified.Fetal membrane 胎膜Membranes associated with the developingfetus： AmnionChorionAllantoisSecondaryyolk sacUltrasound contrast agent 超声造影剂UCA，是一类能显著增强超声背向散射强度的化学制剂。其主要成分是微气泡，包膜一般为白蛋白或半乳糖等聚合体，一般直径为2-10u

24、m。造影剂微气泡在超声的作用下会发生振动，产生强背向散射信号，以此与周围组织相区分开来。造影剂的分代：一代空气，包膜厚，弹性差 二代高密度惰性气体，包膜薄，柔软超声造影显像 & Targeted超声造影显像3R principles 3R原则 ：替代 (Replacement), 减少 (Reduction), 优化 (Refinement)1959，英国，动物学家William Russell 和微生物学家Rex Burch1.替代 没有知觉的实验材料代替活体动物，或低等动物替代高等动物进行试验，并获得相同实验效果的科学方法。2.减少 在动物实验时，用较少量的动物获取同样多的试验数据或用一定

25、数量的动物获得更多试验数据的科学方法3.优化 在必须使用动物进行实验时，要尽量减少非人道程序对动物的影响范围和程度 长句刘湘宁201301009句子sentence：简单句，复合句，复杂句，复合又复杂句简单句=（主+谓+宾）x1simple复合句=简单句+连词+简单句compound复杂句=主句+从句complex复合又复杂句简单句=（主+谓+宾）x1simpleI（主） love（谓） mie（宾）.定语：修饰主语或宾语I love my lovely（定）mie.状语：修饰谓语I love my lovely mie dearly（状）.1. Intravaginal LPS admini

26、stration did not stimulate PTB. Intravaginal LPS administration：带定语的主语 did not stimulate：谓语的过去时态 PTB：宾语2. On day 17 of gestation mice received LPS intravaginally (10 to 240g; n=3to 8) or into the uterus (20g) under ultrasound guidance (n=7) or via laparotomy (n =7). mice：主语 received：谓语的过去时态 LPS：宾语 O

27、n day 17 of gestation：时间状语 intravaginally or into the uterus ：地点状语 under ultrasound guidance or via laparotomy： 方式状语特殊语法：被动语态，I love xiangzi.Xiangzi（主） is loved（谓语被动语态）.Be + 动词过去分词主语是动作接受者注意：在native speaker中极为常见Temperature and heart rate were monitored throughout all procedures. 翻译方法：“被”/强行补主语特殊语法：分

28、词短语做成分，包括现在分词和过去分词分词：过去分词done/现在分词doing，动词特殊形式Here, we report the development of a novel, minimally invasive model of localized intrauterine inflammation-induced PTB, using ultrasound-guided intrauterine LPS administration. 现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动复合句=简单句+连词+简单句compound连词：连接两个【独立】、【并列】的简单句I love xiangzi and（

29、连） I love mie.However, Althoughand, butnot onlybut also/butas well We therefore abandoned further attempts at the vaginal LPS model and subsequently focused our studies on two models of intrauterine inflammation-induced PTB. 特殊语法：主语省略 翻译方法：分别翻译后用连词的中文含义连接复杂句=主句+从句complex从句：从属关系，多为对主句的补充或解释 引导词决定从句种类

30、（多数情况） 从句在大句子中做成分I love xiangzi when（引） she feeds me.That做主语，宾语或定语When，where，if做状语 Importantly, in contrast to our previously published studies that used thelaparotomy model, we did not observe neutrophil infiltration in the uterine tissue of PBS-treated mice, highlighting that the use of ultrasound

31、-guided intrauterine injection minimizes the inflammatory response in the control animals. 定语从句、宾语从句 翻译方法：先找主句，一句一句翻复合又复杂句拆！ 分复合关系 找各个主句 分主、谓关系 分析其他成分 从句或分词短语 翻译方法：拼复合又复杂句1. 【Given the practical and ethical issues that surround the collection of tissues from pregnant women and the testing of novel i

32、nterventions without prior in vivo proof of concept】, animal models are invaluable 【in improving our understanding of the mechanisms that link intrauterine infectionand inflammation and PTB and to investigate the potential of novel therapeutic options for PTB】. animal models are invaluable：主句 given：

33、过去分词短语，“考虑到” in improving：现在分词短语 that：定语从句2. In addition, we have previously reported （that the laparotomy procedure induced a neutrophil influx in the connective tissue layer that surrounds the myometrial muscle bundles of mice 【treated withphosphate-buffered saline (PBS)】, which were absent in tis

34、sue from untreated control mice, 【highlighting that the laparotomy procedure itself can induce a rapid localized inflammatory response even without LPS administration】.） we have previously that：含宾语从句的主句 that （）：定语从句 treated with：过去分词短语做定语 highlighting that：现在分词及其宾语从句3. 【To investigate whether ultras

35、ound-guided intrauterine LPS administration induced a similar local inflammatory response in the uteroplacental tissues as previously described with the laparotomy model of PTB】, uteroplacental tissues werecollected 【6 hours after PBS or LPS treatment】and analyzed 【by qPCR for the expression of seve

36、ral genes classically associated with the onset of parturition】. uteroplacental tissues were collected and analyzed ：主句 whether：宾语从句 as：定语从句 associated with ：过去分词短语做定语Translation skills程成 201301069TranslationProcessScan the paper1Read Chinese articles in area related2Identify meanings of technical t

37、erminologies3Translate roughly4Pay attention to “easy” words 5Check & adjust6Principles of translation01Accuracy & Integrity02Fluency & Coherence03AppropriateLiguistic stylePrinciples of translation01Accuracy & Integrity02Fluency & Coherence03AppropriateLiguistic styleAccuracy & Integrity Pay attent

38、ion to “easy words”therapeutic interventions to prevent PTB防治早产的治疗方法prevent防止预防妨碍；阻止Accuracy & Integrity Pay attention to “easy words”treatments to delay preterm delivery延缓早产的治疗方法delay延期；耽搁推迟延缓延误 Accuracy & Integrity Pay attention to “easy words”Importantly, we did not observe neutrophil infiltratio

39、n in the uterine tissue of PBS-treated mice, highlighting that the use of ultrasound-guided intrauterine injection minimizes the inflammatory response in the control animalshighlight：加亮使显著突出；强调有力地说明Accuracy & Integrity Integrity of componentbacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide(LPS) or proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-(THF-) or IL-1bacterial productsLPSproinflammatory cytokinesTHF-IL