英语写作基础知识培训教程

1、 . 166/166HYPERLINK :/ /英语写作基础教程A Basic Course in Writing主讲: Priscillapan教学大纲一. 教学对象 本课程的教学对象是高等专科英语专业的学生或具有同等水平的自学者._ 二. 教学目的与要求 通过本课程的教学, 使学生初步掌握英语写作技能, 学会用英文写叙述,说明性的短文和一般性应用文.(1) 用英文写叙述,说明性的短文: 要求学生能根据命题列出作文提纲,在1小时写出不少于200词的短文, 容切题,完整,条理清楚,语句连贯通顺, 语法基本正确.(2) 用英文写一般性的应用文: 要求学生能根据提示写出 知,贺卡,便条,申请书,邀

2、请函,简历, 格式正确, 语言得体._ 三. 教学安排 本课程3个学分, 在一个学期开设, 每周3学时,共计54学时._ 四. 教学容 本课程主要教学容如下:(1) 文稿格式; (2) 句子结构;(3) 构段方式;(4) 谋篇布局;(5) 摘要;(6) 应用文._ 五. 教学原则 (1) 在教学过程中, 要充分考虑成人学习的特点和本课程的特点, 注重对学生遣词造句这两种能力的培养;(2) 在教学过程中, 教师应以指导学生自学为主, 以电视教学和课堂教学为辅, 采用多种教学手段对学生进行写作训练._ 六. 测试 _ 实行全国统一的闭卷考试.考试采用百分制,60分与格.实施方案一,课时安排_英语

3、写作基础课总学时为54小时,课外练习时数为54小时.二,具体学习安排_ (一)基本技能的学习:6课时,要求掌握标点符号的用法._ (二)句子的写作:9课时,要求掌握句子统一性,连贯性,重点突出的写作技巧._ (三)段落的写作 :6课时,要求掌握段落统一性的写作,学会主题句和扩展句的运用._ (四)一般性文章和应用文的写作 :30课时,要求掌握基本应用文的写作,这是本课程的重点部分(具体容附后)._ (五)期末复习:3课时,全面复习本学习的教学容,模拟考试.三,教学意见_ 1) 作文课应该以教师讲解,学生练习为主._ 2) 授课重点应该放在写作技能技巧的训练上,理论知识可以适当少讲._ 3) 有

4、条件的分校可以充分利用网上资源和现代技术设备,利用互联网上的英语写作扩大学生的阅读两;利用视频展示台把学生所写的优秀文章向全班批改,也可以讲普遍性的问题;等等.考试题型一,考试题型与要求_ 本课程的考试依据教学大纲的要求,重点考查应用文写作和一般文体的写作.考试为闭卷考试,总分为100分._ 1.应用文写作_ 根据提示写一个不少于50词的通知和一个不少于100词的便条,要求语言通顺,用词得体,格式正确.满分为30分;_ 2.命题作文_ 根据所给题目与写作提纲或规定场景等,写一篇不少于200词的作文,要求符合文章类型特点,容切题,语言通顺.满分为70分.二,考试模拟试题一,Write a not

5、ice into the box according to the following facts:(10分)_乒乓球赛_ 地点: 1号球室 :_ 商业学校对语言文化大学_ 时间:5月8日 用六 下午五时二,Write a note based on the given facts:(20分) :_ 时间:6月9月_ 对象:Prof. Stone_ 容:对不起,不能赴3点的约会.我的论文由,于被朋友锁上了,不能带来.我不知他何时返回.如果方便,我能在明日下午五时在系办公室见您吗 若不行,请明早特便条放在我的信箱里,信箱号606._ 留言者:吴敏三,Write an essay of no fe

6、wer than 200words:(70分) :_ Title:_ Qualification of a Good University Student_ Aids:_ First Paragraph:_Your point of view of being a good university student_ Second Paragraph: What makes a good university student (with some examples)_ Third Paragraph:_Conclusion平时作业英语写作基础平时作业(大作业)共四次,主要检查同学们对英语应用文写作

7、的掌握情况._1)完成 P125页 Exercise 1 (Notice Writing)2)完成 P126页 Exercise 3 (Note Writing)3)完成 P126页 Exercise 4 (Letters Writing)4)完成 P126页 Exercise 5 (resumes Writing)_ 另外,任课教师可以根据教学容,适当补充写作练习.General Remarks on Writing _Writing _makes an exact man. _Great use and popularity _Needing Much Knowledge _Useful

8、for Reading and Spoken _Great Difficulties as well Targets of this Course At the end of this course, you should be able: _to use the punctuation marks correctly; _to write correct sentences; _to write more effective sentences ; _to compose a full essay; _to write a practical essay like a note, a let

9、ter, or a notice etc. Arrangement_ I Writing the titleII Leaving the marginsIII Paragraphing IV CapitalizationV Dividing wordsWriting the titleBe placed in the middle of the first lineEvery word of the title should be capitalizedNo full stop should be used at the end of a titleMarginsA. leave margin

10、s at the top and bottom and on the side of each page. Never write on a full page. B. left side margin should be wider if the work is to be bound. C. For students, it is advisable to write on every other line. ParagraphingA. Indentation (Space) . . . . . B. Block . . . . . Handwriting Regrettably, an

11、 English writer is not so concerned with the aesthetics in handwriting as a Chinese writer is. Be neat and legible. A. Make your ts different from your es; B. Make your rs different from your vs; C. If cross out a word, no brackets but a thick line across it; D. If add a word, write it above, not be

12、low; E. Two common ways of writing the letters: form loops and print SyllabificationWhen you happen not to have enough room to write a whole word in at the end of a line: A. If the word is monosyllabic, please write it in a next line; B. If the word is polysyllabic, you maybe syllabify it if you fee

13、l necessaryHow to syllabify a word Just splitting a word then a hyphen then the other part of the word. occupation: oc-cu-pa-tion ( Dont split it like this: occ-upa-tion) Nowadays, a computer deals with this problems automaticallyAbbreviations and Numerals Abbreviations shorten some words, titles an

14、d long names. They are used in advertising and informal occasions. 1) Be sure to use them before you know. 2) Be sure of the dots ( . ). Abbreviations 1)_ Before names (family names), titles are abbreviated: Mr. Green Ms. Adella Dr. Bethune 2)_ Titles of academics, government officials, and priest c

15、an be abbreviated, followed by the full name: Prof. Li Gov. Henry Ford Sen. Robert 3)_ Academic degrees and family designations preceded by full names can be abbreviated: Robert Smith, Ph. D. John Jones Jr./Sr. 4) Names of well-known organizations, firms, places, and long technical terms can be abbr

16、eviated by using the initial letters of the words: UNESCO FBI WHO TOEFL GATT 5)_ Time designations when used with specific numbers are abbreviated: 135 B.C. 6:00 a.m. 6) Words referring to portions of address can be abbreviated when they appear in address on envelopes, letter headings, or inside add

17、resses: Rd. Dept. Pro. P.R.C. Capitalization 1)The use of capitalization is unique and important in writing. (1) The china made in China is first class. (2) he bought that article of japan in Japan. (3) Their child was shanghaied in Shanghai. (4) John wanted to go to the john. (5) The turkey here is

18、 not as good as in Turkey. _ 2)The capitalization is used in the following 10 aspects: (1) the beginning of a sentence Wonderful! Where there is a will, there is a way. Can you hear me at the back Capitalization (2) For the first letter in each line of a poem. The Arrow and the Song I shot an arrow

19、into the sky, (3) The first letter of a directed quotation / speech: Who is on duty today the teacher asked. Dont worry, he said, trying to comfort me. We will help you make up for the lessons. (cf. To be frank with you, he said, you should not have told him that. Capitalization(4) The first letters

20、 of the essential words in proper nouns ( names of people, countries, organizations historical events, planes, etc.) Darwin Shakespeare China Jesus Christ the Great Wall the Red Cross Boeing 747 (5) The first letters of designation of relatives before family names: Uncle Geoge Aunt Maggie Niece Mary

21、 Grandma Lee Capitalization(6) Almost all abbreviations except a.m., p.m., etc., e.g., c/o, i.e., tec (7) the first letter of essential word in trade marks, service signs, posts, greetings, etc. Information Desk Hands Off Open Strictly No Smoking (祝你生日快乐!) Happy birthday to you! Happy Birthday to yo

22、u! (8) the title of all significant words in the title of a theme, article, essay. newspaper, periodical. But a form word of less than five letters is not capitalized unless it begins the title. Jane Eyre Gone with the Wind My College Life Capitalization(9) the first letter of the salutation and com

23、plimentary close in a letter: Dear Sir, Dear Mr. Evans, Sincerely yours, Yours, (10) the first letter of the words of the days of a week, the month, and the major words of holidays:Punctuation Main Punctuation marks 1. the period(.) 2. the question mark ( )3. the exclamation point (!)4. the comma (,

24、) 5. the semicolon (;)6. the colon (:) 7. brackets ( )8. the quotation marks ( ) 9. parentheses ( ( ) ) 10. The dash ()11. ellipsis points ( ) The Period ( . ) 1. The period (full stop) is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildly imperative sentence, and an indirect question. Honesty is t

25、he best policy. Hand in your homework, please. . The period marks the end of a sentence. The word after it begins a new sentence and has to be capitalized. She graduated from Oxford University. She achieved great success in her studies there. 2.The period is used with most abbreviations. But some pe

26、ople prefer not to use the period with abbreviations. They just write Mr, Ms, etc. Names of well-known organizations, broadcasting corporations are often written without periods, like UN, UNESCO, NATO, VOA, BBC. 3. Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates the omission of one or mo

27、re words within a quoted passage, or pauses in speech; Um I think, um she is um pretty um hardworking. The Comma ( , ) 1. A comma is used to join coordinate. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor, or, yet,): We wanted to go on, but other people disappeared. He tried hard, yet

28、he failed to convince her. We should remember that coordinate clauses have to be joined with a comma and a conjunction. One comma alone cannot do the job though it is possible in Chinese. Sam is four years old, he is quite bright. Sam is four years old, and he is quite bright. Using a comma to link

29、two clauses is a common mistake, which has a name: the comma fault or the comma splice. But we can use a semicolon, a dash, or a colon between two coordinate clauses. Sam is four years old; he is quite bright. Sam is very happy: hes got the first prize. The Comma ( , )2. A comma is used after an adv

30、erbial clause or phrase. When the rain stopped, we continued to work in the fields. On hearing the news, she went faint. Some listeners, bored by the lengthy talk, closed their eyes and dozed. 3. Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence. The com

31、ma before the conjunction and last item is optional. It can be omitted there is no danger of misreading. The children sang, danced, jumped, and chased each other. 4. Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas. Restrictive clauses and phrases are not set off by commas. The speaker, afte

32、r glancing at his notes, began to talk about the next point. The Comma ( , )5. In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if theorder is month-day-year; no comma need be used if the order is day-month-year. Hong Kong was returned to China on July 1, 1997. She was born on 15 September

33、 1980. 6. With numbers over 1,000 or more, commas or little blank spaces may be used to separate digits by thousands. From right to left, a comma is placed after every three numerals. 12,221,548 53,507,214 The question Marks ( ) 1. The question mark is used after a direct question. Do you know Mr. S

34、mith Could you please explain to me the meaning of this sentence she asked. 2. The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question ( said in a rising tune ). You like it You want to buy it The first time to the United States 3. A question mark put between parentheses indicates the wri

35、ters uncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date. Cao Xueqing was born in 1715 ( ), and died in poverty in 1764 ( ). The Exclamation Mark ( ! ) 1. The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or an emphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotio

36、n. Wow! What beautiful flowers! Help! It is on fire! The exclamation mark indicates strong emphasis and therefore it should be used sparingly. It is preferable to close a mild interjection with a comma or a period. (Do not use it frequently!) 2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.

37、Long live the Peoples Republic of China! NATO Out! The Semicolon ( ; ) 1. The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are not linked by a conjunction. We wanted to go on, but other people disappeared. She was interested in history years ago; today her main interest is art. Each of the

38、 above two sentences can be turned into two separate sentences without any change in meaning except some lack of closeness in them. 2. Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence, otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clause

39、s. Before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma. He promised to come the meeting; however, she would been caught in the storm. 3. The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses contain internal punctuation. 4. A comma is used to separate a series of items with internal commas. The

40、Colon ( : ) 1. The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement . It will do everyone good to remember this old saying: One will know that he does not know enough after he begins to learn. 2. ThSentence WritingRequirements for a correct sentence:It should be structurally complete.It should

41、begin with a capital letter.It should end with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark.It should express a single complete idea.Correct Sentences Completeness in Structure A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verb(谓语动词)and it begin

42、s with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. If the verb is transitive(与物动词), there must be an object; if the verb is a link verb(系动词), there must be a predicative(表语) or complement(补语). Examples () We have a lesson on Monday night.()To think about the gift makes me happy.() After this meal, t

43、hey were ready to set out.()Hoping she would accept his apology.()A school that was a bad experience.()With no difference except the color.The Right Subject 1) Not knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. 2) To look at a map, the importance of the road is seen. 3)Stuck in the mud, they h

44、ad to push the car. In the above sentences the subjects are not properly related to the gerunds, participles or infinitive in the first parts of the sentences.Agreement Between S. (subject) & P. (predicate verb) The predicate verb of a sentence has to agree with the subject in person and number. Col

45、lective nouns like family and audience may be either singular or plural, depending on the meaning in which they are used. If you think of family, government, etc. as one whole, a singular verb is needed. If you think of them as made up of a number of people, a plural verb is needed.The whole family

46、are going out for BBQ.This family is the happiest one in our town.There is a great audience in the playground.The audience are shocked by the news.When two subjects refer to different persons or are different in number, the verb should agree with the subject close to it.Neither he nor you are arrivi

47、ng at the right time.There is a pen and four books on the desk.Words after together with, in addition to, besides, etc., are objects of prepositions; they do not affect the number of the subject. The plays, as well as the captain, want very much to win.A subject clause generally takes a singular ver

48、b, but a what-clause which clearly refers to many things can take a plural verb.How he manages to do it remains a mystery.What he wanted to know were the pay, the living and working conditions.Agreement Between Pronoun & AntecedentJust as the predicate verb of a sentence has to agree with the subjec

49、t in person and number, so a pronoun has to agree with its antecedent.After a compound antecedent with or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, a pronoun agrees with the nearer part of the antecedent.A singular pronoun follows a collective noun antecedent when the members of the group are co

50、nsidered as a unit; a plural pronoun, when they are thought of individually.The jury was asked to return to their seats.For such singular antecedents as each, either, neither, one, no one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, everybody, somebody, and anybody, which may refer to both male and female, s

51、he or he, his or her, him or her, or the preferred plural pronouns they, their or them are used.Clear Pronoun Reference1) She told my sister that her idea was practical. 2) Leave out the word in that sentence because it is too difficult. We use personal pronouns very often. They seem to be easy, but

52、 they should be used with care. We beginners often make mistakes in using it.Ending sentences with full stopsTo join two or more complete sentences with commas may be possible in Chinese, but it is wrong in English. When a sentence is structurally complete, whether long or short, it should end with

53、a full stop. For example: He went out on Sunday. He met his friend in the street. They talk for a while. Then they said goodbye.When he went out on Sunday, he met his friend in the street. They talk for a while and then they said goodbye.Joining clauses with conjunctionWhen two or more sentences are

54、 closely connected in meaning, it may be better to put them into one sentence than separate them. Then those sentences will become clauses which should be joined together with proper conjunctions or other words, like relative pronouns.We should distinguish between conjunctions and adverbs, such as b

55、ut and however, so and therefore. We can join coordinate clauses with a comma and a conjunction, or with a semicolon, or with a semicolon and an adverb.Mom washed the dishes; and I dried and put them away.Some of the food crops failed, but the cotton did quite well. Some of the food crops failed; ho

56、wever, the cotton did quite well. A main clause in a complex sentenceIn a complex sentence there must be a main clause, whether it is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.Proper use of comparisonsAdjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree should be used only when there

57、is a comparison.We should not use adjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree when there is no comparison, explicit or implied.In addition, we should remember that only things of the same kind can be compared.For example: This course seems more difficult.Chinas population is larger than Indias.A

58、fter many years Bill remembered me better than Carl did.Correct Use of Tense Whenever we make a sentence, we should ask ourselves when the thing mentioned happens, and the right tense to report it. 1) He told/tells me that he is much better now. 2) She returned the book I lend/lent to her yesterday.

59、 3) Last time we saw a film, and it is/was a good one. Types of SentenceAccording to their use, we have 1) declarative sentences. (述句) 2) interrogative sentences.(疑问句) 3) imperative sentences.(祈使句) 4) exclamation sentences. (感叹句) According to their structure, we have simple sentences. (简单句) 2) compo

60、und sentences. (并列句)3) complex sentences. (复合句) 4) compound-complex sentences. (并列复合句)Types of SentenceFrom a rhetorical(修辞) point of view, we have 1) loose sentences. (松散句) 2) periodic sentences. (工整句) 3) balanced sentences. (对杖句) 4) Short and long sentences (长短句) Coordination(并列) and Subordination