中科大生态毒理学双语课件01绪论

1、生态毒理学Ecotoxicology生态毒理学一门贴近国家需求和人们日常生活科学的课程；启迪思维，开阔视野。Content of course专业课之专理论授课（8周）；期间邀请领域学者（中科大、中科院的刘颖、袁林喜博士、环境安全领域专家），为大家做4-5次专题报告；在学期末安排同学作一次集体调研讲演，分3组，计分-1，0，+1。Contents of course暑期实习合肥工业、农业、环巢湖，一周：现场考察、学习大型企业（农业、化工、高技术、食品、供水、环保）参观样品采集（水、土、生物）技能实验室分析（检测技术概要及微尺度分析中心参观）调查报告撰写 Contents of course“零

2、”压力考试开卷可带任何资料、笔记本电脑、网络、电话等着重在应用案例分析考察基本知识的简单运用对基本技能的掌握情况创造性解决问题能力 * 四年内不同考题 ，难度逐年提升 Contents of course关于环境科学专业与同学们商榷 Selected textbookFundamentals of Ecotoxicology (2nd Edition) by Michael C. Newman Carl A. Lawrence Michael A. Unger Newman, M.C. and M.A. Unger with contributions and translation by Y

3、uan Zhao and Taiping Wang. 2007. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. Second Edition, Taylor & Francis/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, Chinese translation with Chemical Industrial Press, Beijing, China. Newman, M.C. and M.A. Unger. 2003. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, Second Ed. CRC/Lewis Press, Boca Raton, FL Newma

4、n, M.C. 1998. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI. Michael C. NewmanProfessor of Marine Science B.A., University of Connecticut Ph.D. Rutgers University Memberships Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETC) Email: newmanOffice:Chesapeake Bay Hall, S110 Phone: (

5、804) 684-7725/env/people/faculty/newman.htmlThe Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) has a three-part mission to conduct interdisciplinary research in coastal ocean and estuarine science, educate students and citizens, and provide advisory servic

6、e to policy makers, industry, and the public. Chartered in 1940, VIMS is currently among the largest marine research and education centers in the United States.毒理学毒理学是研究物理、化学和生物有毒有害因素, 特别是化学有毒有害因素对各种生物体的损害作用及其机理的科学。上什么？中国目前存在的最主要毒理问题。空气水体土壤食物上什么？中国目前存在的最热点毒理问题。新闻媒体高度关注家庭作业每组选择一个最感兴趣的毒理问题，合作写一篇5-10页，

7、观点明确、逻辑清晰、具备一定覆盖面、图文并茂的科学综述文章，参考文献（含网络资料、报纸报道）不少于20篇。生态毒理学本课程综合了环境毒理学和生态毒理学内容，服务人类，包括人类。The term ecotoxicology was coined by Truhaut in 1969, who defined it as the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosys

8、tems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integral context” (Truhaut, 1977).比较一览Huaihe River癌症村Haihe RiverPearl RiverChao LakeTai LakeDianchi LakeCancer/wiki/CancerCancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display the traits of un

9、controlled growth (growth and division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not.Cancer worldwideCancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. From a total of 58 million

10、deaths worldwide in 2005, cancer accounts for 7.6 million (or 13%) of all deaths. The main types of cancer leading to overall cancer mortality are:lung (1.3 million); Stomach (almost 1 million); Liver (662,000); Colon 结肠 (655,000) and Breast (502,000). Deaths from cancer in the world are projected t

11、o continue rising, with an estimated 9 million people dying from cancer in 2015 and 11.4 million dying in 2030./mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/AgeCancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all dea

12、ths. According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6million people died from cancer in the world during 2007.Investigation These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and endoscopy. CauseThese abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals,

13、 or infectious agents. Genetic influenceCancer-promoting oncogenes（致癌基因）are often activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death. Tumor suppressor genes （抑癌基因） are often inactivated in cancer cells, resu

14、lting in the loss of normal functions in those cells.Chemical carcinogens Particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. Tobacco smoking is associated with lung cancer and bladder cancer. Epidemiology Cancer epidemiology closely mirrors risk factor spread in various countries. H

15、epatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is rare in the West but is the main cancer in China and neighbouring countries, most likely due to the endemic presence of hepatitis B （肝炎） and aflatoxin （黄曲霉毒素） in that population. 目前已知促发剂：在香烟里的尼古丁等物质可促进肺癌,糖精促进膀脱癌,胆汁酸促进大肠癌。碱基互补配对原则在DNA分子结构中，腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶之间有两个氢键，鸟嘌呤

16、与胞嘧啶之间有三个氢键，即AT, GC.大量研究表明，从细菌、酵母到人体细胞都存在一种能修复DNA碱基错配的安全保障体系，被称为DNA错配修复系统(DNA mismatch repair system, MMR)。过氧化反应，过量自由基等导致错配DNA-RNA-protein Cancer基因片段结肠癌明尼苏达州罗切斯特梅欧医院的研究人员Wanguo Liu博士发现一种新基因AXIN2，该基因的突变可导致结肠直肠癌的发生。 肝癌原发性肝癌hMLH1突变和MSI的变化各家报道的结果尚不一致 ,欧美国家认为hMLH1突变和MSI在肝癌的发生中起重要作用 ,而亚洲国家则认为hMLH1突变和MSI与肝癌的发生并无相关性 .胃癌胃癌DNA错配修复基因hMSH2突变. EcotoxicologyChemicals:Organic pollutants Pesticide, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, VOCs, Dioxins, Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals.Inorganic polutants -Mercury, Cadmium - Lead, ArsenicNutrient salt (nitrogen, phosphate)NanomaterialsEcotoxicologyAimed objects:Terres