202x年大学考研英语长难句实例解析完整版完整版

1、大学考研英语长难句实例解析(完整版）大学考研英语长难句实例解析(完整版） 大学考研英语长难句实例解析(完整版）大学考研英语长难句实例长难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高， 无论句 子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来 说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓 语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之 间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有 三大复合句，即：名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句；形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句；状 语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态

2、（过去分词除外），也 可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结 构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点， 使英语句子从理论上讲可以 无限延长。英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。1）划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句；2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外）；3）名词性从句看作一个整体，找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、 介词短语和从句的引导词；4）非谓语动词结构看作一个整体；5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干；6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。长难句分析的步骤举例：经典例题（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a sig ni fica nt tighte

3、 ning of legal con trols over the press, Lord Irvi ne, the Lord Chan cellor, will in troduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly con trol the amount of publicity that can be give n to a case before a trial begi ns.分析：第一，划出定语从句和状语从句：that will propose

4、maki ng payme nts to wit nesses illegal and will strictly con trol the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begi ns.第二，戈U出介词短语：In a sig ni fica nt tighte ning of legalcon trols over the press第三，句子的结构分析： 主干结构是主语(Lord Irvine 含同位语the Lord Chancellor ) +将来时谓语(will introduce)+

5、 宾语(a draft bill )；that引导的定语从句修饰 draft bill, 其中，will propose是第一个谓语， mak ing payme nts to wit nesses illegal 是一个动名 词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses 做 making 的宾语illegal是宾补；第二个谓语是 will strictly con trol, theamount of publicity 是它的宾语。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句(bef

6、ore a trial begins )的定语从句，修饰publicity请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下 70个句子，并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过，则基本上可以解决考研长难句问题。This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to con ti nue agriculture in the high-e nergyAmerican fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析：句子的主干是

7、This will be particularly true ,。 since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定在定语从句中,语从句，修饰 the high-energy American fashion that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combinefew farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine 是主干，few farmers 是宾语，with high yields 是状 语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。 energy pinch

8、译为“能源的匮乏” ；in , fashion 译为“用，方法、 方式 。译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种 美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数 农民就可获得高产成为可能。Now si nee the assessme nt of i ntellige nee is a comparativematter，we must be sure that the scale with which we arecomparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison.结构分析：句子的主干是we

9、 must be sure ,。since引导原因状语从 句 the assessment of intelligenee is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison。 此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词 with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects 修饰先行词 the scale。scale 在此处意为“尺度、衡

10、量标准”。译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我 们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平 的”比较。In general ，the tests work most effectively when thequalities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defi ned.结构分析:句子的框架是 the tests work most e

11、ffectively when,and least effectively when,。and连接两个并列分句，每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work mosteffectively 和 and（work）least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句 what, predicted。the tests 是主句的主语， work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词，不译为“质量”，而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为”，而应译为主动语态“界定” 译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有 效;而当所

12、测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。For example ，they do not compensate for gross socialin equality ， and thus do not tell how able an un derprivilegedyoungster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumsta nces.结构分析：句子的框架是 they do not compensate,，and thus do not tell how ,。and连接两个并列分句，第二个并列分句中

13、由 how引导 的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中 had he grown up, ( =lf he had grown up ,)是省略了连词 if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”，而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明 一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大 才干。5t leads the discussion to extremes at the

14、 outset : it invites you to thi nk that ani mals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans， or with nocon siderati on at all.结构分析：句子的框架是 It leads the discussion to extremes atthe outset: it invites you to think that,。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句，从句中有either

15、, or,引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语，修饰动词betreated，其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或 which 的定语从句 humans extend to other humans，修饰 thecon sideratio n 。it代指上文的观点，即如果对人权没有达成一致看 法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾 结构 exte nd con sideratio n to意为“给予关怀或关心”，con siderati on不应译为“考虑”。译文：这种说法从一开

16、始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。But even more important ，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patter ns and structures that existed 15 billio n years ago.结构分析：句子的框架是it was the farthest that ,。但It was , that ,在本句中不

17、是强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年前 形成的巨大云团(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billionlight-years from earth);that 引导的应是一个定语从句， 修饰先行词the farthest 。for引导的是表示原因的分句，分句中还 有that 引导的定语从句，修饰 the patter ns and structure 。译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥 远的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。Thus it happe ned that whe n the

18、 new factories that werespringing up required labor ，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers ，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work， and any work，under any condition ， that would keep them alive.结构分析：句子的框架是it happened that ,。 it做形式主语，that 引

19、导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由whe n引导的时间状语从句，主句为 tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers , were forced ,，时间状语从句中从句主语 the new factories又带有一个定语从句 that were springing up;that would keep them alive 做 work 的定语从句。spring up 意为“发生，出现，建立”。译文：于是就出现了这样的情况：正当新办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳 动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生

20、的劳动者携 家带口，被迫进入城市；他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条 件，只要不被饿死就行。As a result of two or three cen turies of scie ntific inv estigati on we have come to believe that n ature isun dersta ndable in the sense that whe n we ask her questi ons byway of appropriate observations and experiments, she willan swer truly and rew

21、ard us with discoveries that en dure.结构分析：句子的框架是，we have come to believe that ,。that引导的从句做believe的宾语从句；此从句中有一个that从句作the sense的同位语从句；同位语从句中又套嵌一个由 when引导的时间状 语从句；此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句 that endure，修饰其 先行词discoveries。by way of意为“经由，通过，方法” ；reward sb. with意为“以，报答，酬劳” ；endure此处应译为“持久，持续”， 不要译为“忍受，容忍”。译文:由于两三个

22、世纪以来的科学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运 用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自 然是可以认识的。These newobservationalcapabilities would result in simplya mass of details were it not for the fact that theoreticalun dersta nding has reached the stage at which it is beco mingpossible to in dicate the kind

23、 of measureme nts required for reliable weather forecasti ng.结构分析：句子的框架是 These new observational capabilitieswould result in simply a mass of details,。后面紧跟省略了if 引导的虚拟条件句 were it not for the fact that,，即卩 if itwere not for the fact that , ;that 从句作 the fact的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先行词the stage;require

24、d for reliable weather forecasti ng为过去分词短语修饰the kind of measurements。simply 译为“只不过，仅仅”，不应译为“简单地”。译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段，即现在已能指出需要哪 种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，那么上述这些 新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。The story of the discovery of what is now gen erally called the principle of Archimedes ，namely that a solid body when im

25、mersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces ，has many differe nt vers ions ，of which the followi ng is one.结构分析：句子的框架是 The story , has many differentversi ons ,。 what is now gen erally called the prin ciple of Archimedes为名词性从句做介词 of的宾语。namely that a solid body, 作 the

26、principleof Archimedes 的同位语;when immersed ina liquid是省略了主语的过去分词短语，句子补充完整为when thesolid body is immersed in a liquid ，修饰其主句 a solid body loses iia portion of its weight of the liquid, ;it displaces 是省略了关系代词that的定语从句修饰the liquid , it代指前面提到的 the solid body; 同时，of which the following is one又构成先行词version

27、s 的定语从句。displace 意为“排（水）” ；version 不 译为“版本”，此处指“根据个人观点的（对事件等的）说法，看法”； 句尾的one代指a version。译文：当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分 重量，这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多，下面的故事就是其中之一。We assumed that there were forces of attractio n betwee n molecules which varied rapidly with the dista nee so that the attracti on bet

28、wee n molecules that were more tha n a few ten millio nths of a millimeter apart was very small but became con siderable whe n the molecules approached more closely. 结构分析:句子的框架是 We assumed that there were forces of attraction ,。that引导宾语从句。此宾语从句中套嵌一个由 which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 forces of attracti on; so that

29、 the attraction between molecules ,是 so that 结构引导的结果状语从 句；在此状语从句中，除主干结构 the attraction, was very smallbut became considerable ,，又有 that were more than a few ten-millio nths of a millimeter apart做定语从句修饰先行词molecules 禾口 when the molecules approached more closely 做状 语从句，修饰，but became considerable 。consi

30、derable 译为“相当大（或多的）”。译文：我们曾经假定，分子之间存在着引力，这种引力随着分子之间 距离的不同而有显著的变化，因而，在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子 之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。This n eed is en shri ned in the con cept of susta in able developme nt，which mean sthat we must，for the ben efit of coming gen erati ons ，leave eno ugh en vir onmen tal space so that th

31、ese gen erati ons will be able to address their n eeds and fulfill their aspirati ons.结构分析：句子的框架是 This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development ,。其后紧跟着一个 which引导的定语从 句，修饰先行词sustainable development 。此定语从句的谓语动词 means又套嵌一个that引导的宾语从句，即 we must, leave enough environmental space。此宾语从句中

32、又有 so that 结构做此从句的 目的状语。be enshrined in意为“被深深地珍藏（或铭记）在，”， 此处转译为主动语态“纳入到”。sustainable development译为“可 持续发展”。译文：这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指:为了子孙后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间，以 满足他们的需要，施展抱负。Painting lacks only the meansto represent movementin time and space , which is the special property of sculpture and ar

33、chitecture , since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time , whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view, thus supplying moveme nts in space and time.结构分析：句子的框架是 Painting lacks only the means ,sinee ,。since引导的原因状语从句修饰主句；关系代词which引导的定语从 句

34、修饰 the means to represent movement in time and space;property在此处应译为“性质，特性”，不译为“财产，资产”。译文：绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法，而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。绘画时只要求在某一时刻，从空间的一点来欣赏，而 雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏，这样就表现出了空间， 时间的变化。Once in timidated by argume nts that their childre n wouldfeel more at homein bilingualclasses， and that they might

35、losetheir heritage in regular classes，these womerhave since given voice， loudly and persuasively ，to what they know from experie nee that uni ess they are flue nt in the Ian guage of their adopted country ，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.结构分析：句子的框架是 t

36、hese women have, given voice , to what they know from experienee that ,。 that 从句做 experienee 的同位语从句；此从句中又套嵌一个uni ess引导的条件状语从句；Onceintimidated by arguments是过去分词做状语修饰 these women, 其施动者arguments又有两个that引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。intimidated by arguments 意为“被论点搞得惊慌害怕” ;feel at home不能直译为“感到在家”，而译为“感到自在” ;give voice t

37、o 意 为“表达，表露” ;la nd jobs 译为“找到工作”。译文：有人说，孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规 班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮，最有说服力的意见。从她们自身的经验中，他们深 知：如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单 的体力活儿外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。The presumpti on on which huma n cloning rests is that allthese cells , though nowspecialized , still contain exact

38、 copiesof the orig inal set of gen etic in structi ons n eeded to make anen tire in dividualandean do so if a way is found to switch themback on.结构分析:句子的框架是 The presumption is that all these cells , contain genetic instructions, and can do so ,。其中介词 on 力口which引导定语从句修饰主语 the presumption; that从句为表语从句；

39、此表语从句中contain和can do并列做all these cells 的谓语；表语从句中又插入一个though引导的省略了主语all these cells的让步状语从句，补充完整为though these cells are nowspecialized; n eeded to make an en tire in dividual为过去分词短语做genetic instructions的后置定语；并列谓语can do so又有if条件句修饰。rest on意为“依赖”。为避免重复 do so代替前文 提至 U的 make an en tire in dividual。译文：人类克隆

40、赖以存在的假定是：虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化， 但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传 指令;如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就 能发育成为完整的个体。Thus, a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a n atural law tha n an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumedunder more general laws or theories.结构分析：

41、句子的框架是 a regularity , will be more readilycalled a natural law than an empirical regularity,。介词 for加关系代词 which 引导定语从句修饰 a regularity 。an empirical regularity后又有定语从句 that cannot be subsumed under moregeneral laws or theories 修饰。grounds 意为“根据，理由” ；subsume 意为“把，归入，纳入”。译文：因此，与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的 规律相

42、比，一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。It is because of the close association in most people smi nds of tools with man that special atte ntio nhas always bee nfocused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，butit is important to realize that this ability ，on its own, does not n ecessarily in dicate

43、any special in tellige nee in the creature concern ed.结构分析：句子的框架是It is because of , that ,， but it is important to realize that ,。 but连接两个并列句，but前的并列 分句为It is , that ,强调结构，强调because of引导的状语。but后的并列分句又有that引导的宾语从句做realize的宾语。the close associati on in most people s mi nds of tools with man 中注意 in most

44、 people s mi nds 把 the close associati onof toolswith man （工具与人类的密切联系）分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有 able to use an object as a tool禾口 concerned 分别做其前面名词animal和the creature的后置定语。mar根据上下文在此处指“人类”，而不是“男人”；not n ecessarily译为“不一定、未必” ；onits own意为“独立地，凭自己力量”，在此转译为“就其自身而言”。译文：正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种

45、动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。The point at which tool using and tool making acquireevoluti onary sig ni fica nee is surely whe n an ani mal can adaptits ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes， and whenit can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that

46、without the use of a tool would prove in soluble.结构分析：句子的框架是 The point , is , when and when,。两个 when引导的从句为并列的表语从句。at which tool using and toolmaki ng acquire evoluti onary sig ni fica nee为定语从句修饰主语the point;第二个when引导的表语从句中也有that引导的定语从句 修饰 a brand-new problem 。ability to manipulate objects译为“操纵物体的能力”

47、；，a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove in soluble中 without 禾口 in soluble 为双重否定可译成肯定句。译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范 围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题 时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Lat in terms which appeared in the 16t

48、h cen tury whe n thehuma nist moveme nt brought new impetus to lear ning throughoutEurope.结构分析：句子的框架是 It was the desire , that brought about a wave。it is , that ,是强调句型，强调主语 the desire to be scholarly。关系代词which引导定语从句，修饰Latin terms;关系 副词when引导定语从句，修饰century。句中scholarly 做“博学多 才” 讲;humanist movement译为 “

49、人文主义运动” ;impetus 意为 “动 力，促进”。译文：在16世纪的时候，人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动， 人们都想显示自己的博学多才，从而出现了一股使用拉丁字词的潮 流。So don t be surprised if you never encounter some of theexpressi ons that still appear in school textbooks; and n exttime you hear somebody using a strange word you haven t heard before，you can comfort yours

50、elf that there maywell be a native speaker somewhere who doesn t know it either.结构分析:句子的框架是， don t be surprised if you , ;and next time ,， you can comfort yourself that,。分号连接两个并列分句。在前面句子中，if引导状语从句；关系代词that引导定语从句， 修饰expressions。在后面句子中，you hear,是省略了关系副词 when 的定语从句，修饰 next time; you haven t heard befor

51、e 又是省 略了关系代词 which的定语从句，修饰strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that ,，这里的that引导宾语从句，而关系代词 who引导定语从句，修饰 native speaker 。may和 well连用表示有 充分的理由，译为“（完全）能，（很）可能”。译文：因此，如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的， 你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个你以前从未听到过的新词， 你可以这样安慰自己说，很可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本地人也 不认识这个字呢！Despite the saying that one never knows

52、 if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick eno ugh, take protective acti on in time.结构分析：句子的框架是 a person can , feel the bolt and , take protective action ,。and连接两个并列的谓语动词。句首 despite 是介词引导介词短语作状语，此短语中that引导的名词性从句做saying的同位语，此同位语从句中，if lightning,是一个名词性从句，作know的宾

53、语，if在句中相当于 whether。主句中if quick enough补充完整为if he is quick enough，是条件状语从句，为take action的前提条件。句中bolt译为“闪电”。译文:尽管人们常说一个人从来不知道是否遭到闪电的袭击，但是一 个人有时能感觉到闪电的到来，如果动作快，就能及时采取保护措施。The “shareholder ” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or n eeds of the workme n employed by the compa ny in which he held

54、shares, and his in flue nee on the relatio ns of capital and labor was not good.结构分析：句子的框架是 The “ shareholder ” as such had nokno wledge, , and his in flue nee, was not good. 。and 连接两个并列的分句。as such 做 The“shareholder ”的定语，employed by the compa ny in which he held shares是过去分词短语作定语，修饰workmen,分词短语中含有in

55、which he held shares定语从句，修饰 company译文：这样的股东，对他拥有股份的公司里所雇用的工人们的生活、 思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系，也不会产生积极 的影响。The paid manager acting for the companywas in more directrelati onwith the menand their dema nds, but eve n he had seldomthat familiar pers onal kno wledge of the workme n which the employer had ofte

56、n had under the more patriarchal system of the old family bus in ess now pass ing away.结构分析:句子的框架是 The paid manager was in more directrelati on with the menand their dema nds, but eve n he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen,。 acting forthe company 做 the paid manager 的定语，which

57、 the employer had ofte n had un der the more patriarchal system of the old family bus in ess now pass ing away 做 that familiar pers onal kno wledge 的定语，now pass ing away 做 the old family bus in ess的定语。译文：受聘于公司并代表公司的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直 接，但是,就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在 现在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式制度下的雇主们， 却常常对他们的

58、工人有这样的私人关系。Whe n a jour nalist rece ntly accused the compa ny of lack ingintegrityin its testing of beauty products ，the companyovertlyappealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people s mi nds with strong ethical sta ndards concerning ani mal rights.结构分析:句子的

59、框架是 When， the companyovertly appealed to the public ,。when引导时间状语从句。主句中关系代词which弓I导定语从句修饰 corporate brand,此定语从句中 in people s minds 把associated with 分隔开来。beauty products 译为“美容产品”。译文：有一名记者近日指责该公司在美容产品的测试上缺乏整体性， 该公司公开利用其公司品牌求助于公众。在公众的心目中，该品牌同关系到动物权利的道德标准息息相关。However, the crim in als quickly cameto reali

60、ze that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkablyportable and uniden tifiable, so eve n when caught the police havetrouble pro ving the theft.结构分析：句子的框架是 the fraternity, came to realize that ,so, the police have trouble ,。这是一个并列复合句，两个句子 由so连接。在前面句子里that引导宾语从句，做realize的宾语； 此从