汽车照明系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1、 Automotive lighting汽车照明系统Magneti Marelli 译 名 马瑞利 国 籍 EnglandFrom Wikipedia一辆汽车的照明系统包括照明及信号装置安装在前方、后方、两边，还有一部分安装在汽车顶部。当汽车在巷道和车流多的地方行驶时，灯光很明显的提醒其他司机和行人注意到车辆的存在、位置、大小、方向等并知道驾驶者的意图和行驶速度。紧急车辆常常带有独特的照明设备，以提醒司机和表明交通优先。早期的道路车辆用燃料灯作为车前照明灯。例如，第一次引进的福特 T 型车的头灯和尾灯是用油灯。它并没有在市场上作为标准功能，经过几年所有车辆由电气照明。发电机，1908年第一次在

2、汽车上使用，20 世纪 20 年代普遍使用。制动尾灯在 1915 年开始研究，1919 年投入使用。1936 到 1940 年密封前照灯在美国作为唯一的标准类型。自动取消转弯信号开始于1940 年。到了 1945 年，大灯和信号灯被纳入汽车结构，1960 年，欧洲开发了卤素前照灯光源。1991 年开始制作了 HID 车灯。1993 年，大批量生产的汽车上安装了LED 尾灯。21 世纪的前十年里，LED 等大量增加。白炽灯泡是长在所有汽车照明设备中使用的光源。许多类型的灯泡都说过了。由制造商使用的标准化的型数字用于标识灯泡同规格。基地可能具有一个或两个联系人、 塑料或玻璃楔形或双线循环或箍在管状

3、绳灯具上使用刺刀类型。螺丝灯座灯永远不会使用在汽车应用中由于其振动下松动。方向灯与内部或外部镜片使用无色的灯泡;相反，灯与无色镜片可能使用红色或黄色的灯泡来为各种功能提供所需的颜色的光。通常，21 到 27 瓦，生产 280 至 570W （22 至 45 平均球面光） 用于停止，灯泡转，扭转前后雾灯，而 4 到 10W 的灯泡，生产 40 到 130 W (3 到 10 平均球面光 ) 用于尾灯、停车灯、 侧标志灯和侧转向灯中继器。Led 被用在汽车灯的次数越来越多。他们提供很长的使用寿命，耐极端振动，并且可以允许浅得多的包装相比，大多数灯泡类型的程序集。发光二极管也提供潜在的安全效益时从事

4、停车灯，因为接通电源时他们上升到充分的强度大约250 毫秒为单位 （ 秒） 快比白炽灯泡。此快速上升的时间，不仅提高了刹车灯，故意误传但可能与增加的时间作出反应的停车灯外观后还提供以下驱动程序。然而，不显示这个更快的上升时间使汽车,刹车灯可能从追尾。发光二极管首先被应用于汽车照明中心高位刹车灯，在 80 年代末开始。采用发光二极管乘用车上的其他信号功能逐渐增加对技术和相关的样式更新的需求。在北美，2000 年凯迪拉克 Deville 是第一辆客车，与 LED 尾灯。 2002 年起亚欧菲莱斯 / 雇佣了早期的 LED 前面转信号。 2007 年奥迪 R8 跑车使用两个条状的光学聚焦高强度发光二

5、极管为其白天运行灯。在北美以外是世界上第一个 LED 头灯由铝汽车照明的奥迪 R8 是可选的。低和远光位置停车灯和前转向灯和所有 led 的意思。雷克萨斯 LS600h 功能 LED 低梁位置、 侧标志灯在北美，以及 2009 年卡迪拉克凯雷德白金利用发光二极管为低和高的横梁，以及位置和侧标志灯。梅赛德斯-奔驰 S 级 (W222) 根本没有非 LED 灯，即使是在最基层的修剪。分配的照明1 在光的分配系统，光从单个源发送 viaoptical 纤维或光导到它在汽车所需要的地方。光导常用应用到分布式光的仪表板显示和溢价车辆开始使用分布式系统照明门锁、 窗口控件和杯架等项目。此外探讨了分配外部照

6、明，高强度中央的光源。紧急车辆 lightingEmergency 如火引擎、 救护车、 警车、 除雪车辆和拖车通常配有强烈警告灯的特定颜色。这些可能是机动旋转信标、氙气频闪灯、 或 Led 阵列。105 规定的颜色不同的管辖权;在大多数国家，蓝色和红色特别警告灯用于警察、 消防和医疗急救车辆。在美国和一些其他司法管辖区，琥珀色指示灯是拖车、 私人保安人员、 工程车辆和其他非官方的特别服务车辆，则志愿消防员使用红色、 蓝色或绿色，根据管辖权。在美国它是违反了交通部 （运输部） 任何非紧急车辆 （警察/消防/救护车） 操作的任何一种面向前方红灯车辆统一法典 。在美国的汽车仅有红色的尾灯，也没有蓝

7、色的灯光;显示 （或不闪烁） （向前） 红灯车辆向一名司机，走来，或后面的驱动程序 （在后视镜里） 表明，官方紧急车辆来，要求要产量，从拉到路边，或否则摆脱其方式的驱动程序。美国的部分州允许紧急车辆都有蓝色的指示灯，可以开启来警告司机紧急车辆在行动;蓝色和红色的灯光可以被结合，向前-和/或面向后方也。在英国，医生可以用绿色的警示灯，虽然这些不允许用户要求任何免除道路交通规例 相比，蓝色的灯光，由法定的紧急服务在响应时使用。特别警示灯，通常呈琥珀色，也有时被安装在缓慢和/或宽的车辆，如移动式起重机、 挖掘机、 拖拉机和在一定条件下甚至代步车。2 The lighting system of a

8、motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted orintegrated to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a motor vehicle.This lights theroadway for the driver and increases the conspicuity of the vehicle, allowing other drivers andpedestrians to see a vehicles presence,

9、 position, size, direction of travel, and the drivers intentionsregarding direction and speed of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lightingequipment to warn drivers and indicate priority of movement in traffic.HistoryEarly road vehicles used fueled lamps, before the availability o

10、f electric lighting. For example, thefirst introduced Ford Model T used carbide lamps for headlamps and oil lamps for tail lamps. It didnot have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until after several years on themarket. Dynamos for automobile headlamps were first fitted around 1908 and beca

11、mecommonplace in 1920s automobiles. Tail lamps and brake lamps were introduced around 1915, andby 1919 dip headlamps were available. The sealed beam headlamp was introduced in 1936 andstandardised as the only acceptable type in the USA in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals weredeveloped in 1940. By

12、1945 headlamps and signal lamps were integrated into the body styling.Halogen headlamp light sources were developed in Europe in 1960. HID headlamps were producedstarting in 1991. In 1993, the first LED tail lamps were installed on mass-production automobiles. LEDheadlamps were introduced in the fir

13、st decade of the 21st century.Light sourcesThe incandescent light bulb was long the light source used in all automotive lighting devices.Many types of bulbs have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers toidentify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type wi

14、th one or two contacts,plastic or glass wedge, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular festoon lamps. Screw-baselamps are never used in automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lampswith internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lamps

15、 with colourlesslenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions.3 Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27 watts, producing 280 to 570 lumens (22 to 45 mean sphericalcandlepower) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lamps, while bulbs of 4 to 10 W,

16、producing 40 to 130 lm (3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lamps, parking lamps, side marker lamps andside turn signal repeaters.LEDs(Light emitting diodes) are being used with increasing frequency in automotive lamps. They offervery long service life, extreme vibration resistance, and can permit consi

17、derably shallower packagingcompared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed instop lights, because when power is applied they rise to full intensity approximately250 milliseconds ( second) faster than incandescent bulbs.106 This fast rise timenot only i

18、mprovesthe intentional conspicuity of the stop lamp,citation needebdut could also provide following drivers withincreased time to react to the appearance of the stop lamps. However, this faster rise time has notLEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high mount stop lamps (CHMSL), b

19、eginning inthe late 1980s. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasingwith demand for the technology and related styling updates. In North America, the 2000 CadillacDeville was the first passenger car with LED taillights.108 The 2002 Kia Opirus/Amanti was an

20、 earlyadopter of LED front turn signals. The 2007Audi R8 sports car uses two strips of optically focusedhigh-intensity LEDs for its daytime running lamps. Optional on the R8 outside North America was theworlds first LED headlamp made by AL-Automotive Lighting. The low and high beams along with thepo

21、sition (parking) lamp and front turn signal are all realised with LEDs. The Lexus LS 600h features LEDlow beam, position and side marker lamps in North America, and the 2009 Cadillac Escalade Platinumuses LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lamps.The Mercedes

22、-Benz S-Class (W222) has no non-LED lamps at all, not even in the most basic trim level.4 In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent viaoptical fibres or lightguides to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributivelylight dashboard

23、 displays,and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lightingsuch items as door locks, window controls, and cup holders. Distributive exterior lighting has also beenMainarticle:vehiclelightingEmergencyas fireengines,ambulances, police cars, snow-removal vehicles and tow truck

24、s are usually equippedwith intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating beacons,xenon strobes, or arrays of LEDs.105 The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in mostcountries, blue and red special warning lamps are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency ve

25、hicles.In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private securitypersonnel, construction vehicles, and other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteerfirefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the U.S. it is a violation o

26、f the D.O.T.(Department of Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle(Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the U.S. only have redtail-lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) comingtowards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rear view mirror) indicates that an official emergencyvehicle is coming, requ