怎样写好英文类毕业论文的目录

1、怎样写好英文类毕业论文的目录英语专业毕业论文目录（Contents） 是论文撰写的一个有机组成部分，可视为论文的一扇窗口，它不仅映射论文的主要内容，而且反映论文的学术质量甚至学术价值。因此，切不可小看论文目录的撰写。然而，在指导毕业论文的写作过程中，笔者发现不少学生撰写的目录存在比重失调、层次不清、结构混乱等不规范现象。那么如何才能撰写好英语专业毕业论文的目录呢？ 经分析研究，笔者认为，明确格式是前提，理清层次是基础，统一体例是保障。本文就此分述如下。一、明确目录格式。英语论文目录格式尽管因学校要求有所不同，但大同小异。总体说来，目录格式以分层次均衡排列为佳，否则会造成比重失调，下级标题项数要

2、么不均衡，要么欠完整。例如一篇题为“Difference Between Chineseand Western Dietary Culture”的论文目录：1. Introduction 12. Different Dietary History 22. 1 History of American cooking 32. 1. 1 Food in American culuture 32. 2 History of Chinese cooking 42. 2. 1 Food in Chinese culutre 43. Different Dietary Concept 53. 1Sumptu

3、ous and luxurious feasts vs. simple and plain meals63. 2Collctivism vs. individualism 74. Different Table Etiquette 84. 1 Attendance time 94. 2 Table taboos 104. 3 Tableware 115. Conclusion 12Bibliography13此目录中尽管一级标题和二级标题格式正确，但三级标题不当，即在2. Different Dietary History下的2. 1 Historyof American cooking和2.

4、 2 History of Chinese cooking分别只有一项三级标题：2. 1. 1 Food in American culture和2. 2. 1 Foodin Chinese culture.按照MLA科研论文写作规范，目录中标题数字和字母标号应一致，若无项数2就不应使用项数1,若无项数b就不应使用项数a.上例中的三级标题2. 1. 1和2. 2. 1恰恰与之相悖。当目录下级标题出现一个时，应采用合并，将其整合归属于其上级标题。这样，不妨将该目录的2. 1. 1和2. 2. 1直接删去。经此删改后，会使目录各级标题均衡得当。再如一篇题为“Language Features of

5、 AdvertisingEnglish”的论文目录：1. Introduction 11. 1 Rationale of the study 11. 2 Definition of advertising 12. Lexical Features 12. 1 Classification of advertising and its audience 22. 2 Similarities at the lexical level 32. 3 Differences at the lexical level 63. Syntactical Features 83. 1 Similarities

6、93. 2 Differences 104. Discourse Features 115. Conclusion 12Bibliography13该目录一级标题中的2. Lexical Features和3. Syntac-tical Features都有二级标题阐述其异同，但其中的4.Discourse Features下的二级标题空缺，致使目录中二级标题不完整。就此问题，英语写作手册一书中指出： 论述甲的项目多于论述乙的项目（ 如：I. A,B,C,D;II. A,B） ,这是比较与对照文章的一个常犯的错误。笔者认为，该目录中的这种二级标题完全空缺也可归属该类常犯错误。为使该目录完整，可

7、再在其4. Discourse Features下增补4. 1 Similarities和4. 2 Differences两个二级标题即可。二、理清层次关系。在撰写目录的同时，还应注重理清层次关系，即：遵循同级标题表达同一层次相互并列内容的原则进行排列各级标题，不然就会出现层次混淆、脉络不清等问题。例如一篇题为“Cultural Similarities and Differ-ences of Connotations Between Chinese and English Ani-mal Vocabulary”的论文目录：1. Introduction 12. The Significanc

8、e of Comparison and Contrast of Animal WordsBetween English and Chinese 13. The Similarities and Differences of Animal Words BetweenEnglishand Chinese 23. 1 The similarities of animal words between Enlgish andChinese 23. 1. 1 The same word in two languages expressing thesame meaning 33. 1. 2 The sam

9、e cultural connotation of different animalwords 43. 2 The differences of animal words between English andChinese 43. 2. 1 National cultural characters of animal words 53. 2. 2 Culutral differences of animal words betweenEnglishand Chinese 73. 2. 2. 1 Good sense in English but bad in Chinese 73. 2. 2

10、. 2 Good sense in Chinese but bad in English 83. 3 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages93. 3. 1 The word rich in English cultural denotative meaningbut poor in Chinese 93. 3. 2 The word rich in Chinese cultural denotativemeaningbut poor in English 104. The Importance of Knowlege Ab

11、out Cultuarl Similarities andDifferences 105. Conclusion 11Bibliography12本目录的问题在于层次多处混淆。一是3. TheSimilarities and Differences of Animal Words Between English andChinese这个一级标题与该论文题名大体相似，这与题名应大于一级标题的观点不相符。同样，3. 2. 2 Culu-tral differences of animal words between English and Chinese这个三级标题与3. 2 The differ

12、ences of animal words between Eng-lish and Chinese这个二级标题大体相同，也不规范。二是2. The Significance of Comparison and Contrast of AnimalWords Between English and Chinese和4. The Importance ofKnowledge About Cultuarl Similarities and Differences这两个一级标题意思相近，内容重叠，且无下级标题。三是3. 3Losses of cultural connotations in diff

13、erent languages这个二级标题与另外两个同级标题3. 1 The similarities of animal wordsbetween English and Chinese和3. 2 The differences of animalwords between English and Chinese在内容上不属于相互并列的同一层次，而从属于3. 2 The differences of animal wordsbetween English and Chinese.3. 2. 1 National cultural charactersof animal words这个三级标题

14、与同级标题3. 2. 2 Culutraldifferences of animal words between English and Chinese也非并列关系。根据Gibaldi的观点，目录标题之间的关系不是并列关系就是从属关系。并列关系用于表达同等重要的思想，从属关系则表述不同等级的思想。为此，笔者认为，可采用删减、整合和理顺等方法理清目录层次不清的问题。删减在此是指把与论文题名或与上级标题相同的标题直接删去。这样删减一级标题3和三级标题3.2. 2后，再对其下属各级标题分别作相应的提升，从而避免了一级标题与论文题名的混淆，同时也避免了下级标题与上级标题的混淆。整合在此是指把两个同级关

15、联的标题合并为一。Marius和Wiener指出： 一旦发现有重叠或重复就要删减，或找出更佳表达方法。此处可采用整合法，即将原2. The Significance of Comparison and Contrast of Animal WordsBetween English and Chinese合 并 入1. Introduction; 将 原4. The Importance of Knowlege About Cultuarl Similarities andDifferences合并入原5. Conclusion,并将序号作相应调整。这样，在Introduction中引出英汉动物

16、词汇之比较对照的重要性，在Conclusion中总结英汉动物词汇的文化异同，引言和结论相互照应，既避免了同级标题的重叠，又避免了比重失调的问题。理顺在此是指理顺隶属关系或并列关系。从逻辑上讲，原3. 3 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages二级标题应从属于The differences of animal words betweenEnglish and Chinese.原3. 2. 2. 1 Good sense in English but badin Chinese和原3. 2. 2. 2 Good sense in

17、 Chinese but bad in Eng-lish应从属于原3. 2. 1 National cultural characters of animalwords作此调整后，各级标题关系明确，层次清楚。经修改后的目录如下：1. Introduction 12. The Similarities of Animal Words Between Enlgish and Chinese22. 1 The same word in two languages expressing the samemeaning 32. 2 The same cultural connotation of dif

18、ferent animal words43. The Differences of Animal Words Between English and Chinese43. 1 National cultural characters of animal words 53. 1. 1 Good sense in English but bad in Chinese 73. 1. 2 Good sense in Chinese but bad in English 83. 2 Losses of cultural connotations in different languages 93. 2.

19、 1 The word rich in English cultural denotative meaningbut poor in Chinese 93. 2. 2 The word rich in Chiese cultural denotative meaningbut poor in English 104. Conclusion 11Bibliography12需说明的是： 为使目录简洁明了，大多数论文目录仅需二、三级标题即可。三、统一标题体例。在理清层次关系的基础上，还要做到目录标题体例一致，即结构相似。否则会出现短语句子混用、结构不一等不规范现象。例如一篇题为“The Art o

20、f AskingQuestions in English Classes”的论文目录：1. Introduction 12. The Functions of Questioning 12. 1 To achieve smooth transition and get information feedback12. 2 To stimulate studentsinterest and inspire students to think22. 3 To promote interactive learning and inquisitive awareness22. 4 To develop

21、the sense of participation and the ability ofexpressingin class 23. Classification of the Questions 33. 1 Convergent questions and divergent questions 33. 2 Prompting questions and probing questions 33. 3 Displaying questions and referential questions 44. Problems Existing in TeachersQuestioning 64.

22、 1 Questions are not related to teaching materials 64. 2 Questions are shallow and dull 64. 3 Teachers evaluation to students reply is not timely,accurate,or positive 65. Strategies of Questioning 75. 1 Careful preparations for questioning 75. 1. 1 Setting purpose of questioning 75. 1. 2 Using the a

23、rt of questioning 85. 2 Grasp right opportunity to ask questions 95. 3 Handling the speed,density and angle of questioningproperly 106. Conclusion 11Bibliography12此目录中既有句子式，又有短语式，如：4. 1,4. 2和4. 3三个二级标题属句子式，除此之外，其他各级标题均为短语式。而且，5. Strategies of Questioning的下一级标题5. 1,5. 2和5. 3的短语结构也不一致。5. 1 Carefulprep

24、arations for questioning为名词短语，5. 2 Grasp right oppor-tunity to ask questions为动词短语5. 3 Handling the speed,density and angle of questioning properly为分词短语。丁往道等在提纲写作时强调：提纲的两种形式-短语式和句子式，不能混合使用。这一规则同样适用于论文目录撰写。朱金花等也认为目录中的标题应遵循提纲的写作原则。因此，应避免在目录中混合使用短语和句子。丁往道等还进一步指出，同一等级的标题要用相同的结构表示。大标题下的小标题不但应该同等重要，而且要与大标题

25、有关联，并按逻辑顺序排列。石坚和帅培天也指出： 同级标题要用平行结构表示，使用相同的完整句、从句、短语、或单个单词结构表示。因此，上述目录的修改要么采用全短语式，要么使用全句子式。笔者在此采用前者修改如下：1. Introduction 12. The Functions of Questioning 12. 1 Making transition and getting feedback 12. 2 Stimulating studentsinterest and inspiring thoughts 22. 3 Promoting learning and causing inquisitive awareness 22. 4 Developing participation and enouraging speaking in class23. Classification o