高中英语语法讲义-代词

1、 高中英语语法讲义一一代词人称代词-卓、格单数复数人称、主格宾格主格宾格A人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit人称代词不同的格在句中有不同的句法功能：人称代词的主格作主语，宾格可作宾语和表语。He would drown his sadness in coffee.（主格作主语）Thank you for your letter.（动宾）I bought a present for him.（介宾）Hi, its me.（宾格作表语）提示：（1）在It is/ wasthat/wh。强调句型中，若被强调部分作主语，虽然跟在is

2、/was后，但仍用主格形式。Its I who did it.（2）在没有谓语动词的句子中，人称代词常用宾格。-Glad to meet you.-Me, too.用人称代词填空.-Jim, can you work his Sunday?-Why? I ve been working for two weeks on end. On my desk is a photo that my father took of when I was a baby.物主代词类别我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsoursyourtheir名词性mineyourshi

3、shersitsoursyourstheirs形容性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词前作定语。Is this your seat, sir?The government has changed its policy.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，在句中作主语、表语、宾语。This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy. （作主语）This camera is mine and that is yours.（作表语）Every person showed his ticket, and I showed mine too.（作宾语）

4、用物主代词填空The sweet music of that laughter brought back a hundred memories of past winters. I remembered catching snowflakes on my tongue, building snowmen and always losing snowball fights with first brothers and thenmy own children.This is our room, and is just across the hall.反身代词称 数A人称第二人称第三人称单数mys

5、elfyourselfhimself ,herself, itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves.反身代词的基本用法反身代词作宾语：动宾： Tom taught himself Chinese.介宾： You cant leave the baby by himself.作表语： She is not quite herself today.作同位语：I myself can repair the bike.含有反身代词的习惯用语（1）与介词连用You ll have to see if he has gone to Wuhan for oneself.（亲

6、自）The computer may shut off by itself .（自动地）One would rather have a bedroom to oneself. = =for ones own private use, not to be shared 独自享用）I can t finish the work by myself . = =alone; without help 单独地、 独自地）He was beside himself with joy when he heard he had passed the exam. （=almost mad with anger/

7、excitement 由 于气愤、激动等而几乎发狂、忘形）（2）与动词连用enjoy oneself = =have a good time） 玩得开心Behave yourself! （=Be polite! Show good manners !）规矩点!absent oneself缺席；不参加devote oneself to 专心于； 献身于apply oneself to 适应treat oneself to sth.用 犒劳自己make oneself at home 不要客气seat oneself （=sit） 坐think for oneself （=form one s o

8、wn opinion）独立思考（形成自己的看法，自行决定）He is not himself today. （be oneself 处于正常状态，显得自然）He is always boasting himself. （boast oneself 自夸）A moment later, he came to himself. （come to oneself=regain self-control or consciousness 恢复自制力 /;苏 醒过来）When he work up, he found himself in a hospital bed. （find oneself+ 介

9、词短语 /doing sth :发现自己处于某种 状态或在做某事）The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself to it. （help oneself to sth=take sth for oneself擅自取用）用反身代词填空I dont believe you. Did you see it?It is not his fault: I cut with a knife.We should be independent of our parents. We should depend on.指

10、示代词指示代词用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个，这些”，“那个，那些”。常用的有单数this, that;复数these, those为了方便学习，我们把 so, such也归到这一类。.指示代词的句法功能Charlie, this is my friend, Amy. 作主语This house is for rent. 作定语What I want to stress is this. 作表语What do you think of this? 作宾语.指示代词的用法this, that, these, those指示彳t词this, these指在时间或空间上较近的人或物；tha

11、t, those指在时间或空间上较远的人或物。This picture was painted by Robert and that one by Bruce.I love these books but I dont like those (ones).知识拓展A.用英语打电话时，this指自己，that指别人。Hello! This is Alan. Who is that speaking?B.刚提到的或已经完成的事情用that,而将要发生或将要提到的用this.Little George broke the vase, but he didn t admit it. That was

12、very annoying.-Professor Watson is going to give us a lecture on geology.-This is very exciting.such的用法such指如前面所述的这样的人或事物Such was the result.结果就是这样。so的用法so起指示作用时，代替一个句子或短语所表达的内容。believe, think, expect, suppose, imagine等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。既可用于肯定句也可用于否定。I think/suppose/imagine/believe so.我想如此。I dont think

13、/expect/suppose/imagine/believe so. =I think/expect/suppose/imagine/ believe not. 我想不是 这样。 用于表示肯定的hope, Im afraid后，代替前文提到的观点。-It is going to rain this evening.-I hope so./ I hope not.用指示代词填空8. This is for me and is for you.9.is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.it的用法.指代上文提到的某

14、样东西Where is y dictionary? I left it right on the desk.用以代替指示代词this, that-Whats this?-Its a flag.-Whose exercise book is that?-Its hers.指不知性别的婴儿（baby）或身份不明确的人（由于某种原因而不知对方是谁）The baby cried because it was hungry.-Who is knocking at the door?-It s me.指时间、天气、距离等It is nine o clock sharp now.It is raining

15、hard outside.It is a long way to the factory.作形式主语或形式宾语it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语而将真正的主语或宾语后置。Its not easy to learn a foreign language.（作形式主语，代替不定式短语）Its impossible for him to get there in time.（作形式主语，代替不定式结构）It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.（作形式主语，代替动名词短语）I find

16、 it easy to get on with Jim.（作形式宾语，代替不定式短语）I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.（作形式宾语，代替名词性从句）用it作形式主语或形式宾语补全句子I think （有必要的）that we have the meeting.（众所周知） China has the largest population in the world.（据说）all of them have gone to the cinema.熟记下列有关it的固定结构I take it that you don

17、t agree with me.（我的理解是 ）I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.（讨厌 ）I like it when she sings me a song.（喜欢 ）I cant help it if he is always late.（没办法）I would appreciate it if you can help me.（将不胜感激）I dont mind it if you are late.（不会介意）Please see to it that （make sure that） you bring en

18、ough money when you go out.（确保）You can count on it that he is very smart.（相信 ）As someone puts it: Practice makes perfect.（正如 所说的那样）You neednt go if you dont feel like it .（不愿意）When it comes to football, he is more excited.（提至U ）.用于强调句型（详见特殊句式专题）用适当的代词填空13. I hate when people talk with their mouths f

19、ull.is not what your father is but whether you can do the work well that matters.is a wonder （that） he continues to gamble when he always loses !不定代词() both, all, either, any, neither, none 的区别指涉司义都任何都不两个人或物botheitherneither三个或三个以 上的人或物；不 可数名词allanynone如：I ve bought two books; you can have either. I

20、 am sorry I cant lend you any (money). None of this money is mine.用适当的代词填空He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found of them again.The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but contained any useful suggestions.(二) one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的区另U

21、替代onea/an+单数名词ones零冠词+复数名词the onethe+单数名词the onesthe+复数名词thatthe+单数可数名词或不可数名词（尤箕是有后置定语时）thosethe+复数名词（尤箕是有后置定语时）We have various summer camps for your holidays, you can choose one (=a summer camp) based on your own interests. ( one 代替“a/an+单数名词”)Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones (=presen

22、ts) that I had never seen.The book on the desk is better than the one/that (=the book) under the desk. (the one/that 代替“ the+单数名词”)The books on the desk are better than the ones/those (=the books) under the desk. (the ones/those代替the+复数名词”)Little joy can equal that (=the joy) of a surprising ending

23、when you read stories. (that 代替“the+不可数名词”)用适当的代词填空：Im moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than in the city.Helping others is a habit,you can learn even at an early age.(三) one, another, the other; some, others, the others 的区别一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数oneanotherthe other复数som

24、eothersthe others一本/ 一些书另外一本/一些书剩余的一本/一些书单数one bookanother bookthe other book复数some booksother booksthe other books汪思：the rest of （剩余的）后既可以加.the other后通常加可数名词（单数 /复数），不能加不可数名词；短语可数名词(单数或复数)，也可以加不可数名词；else只能放在不定代词或特殊疑问词后。-What did you do last weekend?-Oh, nothing else.2.体会下列句子中黑体词的用法I have twobooks:

25、one is English, and the other (one) / oneis French.He will stay here for another three / three other / three moredays.There are many books on the table: some are English, the others / the rest are French.He ll be ina wheelchair for the rest of his life.5)Would youplease make it some other day / anot

26、her day ?I saw him in London the other day/ week/ month . (=a few days/ weeks/ months ago)He has no other close friends like John.8) If this dictionary is not yours, who elses can it be?用 another 或 the other 填空We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let s have one this month.He raised

27、one arm and then.(四)someone/somebody/something, anyone/anybody/anything, everyone/everybody/ everything, noone/nobody/nothing 的区别某任何每个，所有没有人someone/somebodyanyone/ anybodyeveryone/ everybodyno one/ nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothingNothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit t

28、o the Palace Museum.Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly anything (almost nothing ) left in the house.(五) none, nobody/no one, nothing 的区另U1.-=指代用来回答相当于none人或物how many how muchnot a/an/any+名词或no+名词nobody(no one)人whonot anyonenot anybodynothing物whatnot anything-How much money do you have? -None

29、.If I had some money, I would lend him some, but unfortunately, I have none. (none= not any money)I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment. (no one=not anyone)2. none 后面可跟 of 短语，而 something/anything/everything/nothing 和 someone/anyone/ everyone/ no one 却不能。如：As we were asle

30、ep, none of us heard the sound.None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret.用 none, nobody (no one), nothing 填空can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.Swimming is my favorite sport. There is like swimming as a means of keeping fit.-Wow! Youve got so many clothe

31、s.-But of them are in fashion now.I couldn t just stand by and do.（六）含复合不定代词的习惯短语He is nothing but a clerk. 只是He is anything but a clerk. 根本不She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives.可以说He is a scientist or something .之类Your house is something like ours.有点像They get something like 97% re

32、newals every year. 大约用 anything, nothing 填空Shes always trying to get something for.They work very hard. They are but lazybones.The visit is boring. It is but a waste of time.（七）any, every的区别anyeverynot anynot every（三个或三个以上 的）任何一个（三个或三个以上 的）每一个任何人/物都不（全部 否定）并非每个（部分否定）I have many books here, and you c

33、an take any one.Every student has to take the examination.=All the students have to take the examination.（八）each, every的区别词性功能意义every限定词定语三个或二个以上中的 每一个，强调“整体”each代词、限定词主语、宾语、同位语、 定语两个或两个以上中的 每一个，强调“个体”Each of my children goes to a different school.Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.=The tickets co

34、st 10 dollars each.=The tickets each cost 10 dollars.Every man is not honest.= Not every man is honest.并非每个人附成实。 用 each或 every填空He had a cut on foot.child in the class passed the examination.of the houses is slightly different.32. I asked all the children and told a different story.（九）many, much, fe

35、w, little, a few, a little 的区别多少复数名词概念manyfew不可数名词概念muchlittle1_- - -否定复数名词概念a fewfew不可数名词概念a littlelittle注意： only a few=few; only a little= little; quite a few= many; quite a little=much（彳艮多）people dont have （彳艮多）food.（很多）of the mistakes were just caused by carelessness.（很少）people can live to be 10

36、0 years old.You have done （很少）for me.Come in and have （一点） whisky.She has written many books but I ve only read （少数）（十）全部否定和部分否定all, both, everyone, everybody, everything 以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not any 以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定；当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外

37、，not与总括性副词如 everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。Not all of them smoke. =All of them don t smoke.All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out his problem.Such a thing cant be found everywhere.用不定代词填空Ive lived in New York and Chicago, but don t like of them very much.I made

38、a call to my parents yesterday. To my disappointment,of them answered it.疑问代词who和whom的用法who是主格，在句中常作主语、宾语； whom是宾格，在句中常作宾语。在口语中 who可代替whom作 宾语，但whom前有介词时除外。Who do you think is better?（作主语）Whom/Who did you often play with when you were a child?（作介词 with 的宾语）With whom did you discuss the question? （wh

39、om 不可用 who 替代，因为前面有介词with ）whose的用法表示“谁的”，既可置于名词前作定语，也可单独使用。在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。Whose is better, yours or hers?（作主语）Whose side are you on? （作定语）Whose do you love better, Jacks or Sallys car?（作宾语）Helen has already taken her bag away. Whose is this? （作表语）which与what的用法两者均可就人或物提问，但which 一般用于有选择范围的情况，what用于无

40、选择范围或选择范围不清楚的情况。which后可跟of,而what不可。which, what还可置于名词前作定语。Which would you like to eat, meat or fish ?What boys do you like best?知识拓展 what的习惯用法注意what与下列黑体单词的搭配t the population ?the distance?the price ?What is y your address?your attitude ?the height/ weight/ depth/ length/ width/ size ?Whatfor?和 What

41、for?用于询问原因和目的。What did you put it into the soup for?It would improve the taste.Im going to the grocery store.What for? We still have enough food in the fridge.What if？表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑惑？What if it rains while we are on the way?What do you mean (by)?表示愤怒、不满等情绪。What do you mean by shutting the door so lo

42、udly?What/How about？用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况。-We need one more player.-What about Elaine? She is a very nice girl.(6)疑问词what构成的习惯用语。So what?(表示不感兴趣或认为不重要)Guess what?(用于引起他人的注意)What next?(店员用于)还要什么？4. what和who的区别一般what问职业或地位；who问的是姓名或身份。Who is that over there?Its Robert.What is the man over there?He is a doc

43、tor.用疑问代词填空the population of China?better exercise-swimming or tennis?答案：1. me 2. me 3. my 4. yours 5. yourself 6. myself 7. ourselves 8. that 9. Suchit (is) necessary 11. It is well known that 12. It is said that13. it 14. It 15. Iteither 17. neither 18. that 19. one 20. another 21. the other 22. N

44、o one/ Nobody 23. nothing 24. none 25. nothing 26. nothing 27. anything 28. nothing 29. eachEvery 31. Each 32. each 33. Many; much 34. Many 35. Few 36. little 37. a littlea few 39. either 40. neither 41. What 42. Which高频考点either, neither, both, all, any, none 的区别none, no one, nobody, nothing 的区另Ueve

45、rything, something, anything, nothing 及其习惯搭配的区另1Jone, another, the other, some, others, the others 的区另 Uone, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it 的区另 U 代词练习（一）I.How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and came into the room and justshut it off without asking you ?.The qu

46、ality of education in this small school is better than in some larger schools .The meeting will be held in September ,but knows the date for sure .To warm himself ,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the.Niki is always full of ideas ,but is useful to my knowledge .An av

47、erage of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year , making the driest year since California became a state in 1850.7.Susan made clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself .8.A smile costs,but gives much.n some countries , people eat with chopsticks, while in,knives and forks.Who s that at

48、 the door ?is the milkman .You can ask anyone for help .here is willing to lend you a hand .12.I appreciate if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come .13.She d lived in London and Manchester ,but she liked and moved to Cambridge .14.When shall I call, in the morning or afterno

49、on ?.I llrbell day .It s an e-hesituation we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can t do.At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine .Recycling is one way to protect the environment ;reusing is.This project requires close teamwork .will be ac

50、hieved unless we work well together . The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years ,she lost of her enthusiasm forlife .Studying Wendy s menu, I found that many of the items are similar to of McDonald

51、 s.Sarah made to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning .Sophia waited for a reply ,but came .24.If you re buying today s papsrandmdould you get for me .Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him , but of them wants to , because they have workto do.When you are done with

52、the book ,just give it to Lucy or Helen or. New technologies have made possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.28.I got this bicycle for:My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one .29.The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the loc

53、al governments to increase代词练习（二）.What about your job, Tom ?1 promise to see to that it will be done on time .During the rush hour , I have been looking for a taxi but haven t found yet .Mom ,I ll stay in to accompany my grandpa this evening .Suit !.What is the man ,do you know ?1 don t know exactly

54、 .But I think he can be but a teacher .He didn t make clear when the meeting would be held .n societies where social roles are determined , boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers ,and girls of their mothers.The book is of great value .can be enjoyed unless you digest it .The wedding dress o

55、f the Princess is noble and elegant . is the beauty of this style that it will be popular with young women .Hi ,John ! I m going to see the filmHobbit m this evening .Hobbit 出 ？ A fantastic film ,I ve been longing to see .Wherever he is ,he makes a rule to give his mother a call every day .Which of

56、those do you like best ?.They are all too expensive and don t go well with my new suit .代词练习(三)“Without the ball Im half complete of_1_, Luis Figo one of the worlds greatest football players once said.The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since.He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing_2_one hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England. A crowd of more than 30,000 fan