21世纪大学英语第一册第一单元 Secrets of A Students

1、 Unit One Text ASecretsof A StudentsT ext-related information1. Grading systemSchools, colleges and universities in Great Britain and the United Statescommonly use letter grades t indicate the quality of a student s academic performance:A(excellent), B(good), C(average), D(below average), and F(fail

2、ing). In the UnitedStates, work rated C or above is usually required of an undergraduate student tocontinue his/her studies; work rated B or higher is usually required of a graduatestudent to continue. In percentage scales, 100 percent is the highest mark, and 70percent (or 65 percent) is usually th

3、e lowest passing work.2. Students at universitiesA university student who has not yet taken his or her first, or “bachelors” degreeis an undergraduate. In the United States, a first-year student at a college or university,and in a high school as well, is called a freshman, a second-year student asop

4、homore, and a third-year student a junior, and a fourth-year student a senior. Agraduate is a person who has completed a university degree course while apostgraduate (or graduate in the United States) is a person doing studies that aredone at a university after one has received a first degree.3. Cam

5、bridge剑桥大学（University of Cambridge ） 成立于 1209 年，最早是由1一批为躲避殴斗而从 牛津大学 逃离出来的老师建立的。 亨利三世国王 在1231 年授予 剑桥教学垄断权。剑桥大学和牛津大学 （University of Oxford）齐名为 英国的两所最优秀的 大学，被合称为“ Oxbridge”，是世界十大名校之一， 81 位诺贝尔奖 得主出自此校。剑桥大学是英国名校联盟“ 罗素大学集团 ”（Russell Group ）和欧洲的大学联盟 科英布拉集团 （CoimbraGroup）的成员。现任校长是艾利森理查德。剑桥大学所处的剑桥 (Cambridge

6、) 是一个拥有 10 万居民的英格兰小镇，距英国首都伦敦不到 100 千米，这个小镇有一条河流穿过，被命名为“剑河”（River Cam，也译作“ 康河”），早在公元前 43 年，罗马士兵就驻扎在剑河边，后来还在剑河上建起了一座大桥，这样，河名和桥加住一起，就构成了剑桥这一地名。绝大多数的学院、研究所、图书馆和实验室都在这个镇上，此外还有 20 多所教堂。剑桥大学有 31 个学院，有三个女子学院，两个专门的研究生院，各学院历史背景不同，实行独特的 学院制 ，风格各异 的 35 所学院经济上 自负盈亏；剑桥大学负责生源规划和教学工作，各学院内部录取步骤各异，每个学院在某种程度上就像一个微型大学，

7、有自己的校规校纪。剑桥大学的第一所学院彼得学院于 1284 年建立，其他的学院在 14 和 15 世纪陆续建立。1 Unit One Text A剑桥大学的许多地方保留着 中世纪 以来的风貌，到处可见几百年来不断按原样精心维修的古城建筑，许多校舍的门廊、墙壁上仍然装饰着古朴庄严的塑像和印章，高大的染色玻璃窗像一幅幅瑰丽的画面。剑桥大学有教师 (教授、副教授、讲师)1,000 余名，另外还有 1,000 余名访问学者。剑桥大学共有学生 16,900 名，其中包括 6,935 名研究生， 72%的研究生来自其它大学，研究生中 42%是国外 留学生 ，女生占 36%。大学校长为女王丈夫菲历普亲王 (

8、他同时兼任牛津大学校长 )，设一名常务副校长主持日常工作。剑桥大学的学生参与多种业余活动，其中 划船是最流行的体育运动，剑桥大学各学院间经常比赛，而且剑桥大学每年都会与牛津大学举行划船比赛。各学院间还举行其他各种体育比赛，包括 橄榄球 、板球、国际象棋等。 该大学在 世界品牌实验室 （World Brand Lab ）编制的 2006 年度世界品牌 500 强排行榜中名列第五十九。V ocabulary1. performdo (a job); complete (a task)e.g. Computers can perform many different tasks.The firefi

9、ghters performed outstanding acts of bravery in the September 11attack.Perform well/badly/poorlywork well/badly/poorly; achieve a good/poor resulte.g. I must say I performed poorly in the speech contest.The new drug has perform well in tests.2. concentrate-direct all ones attention, etc. towards sth

10、.; be absorbed in sth.e.g. Sally tried to concentrate on her studies in spite of the noise.Its said that yoga can help you contrite better. 据说瑜伽能够帮助你更好地集中精力。3. focusV. & N. direct ones attention on sth; the concentration of ones attentione.g. Todays topic focused on Chinese festivals.The research ef

11、fort focused on the development of a new chemical.All eyes were focused on him.大家的眼光都注意着他。You should focus your attention on your work.你应该把注意力放到工作上。He always wants to be the focus of attention.他总想成为注意力的焦点。Bring the object into focus if you want a sharp photograph.要照出清晰的照片，就要把焦点对准物体。: concentrate, fo

12、cus这两个动词均有“集中，聚集”之意。词义辨析concentrate: 指把人或物集中在一起，也可指把精力或注意力集中于某一事物上。focus: 侧重指把光、热、射线等集中于一点，也可指把思想或精力等集中于2 Unit One Text A某人或某事情上。4. athlete, sportsperson, playerathletea person who is skilled in bodily exercise and who competes in games thatneed strength and speed, such as running and jumping.Sports

13、persona person who is keen on spors.Playera person who plays in a ball game, often professionally.e.g. Its quite an event for an athlete to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games.My boss is a keen sportsperson and keeps encouraging me to get moreoutdoor activity.Michael Jordan is the best basketball

14、player Ive ever seen.5. essential(1) n. (usu. Pl.) sth. that is necessary or very important(2) a. (to, for) necessary, centrale.g. In considering this problem, you should grasp its essentials.在考虑这一问题时，你应当抓住实质。Her most essential quality is kindness.她最主要的品质是善良。Food is essential to life.食物对生命是必不可少的。Pol

15、itical stability is essential for economic development.6. relevant (ant. Irrelevant)directly connected with the subject or problem beingdiscussed or considerede.g. The essay isnt even remotely relevant to the topic.这篇文章毫不切题。These facts are relevant to the case.这些事实和此案有关。She gobbled up all the releva

16、nt information.她如饥似渴地收集一切有关的信息。This type of university course is no longer relevant to todays problems.这类大学课程对当今的问题而言已没有实际价值。His nationality isnt relevant to whether hes a good teacher.他的国籍与他是否是位好老师无关。7. approach- n. 接近, 途径, 方法; v. 靠近, 接近, 动手处理e.g. All the approaches to the palace were guarded by tr

17、oops.通往宫殿的所有道路都有部队把守。The time is approaching when we must think about buying a new house.我们要想一想买新房子的事了，时机即将来临。Heavy footsteps signalled the teachers approach.沉重的脚步声显示教师已经走近了。There are several ways of approaching the problem.处理这个问题有好几个方法。All approaches to the city were blocked.通往这座城市的所有道路都被封锁了。Silent

18、ly we approached the enemys camp.我们静悄悄地逼近敌人的营地。3 Unit One Text AThe lions approach drove away the small animals.狮子一走近，小动物们都跑开了。manner, method, way, mode, fashion, means, approach这些名词均含“方法、方式”之意。【词义辨析】manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。mode:

19、 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。8. solutionan act or way of finding an answer to a difficulty or probleme.g. We havent found the solution yet, but Im sure were on the right track.我们还没有找到解决办法，但我肯定我们的思路是对的。It seems (to m

20、e) (to be) the best solution.(依我看)这似乎是最好的解决办法。Language Points1. “Brain”intelligence; the ability to learn and understanding things quicklye.g. Toms got brains but is too lazy to use them.I hope the baby has his mothers brains and his fathers good look.2. “Necessarily”often used in negatives means “i

21、n every case”e.g. Books are not necessarily the best teacher sometimes we learn more fromour experiences.The fact that sth in cheap doesnt necessarily mean its low of quality.If we reply “Not necessarily”, we mean that what has just been said or suggestedmay not be true.“Well need to employ another

22、teacher then” “Not necessarily”3. make the most ofmake the best of; use or enjoy to the greatest advantage, use inthe best waye.g. The young lady has learned to make the most of every opportunity offered toher.这位年轻女士懂得充分利用她所得到的每一次机会。The government is determined to make the most of the regions natura

23、lresources to further promote economic and social progress.4. counts for much/little/nothingbe of much/little/no worth or importancee.g. He knows only one side of the story and therefore his opinion counts for verylittle.Knowledge without common sense counts for little.A man with no sense of respons

24、ibility does not count for anything.5. “not the whole story” or “part of the story”- the explanation or information givenis not enough for a situation to be fully understood.4 Unit One Text Ae.g. Its true that I dont like my boss, but that is not the whole story/only part ofthe story. I quit because

25、 Ive found a better job.Some other use of “story”e.g. Well, Ive never cheated in exams, though I know people who have, butthats another story.Where they live, the climate is fairly dry, but a little further north its adifferent story.People come and people go. Its the same old story.6. put inspend,

26、pass (a specified amount of time, etc.)e.g. I hurried to the library, only to find that there was still an hour to put in beforeit opened.He worked like a slave putting in fifteen hours of work daily.On weekend, I sometimes enjoy putting in a pleasant afternoon in the publiclibrary.7. go + unP.P.: 主

27、动形式表示被动的涵义 （P11; exXI）e.g. The babys cry went unheard. (Nobody hear the babys cry)Some guests at the party went unattended. (Nobody attended them).Practice: change the following sentences with “go+(un)p.p.” pattern:a. the letter was not finished.b. The decision will not be changed.c. The patient did

28、nt touch the food.d. The kid didnt do his homework.e. While writing to her parents, the student didnt mention her poor performancein exams.8. get ones hands onget hold of (sth. or sb.), esp. violently; seizee.g. The hungry boy ate up everything he could get his hands on from therefrigerator.The woma

29、n smashed every plate she could get her hands on in a terrible fightwith her husband. 在和她丈夫打架的时候她摔碎了所有她能找到的碟子。The book was sold out, and the girl had to go downtown to finally get herhands on a copy.9. cut down onreducee.g. The already skinny girl declared she would cut down on food so as to losewei

30、ght. 已经很瘦的女孩宣布她要减少饮食来减肥。The doctor urged the patient to cut down smoking and drinking.医生敦促病人减少吸烟和饮酒。There is talk that they are going to cut down on government spending.据说他们将缩减政府开支。10. setassign, put forward or arrange as (material to be dealt with)e.g. Can you imagine that the professor set such a

31、difficult assignment on thevery first day of the semester.The manager set his secretary various tasks when he was away on a businesstrip.11. a couple ofa few, more than one but indefinitely small in number5 Unit One Text Ae.g. He patched up a couple of old tires.他补了几条旧车胎。The bowler let go a couple o

32、f scorchers.投球手投出了几个快球。Give the bottle a couple of shakes before pouring the juice.倒果汁前，先把瓶子摇几下。Ive got a couple of questions Id like to ask you. Right, fire away.我有几个问题想问你.好，你说吧.As Ive been lying wide awake for a couple of hours, I know Ive come in forit again tonight.毫无睡意地躺了一两个小时之后，我知道今晚又要失眠了。I sa

33、w a couple of men get out.我看见有几个人出去了。The motorist picked up a couple of pupils and took them as far as the countytown.开汽车的人让两个小学生上车，把他们一直带到了县城。The committee is going into recess for a couple of weeks.委员会打算休会几个星期。12. meet the deadlinefinish the task before the date or time it must be finishede.g. The

34、res no way I can meet the deadline.我不可能按时完成。Im afraid youve missed the deadline, so your application cannot beconsidered. 恐怕你已经误了期限，因此你的申请将不予考虑。13. stick tokeep to, refuse to leave or changee.g. He is a man of principlehe always sticks to his principles.他是一个讲原则的人总是严格遵守自己的原则。We dont want to hear your

35、 opinions; stick to the facts!我们不想听你的想法，只讲事实！Dont romanticize stick to the facts.别夸夸其谈了说实际的吧。We must stick to our task till it is finished.我们必须继续工作，直至做好为止。14. work wondersbring unexpectedly good resultse.g. I think a long holiday would work wonders for your health.我想长期休假会给你的健康创造奇迹。God work wonders n

36、ow and then; Behold, a lawyer an hone man.上帝时或会制造一些奇迹; 看啊，身为一名律师，居然还是老实人！A whisky and soda at the end of the day will sometimes work wonders.晚上喝杯威士忌搀苏打水有时会产生意想不到的效果。A few words of encouragement can work wonders in me when Im not veryconfident.The student tried the new approach, and to his amazement,

37、 it workedwonders.15. lead tohave as a result, cause sth. to happen or exist6 Unit One Text Ae.g. The smoke of the forest fire led to the worst air accident in the history of thecountry.The Governments present course will only lead to disaster.政府的现行方针後患无穷。Too much work and too little rest often lead

38、 to illness.过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences.这样一种错误可能导致灾难性的后果。16. put downwrite down, make a note ofe.g. Heres my addressput it down before you forget it.Let me put down what hes said. I never trust my memory.17. revision (British)make preparation for an

39、exam, such as reading things, makingnotes, and doing exercise before an exam ( equivalent American form“revise”)e.g. she did no revision/review but she still got a very high mark.她没复习但仍考得很好。Some girls prefer to do their revision at home.有些女孩喜欢在家复习。18. rather than- conj. 宁可 . 也不愿, 与其 . 倒不如, 而不是 (平行结构，前后一致 “parallel structure”)e.g. It is a telex rather than a letter.与其说它是一封信，不如说它是一封电传。These are