从中英文化差异谈英语隐喻的汉译

1、从中英文化差异谈英语隐喻的汉译abstratinreentyears,reandreshlarshaveaderesearhesnetaphrandan“upsurgefetaphrhasbeenfredgraduallyindernsiety.thestudiesnetaphrinfreignuntrieshavedevelpedapletesyste,hihistypiallyrepresentedbygergelakeffandarkjhnsn.andthestudiesnetaphrinhinaarealsinfluenedbythet.hever,ifsurveyingthesere

2、searhahieveents,eilleasilyfindthatfefthestudythetranslatinfetaphrfrenglishinthinese.rever,sttraditinaltheristsbelievethatetaphrisnlyafigurefspeehandbelngsttheategryflinguistis.butinfat,etaphrisntnlyalinguistiphenenn,butalsaulturalandgnitivephenenn.thisthesisbreakstheserestritinsandtrytresearhintthet

3、ranslatinfetaphrfrenglishinthinesefrtheperspetivefulturaldifferenesbeteenhineseandenglish.thehlethesisisdividedintfiveparts.thefirstpartisanintrdutin.basednthenebeliefthatetaphrisaulturalandgnitivephenenn,thispartstatesthesignifianefstudyingetaphrfrtheulturalperspetive.thesendpartfusesntheanalysisft

4、helseinterrelatinsbeteenlanguage,ultureandtranslatin.thethirdpartintrduesseajrfatrsabutetaphr,suhasitsdefinitins,harateristisandlassifiatin.thefurthpartephatiallyillustratestheapprahestthetranslatinfetaphrfrenglishinthineseintersfdifferentrrespndingrelatinsbeteenhineseandenglish.thelastpartsuarizest

5、heainpintsfthisthesis.keyrdsetaphr;translatin;ulturaldifferenes;ulturalnntatins;rrespndingrelatin【摘要】近年来，越来越多的学者对隐喻进展了研究，在现代社会逐渐形成了一股“隐喻热。对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完好的体系，其中以gergelakeff和arkjhnsn的研究最具有代表性。国内对隐喻的研究也主要受这两个人的影响。而纵观这些研究成果，我们不难发现，很少有对英语隐喻汉译的研究，而且大多数传统的理论家认为隐喻仅仅是一种修辞格，属于语言学的范畴。但是事实上，隐喻不仅是一种语言现象，也是一种文化现

6、象、认知现象。本论文克制了这些局限，试图从中英文化差异的角度来研究英语隐喻的汉译。整篇论文分为五个局部。第一局部是导入。该局部立足于认为隐喻是一种文化和认知现象这一新观点，说明了从文化角度对隐喻进展研究的意义。第二局部重点分析了语言、文化与翻译之间的亲密关系。第三局部介绍了隐喻的一些要素，如隐喻的定义，特征及分类。第四局部根据不同的英汉对应关系，着重阐述了英语隐喻的汉译方法。最后一局部总结了此论文的一些要点。【关键词】隐喻；翻译；文化差异；文化内涵；对应关系1.intrdutinnseeingthetitlefthisthesis,thereaderayeasilyfindutthreekey

7、rds:translatin,etaphr,heviefstpeple,etaphrbelngsttheategryflanguage,butaseknthatlanguagehasverylsennetinithtranslatinandulture.asprfessrangzuliang,aasterftranslatin,pintedut,translatininvlveslanguageasellasulture.1translatinisnterelyataskfreplaingnelanguageithanther,butalsnee

8、dsthaveagdandfthetdifferentulturesrepresentedbythetdifferentlanguages.henenentratentranslatinstudies,eshuldattahgreatiprtanetbthlanguageandulture.verthepasttdeades,translatinstudieshaveassuedasundentufadvaneent,andulture,asanindispensablefatrintranslatin,beesinreasinglyiprtant.thrughthrughanalysis,e

9、anfindthattherearettendeniesintdaysdevelpentftranslatinstudies:firstly,translatinstudieshavebeenreandreintegratedithuniatintheries;sendly,thefusftranslatinhasbeenshiftedfrlinguistitransfertulturaltransfer.basednthesettendenies,anyshlarsengagedintranslatinstudiesagreeiththeideathattranslatinisanatfin

10、terulturaluniatin.sinetranslatininvlvestlanguagesandtultures,andindifferentulturalbakgrunds,therearedifferentlanguages.bthhineseandenglisharegreatpeplesithlnghistryandrihulturalresures,andnaturallylrfullanguages.etaphr,asaategryflanguage,isanlinguistiphenenninbthhineseandenglish,butetaphrsinthesetdi

11、fferentulturalbakgrundshavegreatdifferenes.etaphrdesntexistnthebirthfhuan.iththeadvaneentfhuanivilizatin,hisay,etaphrnefthestiprtanteansfexpressininhuanlanguageaeintbeing.asthef

12、undatinfankindsneptualsyste,etaphristhenfeaturefhuanlanguage.ifthereisnetaphrinurlanguage,itillbeveryhardfrustlearlyandvividlyexpressurideas,letalngsthandsuessfuluniatin.2traditinaltheristsvieedetaphrsiplyasaniprtantstylistideviefthepetiiaginatinandrhetrialflurish,reveraatterfrdsratherthanthughtrati

13、n,butinfat,“etaphrispervasiveineverydaylife,ntjustinlanguagebutalsinthughtandatin.3urrdinaryneptualsyste,intersfhihebththinkandat,isfundaentallyetaphrialinnature.justasi.a.rihardsntends,“alllanguageandthughtareetaphrial,andetaphristhenipresentprinipleflanguage.4frtheiprtanefetaphr,eanseethattranslat

14、infetaphrhasgreatsignifianettheulturaltranslatin.peternearkhasstatedinapprahesttranslatinthatetaphrisattheenterfallprblesftranslatinthery,seantisandlinguistis.5espeiallyinenglish,thereareagreatnuberfetaphrs.ithadbeensaidthatthree-quartersftheenglishlanguagensistsfetaphrs.inrdertasterenglishandsuessf

15、ullypletethetaskftranslatinfrenglishinthinese,suessfultranslatinfenglishetaphrisessential.therefre,inthispaper,theauthratteptstdisusstheprbleftranslatinfetaphrfrenglishinthinesefrtheulturalperspetiveindetail.asfarastranslatintheryisnerned,thispaperadptseugenea.nidasfuntinalthery,i.e.“funtinalequival

16、ene:therespnsefthereeptrstthetranslatedessage=therespnseftheriginalreeptrsttheessagehenitasgiveninitsriginalsetting.6frthispint,eknthatfrtrulysuessfultranslatin,biulturalisisasiprtantasbilingualis,andevenreiprtantatties.2.ultureandtranslatin2.1ulture“hatisulture?isaverydiffiultquestin,beauseultureis

17、suhaplexneptinandanenrussubjetthatitisextreelyhardfrpepletgiveanexatdefinitintit.neftheldestandstquteddefinitinsfultureasfrulatedbytheenglishanthrplgistsiredardburnetttylrinpriitiveultures(1871).“hedefinedultureasaplexhlehihinludesknledge,belief,art,la,rals,ustsandanytherapabilitiesandhabitsaquiredb

18、yanasaeberfsiety.7althughultureisverypliated,eanrughlylassifyitintthreeategriesinspe:(a)aterialulturehihreferstalltheprdutsfanufature;(b)institutedulturehihreferstsialsyste,religiussyste,ritualsyste,eduatedsysteandkinshipsysteet;()entalulturehihreferstpeplesentalitiesandbehavirs,theirbeliefs,perepti

19、ns,neptsfvalue,thughtpatternset,intheviefstanthrplgists,ulturepssessesthefllingfeatures:(a)ultureissiallyaquiredinsteadfbilgiallytransitted;(b)ultureissharedangtheebersfaunityinsteadfbeinguniquetanindividual;()ultureissybli.languageisthesttypialsyblisysteithinulture;(d)ultureisintegrated.eahaspetful

20、tureistiediniththetheraspets.8sinelanguagesyblizesandrefletsulture,languageuniatinisatuallyakindfulturaluniatinandtheuniatinbeteendifferentlanguagesisindeeduniatinbeteendifferentultures.frthisperspetive,thetranslatinflanguageisessentiallythetranslatinfulture,andtranslatinstudiesshuldbendutedinthente

21、henextsetin,theauthrisgingtdisusstheinterrelatinsbeteenlanguage,ultureandtranslatin.2.2language,ultureandtranslatinnbdyillsuspetthelseinterrelatinsbeteenlanguageandulture.alanguageaybeasallbutindispensablepartfaulture.therelatinbeteenlanguageandultureisutuallyauseandeffet.theypenetratei

22、hepressfuniatin,theeaningflanguageisusuallydeterinedbyitsulturalntext.nthetherside,languageistheiprtantnstituentfultureanditisalsanessentialtlfrthereservatin,uniatinandrefletinfulture.9inasense,languagearriesulture,irrrsulture,spr

23、eadsultureandhelpsdevelpulture.itisnexaggeratintsaythatlanguageisthelifebldfultureandultureisthetrakalnghihlanguagefrsanddevelps.justbeausefthelserelatinbeteenlanguageandulture,ehavetpayattentinttheulturalntextheneresearhintlanguage.ardingtlinguistis,theriginfhuanlanguageisalaysnnetediththeriginfhua

24、nandhuansiety.therefre,ifeneedtunderstandertainlanguageandthelasfitsdevelpent,eustlselyrelateittthehistryfsialdevelpentfthislanguageandtthepepleusingitanditshistry.theexistenefultureanntdepartithitsertainulturalntext.10asfrtherelatinbeteenultureandtranslatin,theauthrhasentinedabve.translatinis,iness

25、ene,anatfinterulturaluniatin,andthetranslatinflanguageisthetranslatinfulture.nidahldsthatbthlanguageandulturearesyblisystes,andtranslatinistheinteratinbeteenthesetsystes.thus,intranslatineshuldntnlyfusntheliteraleaningfrdsrsentenes,butalspayspeialattentinttheirulturalnntatinsinertainulturalntext.the

26、refre,translatinstudiesatleastntainttypes:innarrsenseitisliteraltranslatin,hihaisatturningthententinnelanguageintanther;inbradsenseitisulturaltranslatin,hihexplresinturningtheulturalnntatininnelanguageintantherulturalfr.11sfarasn,theauthrhasillustratedtheintiateinterrelatinsbeteenlanguage,ultureandt

27、ranslatin.andangtherelatinsbeteenindividualnstituentflinguistisysteandsialdevelpent,thestdiretneislexin.itisbeausethatlexinisstsensitivetthedevelpentfsiety.andetaphr,astheinrsysteflexin，isstdeeplyaffetedbysialulture.asdisussedinintrdutin,etaphristhenfeaturefhuanlanguageandthefundatinfankindsneptuals

28、yste.shenedtranslatinstudies,etaphrisneessarilyenlistedinurnsideratin.althughetaphrdiffersgreatly,theaeptanefetaphrfranalienultureispssible,beausehuanbeingsallliveintheearth,andtheysharererlesssiilarlivingenvirnentandsiilarfeelingsandsentients.hever,theaeptanefetaphrisusuallyinplete,beauseitisliited

29、bythediversityfulture.asekn,differentnatinshavedifferentulture,andindifferentulturalntext,etaphrissurelydifferent.hatsrethinkingitselfisetaphrialandetaphrialneptsnstitutepeplesvaluesandthughtpatterns.therefre,hefllinghapter,theauthrisg

30、ingtfirstintrdueetaphrthrughly.3.etaphr3.1definitinfetaphr“therdetaphrderivesfrthegreekrdetaphra,hiheanstransferene,arryingver.itisaverynfigurefspeehinenglish.12etaphr,hsebasinstituentsaretenr,vehileandgrund,usesrdstindiatesethingdifferentfrtheirliteraleaning-nethingisdesribedintersfanthersastsugges

31、talikenessranalgybeteenthe.nthedefinitinfetaphr,differentshlarsandaadeirksgivetheirdifferentpinins.nexttheauthrisgingtlistsefthe:(a)afigurefspeehntaininganipliedparisn,inhihardrphraserdinarilyandpriarilyusedfnethingisappliedtanther.(ebstersnerldditinary)13(b)afigurefspeehinhihnethingisdesribedinters

32、fanther.thebasifigureinpetry.aparisnisusuallyipliit;hereasinsiileitisexpliit.(aditinaryfliteralters)14()theusefnereferenetagrupfthingsthatarerelatedinapartiularayinrdertdisverasiilarrelatininanthergrup.(i.a.rihards,1936:89-90,thephilsphyfrhetri)15(d)thefigurefspeehinhihanaerdesriptiveteristransferre

33、dtsebjetdifferentfr,butanalgust,thatthihitisprperlyappliable;aninstanefthis,aetaphrialexpressin.(xfrdenglishditinary,sendeditin,2002)(e)atextbkftranslatin(peterneark,1988:104)definesetaphrasflls:“byetaphr,ieananyfigurativeexpressin:thetransferredsensefaphysialrd;thepersnifiatinfanabstratin;theapplia

34、tinfardrllatinthatitdesntliterallydente,i.e.,tdesribenethingintersfanther.allplyseusrds(aheavyheart)andstenglishphrasalverbsareptentiallyetaphrial.etaphrsaybesingle-viz.ne-rdrextended(allatin,anidi,asentene,aprverb,anallegry,apleteiaginativetext)16(f)afigurefspeehinhihardrphrasethatrdinarilydesignat

35、esnethingisusedtdesignateanther,thusakinganipliitparisn,asin“aseaftrublesr“alltherldsastage(shakespeare)(theaerianheritageftheenglishlanguage,furtheditin,2000)17(g)afigurefspeehinhihaterrphraseisappliedtsethingthihitisntliterallyappliableinrdertsuggestareseblane,asin“aightyfrtressinurgd.(randhusepat

36、unabridgedditinary,speialsendeditin,1996)18eahftheabve-quteddefinitinspintsutrerlesstheessenefetaphr.thenfeaturefthesedefinitinsisthatallfthethinkthatetaphrisafigurefspeeh,ntaininganipliitparisn.angthesevendefinitinsfetaphr,thefirstisverynise;thesendakesantrastbeteensiileandetaphrtpintutthefundaenta

37、ldifferenebeteenthesetrhetrialdevies;thethirdpintsutthatinetaphr,thetenrandthevehilearerelatedthrughtheirsiilarityinapartiularay;thefurthisabstratfritprvidesnnreteexaplesthelpthereaderbetterunderstandthentinitintendstnvey;thefifthseestbethestprehensiveandthestspeififtheabve-quteddefinitinsasitinlude

38、sseveralaysfanifestatinshihallbelngtetaphr;thesixthissehatlearithtexaplesprvided;thelastneisquitesiilariththefirstne.butthisthesisisainlybasedntheviefgergelakeffandarkjhnsn.“theylaiinetaphrseliveby,etaphrispervasiveineverydaylife,ntjustinlanguagebutinthughtandatin.theypintut,urrdinaryneptualsyste,in

39、tersfhihebththinkandat,isfundaentallyetaphrialinnature.19thispintfvieisverynsistentithi.a.rihards“etaphrisnipresentprinipleflanguageentinedinintrdutin.3.2harateristisfetaphrfrthesevendefinitinsnetaphrabveandardingturknledgefetaphr,eaynludethatetaphrpssessesatleastthefllingfurharateristis:(a)unlikesi

40、ile,etaphrdesntntainsuhlinkingrdsas“asand“like,stheparisnisipliitratherthanexpliit.(b)inaetaphr,thetenrisparedtthevehilebeausetheyshareanabstratquality,herrds,thetenrandthevehilepssessasiilarabstratfeaturerquality,hihservesasthebasisftheirparisn.()thetenrandvehi

41、learebynaturedifferentfreahther,thughtheypssesssethingabstratinnnhihtheirparisnisbased.(d)thevehileinaetaphrreatesaspeifiiage,hihisusuallyvividandipressive.byparingthetenrtthevehile,entnlygetanreteiagefthetenrbutalsakeitstypialqualityrfeaturestandut.tsuup,theauthruldratherbelievethatetaphrisntjustaa

42、tterflanguage,afigurefspeeh,hihipliesareseblanebeteennebjetandanther,butagnitivedefrtheperspetivefgnitivelinguistis,hihhelpspepleunderstandtherld.sfarasn,henextpart,theauthrillpayspeialattentintdisussthetranslatinfetaphrfrenglishthinesefrtheperspe

43、tivefulturaldifferenesbeteenhineseandenglish.4.translatinfetaphrfrenglishinthinesefrtheperspetivefulturaldifferenesbeteenhineseandenglish4.1ulturaltranslatinfetaphrasehavedisussedabve,etaphrisntnlyaatterfrds,butalsakindfgnitivede.thus,itisntenughtexplrethetranslatabilityfetaphrnlyfrtheperspetiveflin

44、guistis,butalsfrtherperspetives.“ultureisthestiprtantneftheinthatinetaphrs,theseantiingredientsrestritedbyntextanstiulatereaderstassiatethers,espeiallyertainajrdefinitinalnes,hihanshapeaniageinreadersind,thenaketheipartedinfratinrelearandvivid.20hileiageandulturearelselylinked.therefre,itisneessaryf

45、rustdisussthetranslatabilityfetaphrfrtheulturalperspetive.hetheraetaphris“translatable(i.e.hetherliteraltranslatinuldreateidentialdiensins),hdiffiultitisttranslate,hitanbetranslatedandhetheritshuldbetranslatedatallanntbedeidedbyasetfabstratrules,butustdependnthestrutureandfuntinfthepartiularetaphrit

46、hinthetextnerned.thetranslatabilityfanygivensurelanguageetaphrdependsntfatrs:neispartiularulturalexperienesandseantiassiatinexplitedbyit;thetheristheextentthihthesean,rannt,bereprduednn-analuslyintargetlanguage,dependingnthedegreef“verlapineahpartiularase.letslkatanexaple:(1)“dntbesared,hikens!aeher

47、vieithteasinggaiety.“别害怕，你们这些胆小如鼠的东西只听得她用戏谑的口气说道。inthisexaple,“hikensshuldntbeliterallytranslatedint“小鸡inhinese,beauseinesternulture,“hikenisftenusedtrefertaardlyandfearfulpersn.thus,“胆小如鼠isabettertranslatin.4.1.1anageentfulturalfatrsintranslatingenglishetaphrsenglishetaphrsntainabundantandvividultu

48、ralnntatinfthenatinandstrnglyreflettheulturalharateristisfthenatinithenglishasitsnativelanguage.thekeyfsuessfultranslatinfenglishetaphrsliesintheextentthihthetranslatrunderstandstheulturalntextandthetranslatinftheulturalfeatures.thus,thetranslatrshuldtrytasterthesureandulturalntextfenglishetaphrsasu

49、haspssible,hihisveryneessarytexatlyunderstandtheirnntatinsandtheulturalharaterististheyreflet.thenthetranslatranuseprperethdsttranslatethesenntatinsandharateristisinrdertahievethestfaithfulandperfettranslatin.asttranslatinstandardandapprah,infreignuntries,therearenidas“fralrrespndeneand“funtinalequi

50、valene,and.f.nearks“seantitranslatinand“uniatinaltranslatin;inhina,thereexists“direttranslatinand“indirettranslatin.althughtheyaredifferentstandards,allfthedntnflititheahtherbutpleentitheahther.therefre,thereareanyapprahesttranslatingetaphrs.hileinthepressftranslatingetaphrs,hihapprahisthebesthie?it

51、illdependnthenatureandpsitinfetaphrsintext,ntherelatinbeteenetaphrandntextandnthetypefthetextitself.abveall,duringthepressftranslatinfetaphrs,thetranslatrshuldtrytflexiblykeeptheulturalfeatureshiletranslatingeaning.asaresultfulturalsiilaritiesanddifferenes,thetargetlanguageandthesurelanguagehavediff

52、erentrrespndingrelatins:setiesfull-rrespnding,setiessei-rrespnding,andsetiesnn-rrespnding.suhaphenennillfurtheraffettheaurayftranslatin.infat,anytranslatinaybringabutthelssfeaningand/riage.therefre,eshuldadptdifferentpleentalethdsinrdertahievehatnidaalled“funtinalequivalene.214.1.2ulturalnntatinfeta

53、phr“bthnidaandnearklassifylinguistiultureintfiveategries:(a)elgy(b)aterialulture()sialulture(d)religiusulture(e)linguistiulture.22itlearlytellsusthat:ulturalinfratinarriedbyallkindsflanguagesisertaintbedifferent,beausetheelgy,aterial,sialandreligiusenvirnenthihdifferentnatinsnareipssibletbeidential.

54、theulturaldifferenesdiretlyinfluenethethinkingdeandvaluerientatinfhuanbeing,thusbeetheainreasnfrthedifferenesfetaphrialneptsfthetnatins.thrughresearhesnetaphrs,eanfindtheulturaldifferenesbeteenhineseandenglish.firstly,etaphrsrefletgelgialandnaturalnditinsfanatin.differentnatinshavedifferentgelgialen

55、virnentandnatinalirustanes,andthisdiffereneftenfindsexpressininetaphrs.frexaple(2),hendesribingtheeergenefalargeauntfnebjets,hinesealayssay“雨后春笋般地,hileinenglishpepleusuallysay“grlikeushrs(像蘑菇一般).frthisexaple,eanfindthatfrthesaephenenn,hineseandenglishusedifferentiagestdesribe.thereasnjustliesinthedi

56、fferentenvirnentfthetnatins：hinaabundsithbabshts,heeyefhinese,suerisanunfrtableseasnhentheblazingsunbakestheearthallthetiebutsetiesitsuddenlyrainsheavilyithutanyntie.shenseeingtheetaphr“shalliparetheetasuer

57、sday?thuarerelvelyandreteperate.inshakespeares18thsnnettpraisehisfriend,sthineseayfeelnfused.itisveryhardfrustnnetthesuerithagdfriend.atthistie,eneedtakeresearhesntheliatefbritain.britainliesinthenrthernteperatezneandisnearttheatlantiean,heindfenglish,the

58、sueristhestpleasantseasntlivein,hihfrssharpntrastiththentinentalliatedeidedbythelatinfhina.23therefre,thereisndubtthatthesaeindtriggersdifferentassiatinsinhineseandenglish.besidesliate,terrainandspeiesfanialsandplants,distributinfineraldepsitsisaniprtantfatrfrustnsiderintersfgelgialnditins.theanient

59、pe“问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流refletshinasterrainishighintheestandlintheeast;andtheenglishidi“arryalstneastle(近乎做徒劳无功的事)arisesfrthebakgrundthatneastleisanindustrialityinenglandsnrtheast,fausfralexprtatin.24sendly,etaphrsreflettraditinalultureandvalues.pepleindifferentnatinshavedifferentaysflife,thinking,ultur

60、eandentalities.asshnabve,etaphrandulturehavelserelatins.thrughetaphr,pepleanellunderstandthebjetiverld.andetaphr,tseextent,refletsanddeterinestheshapingfanatinsultureandvalues.itisbeausethathenpepleakeetaphrsnertainiages,theirviesfultureandvaluesustbeanifestedintheseetaphrsnsiuslyrunnsiusly.frexaple