经济学专业英语教程英文版下课件(完整版)

1、 “十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材 教育部推荐教材 大学专业英语系列教材经济学专业英语教程（第四版下）主编 宋利芳 张勇先中国人民大学出版社2019年7月第4版演示文稿宋利芳 编写Introduction1. Framework 2. Contents1. Framework 14 units, and each unit includes one text and one additional textUnits 1-7 concern macroeconomics and economic management, and Units 8-14 concern internation

2、al trade and world economy2. ContentsUnit 1Text: Income and Work（收入和工作）Additional Text: Income Distribution and Poverty（收入分配与贫困） Unit 2 Text: Population（人口）Additional Text: The Consequences of High Fertility: Some Conflicting Opinions（高出生率的影响：一些冲突的观点）Unit 3 Text: Human Resources Management（人力资源管理） A

3、dditional Text: The Extensive Brain Drain（广泛的人才流失）Unit 4Text: Environmental Protection（环境保护）Additional Text: Methods of Pollution Control（污染控制的方法）Unit 5 Text: Investments（投资） Additional Text: The Major Types of Investors（投资的主要形式）Unit 6 Text: Insurance（保险）Additional Text: Types of Insurance Businesse

4、s Need（保险业务需求的类型）Unit 7 Text: Marketing（市场营销） Additional Text: Marketing Strategies（营销战略）Unit 8 Text: International Trade（国际贸易） Additional Text: National Competitive Advantage and Diamond Model（国家竞争优势与钻石模型）Unit 9 Text: WTO（世界贸易组织） Additional Text: GATT and Multilateral Trade Negotiations（关税及贸易总协定和多边

5、贸易谈判） Unit 10Text: Nontariff Barriers（非关税壁垒） Additional Text: Dumping and Antidumping（倾销与反倾销） Unit 11Text: Multinational Corporations（跨国公司） Additional Text: Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Enterprises（外国直接投资与跨国企业） Unit 12Text: Foreign Aid（外国援助）Additional Text: The World Bank Group and th

6、e International Monetary Fund（世界银行与国际货币基金组织） Unit 13Text: Economic Globalization（经济全球化）Additional Text: Regional Economic Integration（区域经济一体化）Unit 14Text: The European Union（欧洲联盟） Additional Text: The Broad Economic Guidelines of the EU（欧盟经济指南） Unit 1Text: Income and Work（收入和工作）1. Key words2. Defini

7、tion of income3. Factors for occupation choice4. Composition of income5. Wage and occupation6. Wage and productivity7. Questions1. Key wordsskilled peoplehigher paid occupationprofessional trainingpayment in kindrent-free accommodationfactor incomephysical and mental worktransfer incomeunemployment

8、benefitsTransfer paymentownership of propertyprevious generationsspecialized skillstrade uniontertiary industrypossession of assets income size2. Definition of incomeIncome is a reward for producing goods or providing services that are wanted. It is the price of the workers services.In many occupati

9、ons, the income received depends on the training, skills and experience of the individual worker, but it can also depend on the demand for the type of work and its supply.3. Factors for occupation choice3.1 Education and training3.2 Encouragement by the government3.3 Ability3.4 Demand and supply of

10、occupation3.1 Education and trainingWhile the market system operates the same way with the price of labor (income) as with the prices of commodities, it does operate in favor of those people who find it possible to acquire the necessary training and skills to equip them for the better paid jobs.3.2

11、Encouragement by the governmentThe market system, operating alone and working purely on the demand and supply of labor, does not provide equal opportunities for rising to higher income levels. There must be positive encouragement by the government to create greater equality of opportunity because it

12、 will not be provided by anyone else.3.3 AbilityThe professions require certain aptitudes and abilities which are not possessed by everyone. some professional people are more skilled at their work than others and command higher payment for their services.3.4 Demand and supply of occupationWhen entry

13、 to an occupation needs special capabilities or long periods of training there is usually a scarcity of these workers, and consequently a higher income. But if the demand for this type of worker declines because of overcrowding in the profession, not all would be able to command the highest awards.4

14、. Composition of income4.1 Factor income4.2 Transfer income4.3 Income from ownership of property4.1 Factor incomeIncome which is received in return for working is known as factor income because it is payment to an owner of a productive factor, i.e. labor. What a worker receives may be called a wage

15、or a salary. Income from labor comes from personal exertion, which can include both physical and mental work.4.2 Transfer incomeSome people are unable to earn an income because of age, sickness, or some other reason, and do not possess sufficient property to receive income from it. These people need

16、 some form of income and this is paid by the government in the form of pensions or other allowances such as unemployment benefits. This type of payment is called a transfer payment and the income is called a transfer income because it is transferred to the receiver from another section of the commun

17、ity, and does not involve work or the production of goods and services.4.3 Income from ownership of propertyRent Some receive rent in return for allowing other people to use their land or to live in a house they own.Dividend Others receive interest on money lent to a company, and such income is call

18、ed dividends.InterestThey may put their money into fixed bank deposits and receive interest on it because the bank is using their money.5. Wage and occupationIt is the theory of the free market that if the demand for one occupation rises while another declines, workers will move out of the latter an

19、d into the former. But in reality it does not work like that because of the need for specialized skills. Workers cannot easily change their occupations in response to demand for a type of work or changes in wages.It is also difficult to enter some occupations because trade unions or professional ass

20、ociations restrict entry to safeguard the interests of the existing members.6. Wage and productivity6.1 Wage rise and productivity rise6.2 Problems of measuring the productivity6.1 Wage rise and productivity riseWage rises should be given only when there has been a rise in productivity in the indust

21、ry. A wage rise naturally leads to increased costs to the employers.They can do one of two things:they can sell their goods at the same price and suffer the increased costs (wages) in producing them, thereby accepting lower profits; or they can pass on the added costs as increases in the prices of t

22、heir products to the public.6.2 Problems of measuring the productivityIn the service or tertiary industries there are no actual goods produced and the value of the services is difficult to assess.The productivity of teachers, doctors, lawyers, and other workers in the service industries is difficult

23、 to assess, particularly as there are great differences in the skill and work performance of people doing similar jobs.7. Questions(1) Explain why some people receive higher incomes than others.(2) Why is income regarded as a price?(3) What is the difference between factor income and transfer income

24、?(4) Should productivity be related to wage levels?(5) Are there problems involved in measuring productivity? Give examples. Unit 2 Text: Population（人口）1. Key words2. Importance of the size and type of population3. Labor force4. Unemployment and employment5. Natural increase of population6. Question

25、s1. Key wordsskilled peoplehigher paid occupationprofessional trainingpayment in kindrent-free accommodationfactor incomephysical and mental worktransfer incomeunemployment benefitsTransfer paymentownership of propertyprevious generationsspecialized skillstrade uniontertiary industrypossession of as

26、sets income size2. Importance of the size and type of population2.1 As a market for goods and services2.2 The population provides the members of the workforce2.1 As a market for goods and servicesAll members of the population are consumers in some form or other, and the number of consumers who must

27、share the foods and services available has profound effects on the individuals standard of living and on the economy itself.2.2 The population provides the members of the workforceThe workforce is only a part of the total population. Combined with other resources, the workforce produces most of the

28、goods and services required by the entire population. To a large extent, the size of the population affects the size of the workforce. The larger the available workforce the greater the potential for production, but it is not numbers alone which make for an efficient and effective workforce. The lar

29、ger the population the greater the number of consumers, which usually means that a larger workforce is needed in order to supply their needs.3. Labor force3.1 Definition of labor force3.2 Factors affecting labor force3.1 Definition of labor forceLabor force is defined as being the total number of pe

30、ople who are available to work and earn income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment, so it includes employers and the self-employed.Labor is one of the countrys resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services wanted by t

31、he community.3.2 Factors affecting labor force3.2.1 Age distribution of the total population3.2.2 Number of school students3.2.3 Quality of the workforce3.2.1 Age distribution of the total populationIf the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work, then the av

32、ailable workforce would be lower than if there were an evenly spread age distribution. If the population grows rapidly from natural increase, i.e. the number of births greatly exceeds the number of deaths, then as the total population increases the proportion in the workforce declines.Aging populati

33、on means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly, and as people retire from the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to replace those who are leaving it. The population is top-heavy with older people. So the percentage of the population in the wor

34、kforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate.3.2.2 Number of school studentsThe greater the proportion of young people who engage themselves in full-time education, the smaller the proportion of those available for the workforce.3.2.3 Quality of the workfor

35、cePerhaps more important is the quality of the workforce, particularly in a society where the type of production generally requires a high level of skill and education. Because modern methods of production are complex, a country in which the workforce is ill-educated and unskilled cannot develop qui

36、ckly without an intensive program of education and training.4. Unemployment and employment4.1 Types of unemployment4.2 Employment4.1 Types of unemployment4.1.1 Seasonal unemployment4.1.2 Structural unemployment4.1.3 Frictional unemployment 4.1.1 Seasonal unemploymentUnemployment can be due to season

37、al causes.For example, sheep-shearers and fruitpickers are needed at certain times of the year and not at other between jobs.4.1.2 Structural unemploymentStructural unemployment occurs when a certain industry or business is affected by changes in technology, competition from imports, or other factor

38、s that relate to the industry as a whole.4.1.3 Frictional unemploymentSome people will be moving between jobs, there will be some frictional unemployment.4.2 Employment4.2.1 Full employment4.2.2 Level of employment4.2.1 Full employmentFull employment can be defined as a situation where total demand

39、for labor is equal to the supply of labor. But even when job vacancies and unemployment are approximately equal, not everyone in the workforce is employed because there are always some who are incapable of keeping a job.4.2.2 Level of employmentThe percentage of the workforce which is employed,Depen

40、ds largely on the level of demand for goods and services.5. Natural increase of population5.1 Definition of natural increase of population5.2 Birth rate and death rate5.3 Rate of natural increase of population5.4 Factors affecting natural increase of population5.1 Definition of natural increase of p

41、opulationNatural increase occurs when the number of births exceeds the number of deaths.5.2 Birth rate and death rateThe birth rate is defined as the number of births per 1,000 of the population in a year.The death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000.5.3 Rate of natural increase of populationIf w

42、e subtract the death rate from the birth rate we have the rate of natural increase of the population which is the increase in the population per 1,000 people for that year.5.4 Factors affecting natural increase of populationBirth rate and death rateAge and sex composition of the population The birth

43、 rate is largely determined by the number of women of child-bearing age, which is regarded as being approximately 15 to 45. The number of women available for bearing children depends on how many females were born in previous decades. Fertility. This term refers to the actual number of children produ

44、ced, not merely the ability to have them.6. Questions(1) Explain why some people receive higher incomes than others.(2) Why is income regarded as a price?(3) What is the difference between factor income and transfer income?(4) Should productivity be related to wage levels?(5) Are there problems invo

45、lved in measuring productivity? Give examples. Unit 3 Text: Human Resources Management（人力资源管理） 1. Key words2. Motivation3. Maslows need hierarchy theory4. Equity Theory5. Reinforcement Theory6. Questions1. Key wordsneed hierarchyfringe benefitslower-level needshigher-level needsphysiological needssa

46、fety and securityself-preservationsocial or affiliation needsesteem needsself-confidenceself-actualizationfrom the individuals perspectivepositive inequitynegative inequitywalking into a polepositive reinforcementnegative reinforcementundesirable behaviordisciplinary letter2. MotivationA basic defin

47、ition of motivation might be the process that causes behavior to be energized, directed, and sustained.To explain motivation, we must try to understand the “whys” of behavior. Why does an individual choose to act one way rather than another? Why does the individual stop doing something that needs to

48、 be done? In attempts to understand the “whys” of individual behavior, different types of motivational theories have been developed.3. Maslows need hierarchy theory3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.2 Lower-level needs3.3 Higher-level needs3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.1.1 A

49、 satisfied need does not motivate. When a need is satisfied, another need emerges to take its place, so people are always striving to satisfy some need.3.1.2 Various needs are arranged in a hierarchy such that individuals attempt to satisfy some needs before moving on to others. 3.1.3 There are more

50、 ways to satisfy higher-level needs than lower-level needs.3.2 Lower-level needs3.2.1 Physiological needs3.2.2 Safety and security needs3.2.1 Physiological needsThe physiological needs are those that sustain life itself: food, clothing, and shelter. Until these basic needs are met to some degree of

51、comfort, most of our energy will be devoted to this level. Only when the physiological needs have been sufficiently satisfied will other levels of needs become important and provide motivation.3.2.2 Safety and security needsSafety and security needs essentially includes the needs to be free from fea

52、r of physical danger and from not meeting basic physiological needs.In other words, this need level involves self-preservation.3.3 Higher-level needs3.3.1 Social or affiliation needs3.3.2 Esteem needs3.3.3 Self-actualization3.3.1 Social or affiliation needsBecause people are social beings, they have

53、 a need to belong and to be accepted by various groups.3.3.2 Esteem needsThe need for esteem means both selfesteem and recognition and respect from others. Satisfaction of these esteem needs produces feelings of self-confidence, prestige, power, and control.3.3.3 Self-actualizationSelf-actualization

54、 is the need to maximize ones potential.4. Equity Theory4.1 Concept of equity4.2 A social comparison of existing conditions against some standard4.3 Valuing4.1 Concept of equityEquity can mean several things; we use it here as the equivalent of such words as fairness and justice. Individuals in orga

55、nizations want fair treatment, not only for themselves but for others as well. This is not saying that all people should be treated equally. Pure equality would not take into account various levels of contribution to productivity and other factors that may enter into compensation decisions.4.2 A soc

56、ial comparison of existing conditions against some standardThe equity theory uses the relationship between two factors: inputs and outcomes. Inputs represent what an individual gives or contributes to an exchange; outcomes are what an individual receives from the exchange.4.3 ValuingEach person assi

57、gns a value to the inputs and outcomes in the job. This value is based on relative importance of that particular item in the present situation.As a result of this valuing, three possible conclusions for the person are: (1) there is equity; (2) there is positive inequity; or (3) there is negative ine

58、quity.A positive inequity exists when the individual feels that he or she has received more than others in the exchange. A negative inequity occurs when the individual feels that he or she has received less than others.5. Reinforcement Theory5.1 Concept of reinforcement theory5.2 Types of reinforcem

59、ent5.1 Concept of reinforcement theoryHaving once been reinforced by this environmental condition (called a consequence), the behavior is more likely to occur automatically in the future. That is, the behavior is not a conscious decision but has merely been reinforced by the environment. The behavio

60、r will continue until another environmental condition causes another behavior.When we use reinforcement to obtain some desired behavior we are shaping behavior.Behavior is shaped by reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.5.2 Types of reinforcement5.