怎样准备文献综述课件

1、怎样准备文献综述你们的时间很有限, 所以不要将他们浪费在重复其他人的生活上。不要被教条束缚,那意味着你和其他人思考的结果一起生活。不要被其他人喧嚣的观点掩盖你真正的内心的声音。求知若饥 虚心若愚科学和艺术之间不存在对立。任何一种真正的科学作品就是一件艺术品，不是艺术家的人，将是一个贫乏的科学人任何一个独立的研究者都必须像任何一个原创性艺术家创造其技巧一样来创造自己的研究方法。使用别人的方法的人，就像使用别人的技巧一样，可能是一个伟大的徒弟，但也仅仅是一个徒弟而已，他将继续做他师傅的工作，却不会从头开始独立思考和工作的人才总是会追寻与其个性相适宜的新的方法和技巧对文献综述写作的启示是什么？“文之

2、不可绝于天地间者，曰明道也，纪政事也，察民隐也，乐道人之善也。若此者，有益于天下，有益于将来，多一篇，多一篇之益。若夫怪力乱神之事，无稽之言，剿袭之说，谀佞之文，若此者，有损于己，无益于人，多一篇，多一篇之损。” 顾亭林之文须有益于天下“书愈多而愈舛漏，愈速而愈不传，所以然者，其视成书太易，而急于求名故也。” 顾炎武之著书之难 “士当求实学”Know your hobbies and webHave something significant to sayStand on the shouldersBe inclusive: show deep knowledge of relevant li

3、teratureBe transparent: dont try to hide weaknessesDont pester the editor or his/her staff or play gamesTips on writing文献综述与研究问题研究目标文献综述研究问题研究方法研究效度Questions force you to find answers; topics invite you to talk about things.文献综述的概念研究综述是指在全面收集相关资料的基础上，经过归纳整理、分析鉴别、对一定时期内某个专题或是问题的研究成果和进展进行系统、全面的叙述和评论“综

4、”对资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精炼明确、更有逻辑层次“述”对综合整理后的资料进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的评述综述的特点：概括性强、内容全面、语言简练 提供辩护启发选择资料来源文献综述的目标说明对某一知识体系熟悉的程度，并且建立研究者对研究领域的信用。一篇文献回顾可以告诉读者，研究者了解某个领域中的研究，并知道哪些是主要的议题。呈现前人的研究路线，以及目前的研究与前人研究的关系。一篇文献回顾提纲挈领地告诉读者有关某个问题研究的发展方向，并呈现出知识发展过程，说明其与某个知识体系的相关性。整合并概括某个领域内已知的事物。一篇文献回顾会汇集各种不同的研究结果，并进行综合分析。一篇

5、好的文献回顾，要指出前人研究中赞同什么或反对什么，以及还有哪些问题尚待解决，指出未来研究发展的方向。向他人学习并刺激新想法的产生。一篇文献回顾告诉读者其它学者已经发现的事物，这样研究者便可从他人的研究中获益。一篇好的文献回顾指出目前研究的误区，并提出重新研究的建议和假设，指出值得仿效的程序、技术和研究设计，以便研究者能更好地聚焦假设，并获得新的启发。文献的检索准备与查找检索的准备我的主题和哪些学科有关如何聚焦主题，以使研究精确可以借鉴哪些索引和摘要如何记录文献文献的检索期刊网图书馆文献参考书目导师文献检索的注意事项与撰写原则文献检索的注意事项文献检索、理应全面注重文献的代表性、可靠性与科学性不

6、应遗漏重要文献不可忽视文献来源贵在资料详实撰写文献的注意事项尊重文献焦点明确避免简单的描述完成论文后，进行重新评估难以找到文献？If , Very little thereYou could be right at the cutting edge of something new and its not surprising theres little around.You could be limiting yourself to too narrow an area and not appreciating that relevant material could be just aro

7、und the corner in a closely related field.Unfortunately theres another possibility and this is that theres nothing in the literature because it is not a worthwhile area of research.文献要全面文献阅读与评述的步骤Judge the Quality of LiteraturesIs the problem clearly spelled out? Are the results presented new? Was t

8、he research influential in that others picked up the threads and pursued them?How convincing is the argument made?Are the generalisations justified by the evidence on which they are made? What is the significance of this research?Is the methodology well justified as the most appropriate to study the

9、 problem?注重文献的质量文献阅读与评述的步骤Pilot reading With research question in mindRead more about it to see what is there Find out what aspects of itFind what have been exhausted, what neglectedWhat the main ideas, issues and controversies are in the areaConsult with your supervisor and friendsIf you need some

10、changes, read again文献阅读与评述的步骤Making sense of the literature First passGet a starting pointGet a background picture get a feel for the whole area, an idea of its scope, starting to appreciate the controversies, to see the high pointsbecome more familiar with the major players. 文献阅读与评述的步骤Making sense

11、of the literature Second psssAt this stage there seems to be masses of literature relevant to your research. As you read, think about and discuss articles and isolate the issues youre more interested in. In this way, you focus your topic more and more. The more you can close in on what your research

12、 question actually is, the more you will be able to have a basis for selecting the relevant areas of the literature. bring it down to a manageable size. 文献阅读与评述的步骤How to evaluate critically?Suppose you are doing this experiments, conducting your studies and analysing texts or other data.Look for the

13、 strengths of certain studies and the significance and contributions made by researchers. You are also looking for limitations, flaws and weaknesses of particular studies, or of whole lines of enquiry.You may need to embark on very detailed analyses of parts of the literature while maintaining the g

14、eneral picture.Indeed, if you take this critical approach to looking at previous research in your field, Follow this way, your final literature review will not be a compilation of summaries but an evaluation. 文献阅读与评述的步骤Making sense of the literature Final pssslooking back to place your own research

15、within the field.Understand how your research has grown out of previous work.you may be able to identify points or issues that lead directly to your research.you can see how its limitations motivates your own research. 文献阅读与评述的步骤 Introductory section“Despite the undisputed success of quantum mechani

16、cs, many important fundamental problems and questions remain unanswered (see for example X, 1973): the measuring process cannot be satisfactorily described in QM formalism; there are great mathematical stumbling blocks to attempt to make QM consistent with the assumptions of pecial relativity.” This

17、 is basically an introductory section, which starts with a statement of the problem in very broad terms, alerting us to the fact that not everything is rosy, and proceeds to sketch in specific aspects.文献阅读与评述的步骤 specify issuesWithout doubt, one of the most widely discussed of these is this closes in

18、 on what the focus of the problem is Like most fundamental issues in physics, this question leads to challenges at several levels of thought. At the philosophicallevel this issue poses questions about. At the Physical level we are forced to examine. At the mathematical level many questions are raise

19、d about the completeness and logical consistency.The text moves on to specify issues at various levels. Although the focus is sharper, the coverage at the same time opens out文献阅读与评述的步骤 Problem situation“An important instance in which all of these challenges converge occurs with the concept of angle

20、in the description of quantum systems”Thus the text has set up the situation where all aspects of the problem-theoretical, practical, etc.-are brought together文献阅读与评述的步骤WrongGreen (1975) discovered .;In 1978, Black conducted experiments and discovered that .;Later Brown (1980) illustrated this in ;RightThere seems to be general agreement on x, (for example, White1987, Brown 1980, Black 1978, Green 1975) but Green (1975) sees x as a consequence of y, while Black(1978) puts