中考英语特殊句式复习

1、并列句/宾语从句和定语从句并列复合句 :由并列连词( and, but, or, so, not onlybut also, however, neither nor, eitheror, still)把两个或两个以上的独立的分句连接而成的句子叫做并列句。并列句之间的关系有并列、转折、选择、因果等关系。1. 并列关系 He is a lovely boy and he is helpful.他很可爱，乐于助人。2转折关系 I can come, but will be a little late.我能来，但是要稍晚一些。3. 选择关系 Either give a hand, or leave

2、right away.或者帮忙，或者立刻离开。4. 因果关系 She is kind to the others, so all of us love her. 她对别人很好，所以我们都喜欢她。宾语从句复习目标：1、掌握引导宾语从句的各种连词 2、掌握宾语从句的语序主句+连接词+主语+谓语 3、掌握宾语从句，主句与从句在时态上的呼应。重难点：语序和时态呼应, ；疑问词+不定式的转化；状语从句的辨析一宾语从句的连接词：1.连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.2.连词if 、

3、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present. He asked me whether or not I was coming.一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether： = 1 * GB3 在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided. = 2 * GB3 在介词前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going

4、to rain. = 3 * GB3 与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.1.连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， 它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in. I wonder where he got so much money.【注意】1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。e

5、g. I dont know how I should do with the presents. I dont know how to do with the presents.2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.二宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?()Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( )The teacher asked the studen

6、ts what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分)陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” She said she would leave a message on the desk.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. I asked him where the tickets are.三宾语从句的时态呼应：宾语从句

7、中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。eg. I thought (that) you are free today. () I thought (that) you would be free today. ( )【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around

8、 the sun.其他需要说明的问题：标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。五、 宾语从句和状语从句的区分：eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine. 2) I dont know if the train has arrived.句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好

9、，我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词dont know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法：可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether， 词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当的时候”。从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，

10、若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。宾语从句的口诀宾语从句三注意，时态、语序、引导词。从句时态主句定， 陈述语序要牢记。 主句一般现在时，从句时态随句义。主句若是过去时，主从时态要一致。宾从表达是真理，客观真理仍现在。 引导词也不难，陈述句that可省略。碰到特殊疑问句， 疑问词来担此任。 一单项选择1.I dont know _ he will come or not. BAhowBwhetherCweatherDwhen2.Can you tell me _they will come back? BAwhereBwhenCwhichDwho3The stor

11、y _I read in the newspaper was about a common problem among teenagers. C Awhose Bwho Cthat Dwhere 4The students_ I met in a football game are my best friends now. C A. when Bwhich Cwho Dwhose 6He said that light _much faster than sound. C Ahas travelled B. travelling C. travels D. travelled 7Could y

12、ou tell me _？ C Its twenty minutes ride by bike.A. how can I get to your school Bhow much it costs to get to your school Chow far it is from your home to your schoolDhow long does it take me to get to your school8. The manager asked the man_. The man answered “Yes”. CAwhat the story was about Bwhen

13、did the story happenCif the story was true Dwhether had he heard the story9Helen will call me up when she _in Shijia zhuang. DA. arrive Bwill arrive Carrived Darrives10。 I dont know _. AAwhen the train will leave Bwhen will the train leave Cthe train will leave when11If you _ your homework，you can g

14、o out to play football. AAfinish Bwill finish Care finishing二填空1. The first thing _we should do is to tell him the good news. that2The new-designed car is on show. I wonder _it costs. how much 3. The teacher asked Li Hua _ he was late for class. Why4.Excuse me，could you please tell me_ Suxian Mounta

15、in is？ whereSorry，Im new here.I dont know the way，either.直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称：直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He s

16、aid to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。如果主句谓语动词为现在范畴的时态或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按

17、下列变化：（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时要注意在以下几种情况：（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： He s

18、aid to me, I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, Im a boy, not a girl.He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4) 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语时，时态不变。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets

19、 up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为

20、间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.(7) 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack

21、said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：He said, These books are mine. He

22、said those books were his.四如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the

23、homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when t

24、hey had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用

25、“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：John said, Im going to London with my father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）John said that he was going to Londo

26、n with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）五、由直接引语变为间接引语的几种情况：1 直接引语是陈述句时间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。He said , You are younger than I.-He said (that ) I was younger than him. 2.直接引语是疑问句时间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, b

27、e not sure, be puzzled等。（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。She said, Do you often come here to read newspapers?She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.She asked me , You have seen the film, havent you?She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.（2） 选择疑问句变为whether.or 宾语从句。

28、I asked him, Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。He asked , Where do you live?He asked me where I lived.3.直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为not ）.The teacher

29、said to the boy, Open the window.The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him , Dont leave the door open.His father told him not to leave the door open.注意（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：He said, Lets go to the theatre.He suggested (our )going to the theatr

30、e.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.(2) Would you mind opening the window? he asked.He asked me to open the window.Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked .he advised me to take a walk after supper.Shall we listen to the music? he asked.He suggested listening to the music.4.直接引

31、语是感叹句时间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。She said, What a lovely day it is !She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.5.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化，变化方法见下表。在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthatthesethose 表示时间的词now thentodaythat daythis week(month ,etc)that week (month ,etc)yesterday the day before last

32、 week(month ,etc) the week(month ,etc) beforethree days (a year ,etc) ago three days (a year. etc) beforetomorrow the next (following ) day next week (month ,etc) the next (following ) week (month ,etc)表地点的词herethere 动词bring take comego 1Have you seen the doctor? He asked me. （两并一）He asked me if / w

33、hether I had seen a docto2How can we get to the science museum? Could you tell us?（两句并一句）Could you tell me how we can get to the science museum?3.“Please tell me what happened ,Helen”,her teacher said. Her teacher asked Helen_ _ _ what _happened.4. Mother said,” Dont put it on this table.” Mother to

34、ld me _ _ _it on _table.5. “Ill go to your farm tomorrow,”he said to her. _told _ that he _ _ _ _farm_ _ _.6. She asked when the sports meet would begin. She asked,”_ _the sports meet _?”定语从句【复习目标】 掌握定语从句的意义及作用。 区别各类引导词。 【知识要点】 在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose,

35、 which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。 1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me. 2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home. 3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white? 4.由which引导的定语从句中，wh

36、ich用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如： The room in which there is a machine is a work shop. The river which is in front of my house is very clean. This is the pen which you want. 注意 ： (1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take g

37、ood care of. (2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost my bag, which I like very much. (3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。 5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如： The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun. 注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。 (1)先行词是不定代词all, few, lit

38、tle, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ： All that we have to do is to practise English. (2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如 The first letter that I got from him will be kept. (3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如 Ive eaten up all the food that you gave me. (4)先行词被the only, the very, th

39、e same, the last修饰时如 He is the only person that I want to talk with. (5)先行词既有人又有物时，如: They talked about persons and things that they met. (6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the class? 6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如: I dont know the reason why he was late. This is the place whe

40、re we have lived for 5 years. Ill never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time. 注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.) 7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 (1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句

41、之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。 (2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students. 8如何简化定语从句（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:My grandfather lives in a village that is far away

42、 from here.My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。This is a book that is worth reading.This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.The man standing under the tree is our English tea

43、cher.站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。I saw the house that was burning at that time.I saw the burning house at that time.当时我看到那房子在燃烧。（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。He is always the first person that comes to school.He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。The report which will be given tomorrow