2020年高三英语高考一轮复习语法专项讲解-动词的时态与语态

1、高考一轮复习语法专项讲解-动词的时态与语态常考的各种时态和语态时态种类主动形式被动形式一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时现在完成时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时现在完成进行时动词的时态1. 一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的动作，通常用usually, often,always, sometimes, every day, once a week 等作时间状语。I usually have my hair cut once a month.The students often do their experiments in the lab.（ 2）表示客观真理、格言以及不受时间限制

2、的客观存在。The earth moves around the sun.A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.（ 3）表示按时间表、计划、规定发生的动作。The train leaves at 2: 35 this afternoon（ 4）在时间、条件、让步状语从句中代替一般将来时You will succeed if you try your best.Even if it rains tomorrow, the football match will take place.2现在进行时（ 1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。Our fri

3、ends are waiting for us outside now（ 2）表示现阶段正在进行的作或及生的事情。She is learning English at college.（ 3）某些短暂性动词，如come， go， start， open， arrive, return,begin，leave等用于现在进行时，表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.He is leaving for Beijing next week.（ 4）某些动词的进行时表示慢慢地、渐渐地发生变化。I m forgetting

4、English.She is losing her eyesight.注意 表示存在、拥有、认知，情感等的动词或短语一不用于进行时态，常见的有 keep， remain， consist of， contain,have, belong to, possess, own, hold, sound, look, seem,appear, smell, taste, feel, hear, understand,know, suppose,remember, admit, believe, like, love, hate, prefer3现在完成时（ 1）表示过去的动作对现在的影响或结果，常用

5、recently,lately， ever，never，once，before， yet， just 等作时间状语。He hasnt heard any news from his son lately.Have you ever been to London?（ 2）表示开始于过去某一时刻，一直持续到现在而且还有可继续下去的动作。常用 so far， up till now ， Since， for a long time, in the past/few years, these days 等作时间状语。So far no life has been found beyond the ea

6、rth.He has learned 5, 000 English words since he went to college.3) “ThiSItis+the+序数词+ time+that. ”句式中，that后的从句用现在完成时This is the second time that I have visited the university.现在完成进行时(1)表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在而且还会继续进行下去的动作。I am very tired. I have been painting the house all the afternoon.(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间

7、里一直反复进行的动作。I have been calling him several times this morning, but there is no answer.辨析现在完成进行时与现在完成时现在完成进行时强调 动作”的持续性，表示 朱完成”的含义；现在完成时则强调 时间”的经过或动作产生的 结果”，表示 巴完成”的含义。I have been writing a letter我一直在写封信。(还在写)I have written a letter.我已经写了一封信(已写完). 一般过去时常用 yesterday, last year,(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,

8、 in1995, the other day 等作时间状语。It was a terrible piece of work you turned in yesterday.He came to work here two weeks ago.（ 2）在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。He said he would not go if it rained（ 3）有些句子虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的有此用法的动词有know ， think ，expect等，表示 本来认为。I didnt expect to meet you

9、hereI thought he had heard the news辨析：般过去时与现在完成时一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的事情、 存在的状态或经常发生的动作， 不强调对现在产生的影响， 常与确定的过去时间状语连用； 而现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果， 或一直持续到现在， 不和确定的过去时间状语连用。I taught here two years ago 两年前我在这儿教书I have taught here for fifteen years我在这儿教书 15 年了6 过去完成时“过去的过去1） 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作，By the e

10、nd of last term, we had learned 2, 000 wordshope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose s等用于过去完成时，表 示未实现的希望、打算或意图，意为 “原本 ”We had expected that you would be able to win the match“I/This/ That was+ the+序数词 + tine + that.”句式中，that后的从旬 用过去完成时。It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.hardly

11、/scarcely. when和 no sooner, than. 结构中， 主句用过去完成 时.Hardly had the game started when it started to rain.7过去进行时( 1)表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情。She was wri ting a book about China last year, but I don kt now whether she has finished it.( 2)表示过去一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行。He was watching TV in the living room when some

12、one knocked at the door.（ 3）短暂性动词come, go, leave, arrive, begin 等用于过去进行时，表示按计划、安排在过去某个时间将要发生的动作。They were coming to attend the meeting a few day later.8.一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态， 也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。（ 1）shall will 动词原形”表示将来，往往指客观上势必要发生的事情或没有计划， 临时做出的打算。 在美国英语中， will 用于各种人称， 在英国英语中 shall用于第一人称， wi

13、ll 用于第二、三人称.When will you be able to give us a reply?We shall have a lot of rain next month-Where is the telephone book?-Ill go and get it for you.be going to do 形式表示将来，一般指按计划、打算要做某事，或有迹象表明要出现的情况。It is going to be fine tomorrow.be to do 表示将来，一般指按计划或安排要做某事，或按职责、义务和要求必须去做某事I am to buy some books this

14、afternoonbe about to do表示将来，多指不久或即将要发生的动作，不强调主观，不能与表示将来的时间的状语连用。The train is about to leave.9过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某个时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 这种时态通常有过去时间或动作作参照。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.She was about to open the door when the telephone rang.10将来进行时将来进行时用 will shall be doing 形式表达，表示将来某个时间正在进行的动

15、作。Please dont come at ten tomorrow morning. I will be having a meeting.二、动词的语态1使用被动语态的情况（ 1）不知道或没有必要知道谁是动作的执行者时。The young man was injured in the car accident.（ 2）需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时。Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away.（ 3）为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方时。Everybody is expected to obey the

16、 following rules.（ 4）动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时。The windows were broken by strong wind（ 5）有些习惯用法只以或常以被动语态形式出现I am determined to take medicine.（ 6）在文章标题、广告、新闻中。English Teachers Wanted!2主动语态与被动语态的转化（ 1） 最基本的变化是将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语， 主动句的谓语变为 “ be 及物动词的过去分词 ”形式，主动句中的主语变为 by 结构，有时可省略。We will discuss the plan tomorrow

17、. -the plan will be discussed tomorrow（by us）.（ 2）谓语动词有两个宾语，变成被动语态时，通常将指人的间接宾语转化成主语，有时也可将指物的直接宾语转化成主语The mother gave the child some money. -The child was given some money （by the mother）.Ek Some money was given to the child（by the mother）注意 用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时， 通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词 （如 to， for 等），以加强间接宾语的语气。T

18、hey awarded him the Nobel Prize -The Nobel Prize was awarded to him.（ 3）谓语动词后跟复合宾语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语不变化，但成为相应的主语补足语。They painted the house white. -The house was painted white (by them)( 4)带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it 来作被动句的形式主语，谓语动词改为be done结构，宾语从何保持不变。They said that he had gone abroad to study Englis

19、h. -It was said that he had gone abroad to study English.3没有被动语态的动词不及物动词，一些表示状态及拥有的及物动词，以及have， wish, get, Owe, cost,belong to, consist of, date back to,agree wit，h arrive inat 等动词或短语没有被动语态形式。This hall can hold 500 people.The house belongs to my uncle.His careless driving cost him his life.当堂检测：单句改错

20、Then we go to a KTV bar where we sang many popular songs.Finally,I work harder than ever and made great progress in my math.Today I ve got wonderful news to tyeollu. I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.To everyone in the world， money was a sensitive topic.I wept

21、and said I do want to do my best but I just couldn t concentrate.6.One evening， a man visited me and after a while, he inquires about my studies.单句填空.The view couldn t(imagine) in their beauty andthey(leave )me with many great memories.As a foreigner,I(absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth ofwel

22、come and unique culture during the trip Over its long history it(develop) as a unique combination of exercisepractical self-defense, self-discipline, and art. Gradually they(accumulate)experience in self-defense. By that time， she(accept) by Yale University and Harvard Universityin the US.As the bes

23、t candidate， I(appoint) to collect and evaluate informationfor a database about diverse natural disasters, such as hurricanes.typhoons or thunderstorms. Sometimes I did this.One day， when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he (bathe)inside he volcano erupted unexpectedly.We(reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars arestill majorsou