2023版高三英语主题语境复习方案新教案：第2部分 主题群3 子主题4　法律常识与法治意识等

1、 子主题(四)法律常识与法治意识等阅读理解A(2018北京卷D)Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world.Well, the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in Apr

2、il for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.California, it should be noted, isnt leading the way here.Companies have been testing their vehicle

3、s in cities across the country.Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While muc

4、h of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles i

5、s a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy or even worsen the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual selfdriving vehicles.They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed hi

6、ghways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking.Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning,

7、they send the selfdriving minibus.The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ridehailing (叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide wit

8、h electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost c

9、ertainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking n

10、ow about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and mo

11、re affordably.The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。1According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can _Ahelp deal with transportationrelated problemsBprovide better services to customersCcause damage to our e

12、nvironmentDmake some people lose jobsA细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety.offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方面。故选A。2As for driverless cars, what is the authors major concern?ASafety.BSide effects.CAffordabi

13、lity.DManagement.D推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking now about .the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，故选D。3What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AEmployed.BReplaced.CShared.DRedu

14、ced.A词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。4What is the authors attitude to the future of selfdriving c

15、ars?ADoubtful.BPositive.CDisapproving.DSympathetic.B观点态度题。根据最后一段最后两句“The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。B(2018江苏卷C)If you want to disturb the car industry, youd better have a few billion dollars: Momandpop carmakers are unli

16、kely to beat the biggest car companies.But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players.By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统), small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.As the

17、cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC，美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself, I have a frontrow seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer,

18、 Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group.It enables smallscale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per houra huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large f

19、arms of California.Before the tool came out，small farmers couldnt touch the price per pound offered by California farms.But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.The sustainable success of small farmers, though, wont happen witho

20、ut fundamental changes to the industry.One crucial factor is secure access to land.Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning ones own land unattainable for many new farmers.From 2004 to 2013，agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many

21、regions.Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a nonexistent path to citizenship the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with twothirds of th

22、e nations farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nations food.There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us.We at the NYFC need broad support

23、 as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds.With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with

24、young farmers.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章分析了美国小农场主具有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展。5The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce _Athe progress made in car industryBa special feature of agricultureCa trend of development in agricultureDthe importance of in

25、vesting in car industryB推理判断题。文章开头首先提到汽车行业的特点，“如果想进军汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：家庭经营的汽车制造厂不大可能击败最大的汽车公司”；接着指出“但是在农业方面，小农场主可以胜过大农场主”。由此可知，作者开头提到汽车行业是为了通过对比介绍农业不同于工业的地方。6What does the author want to illustrate with the example in Paragraph 2?ALoans to small local farmers are necessary.BTechnology is vital for agri

26、cultural development.CCompetition between small and big farms is fierce.DSmall farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California”以及“they can stay in business”可知，Quick Cut Greens Harvester 的发明让小农场可以与

27、加利福尼亚的大农场竞争，并且可以继续经营下去，也就是说小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优势。7What is the difficulty for those new farmers?ATo gain more financial aid.BTo hire good farm managers.CTo have farms of their own.DTo win old farmers support.C细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Another challenge .the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.”可知，新农民面

28、临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。8What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?ASeek support beyond NYFC.BExpand farmland conservation.CBecome members of NYFC.DInvest more to improve technology.A推理判断题。最后一段提到NYFC在敦促国会增加耕地保护等方面需要支持，有关国会将要讨论的新农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。由此可知，为了使农场经济可持续和公平

29、发展，农场主需要寻求NYFC以外的支持。C(2017天津卷C)This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to d

30、eal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes betwe

31、en humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an eq

32、ual legal footing to human drivers, he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for d

33、riverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says.“You know no driver.”Becau

34、se of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California.That is happening in the UK and Singapo

35、re, where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US, however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为

36、一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。9What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA place where cars often break down.BA case where passing a law is impossible.CAn area where no driving is permitted.DA situation where drivers role is not clear.D词义猜测题。根据下文“the grey area between .

37、the driverless future”对“死亡谷”的解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。10The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to _Astop people from breaking traffic rulesBhelp promote fully automatic drivingCprotect drivers of all ages and racesDprevent serious property dam

38、ageB推理判断题。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，选B。11What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?AIt should get the attention of insurance companies.BIt should be the main concern of law makers.CIt should not cause deadly tra

39、ffic accidents.DIt should involve no human responsibility.D推理判断题。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。12Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _ASingaporeBthe UKCthe USDGermanyC细节理解题。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前

40、景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国看不到光明的发展前景。13What could be the best title for the passage?AAutonomous Driving: Whose Liability?BFully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthr

41、oughCAutonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!DDriverless Cars: Root of Road AccidentsA标题归纳题。全文以德国交通部长的提议引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选A。D(2017江苏卷C)A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fastgrowing industry, urging antitrust (反垄断) regulators to step in to check thos

42、e who control its flow.A century ago, the resource in question was oil.Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age.The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft.All look unstoppable.Such situations have led to calls for t

43、he tech giants to be broken up.But size alone is not a crime.The giants success has benefited consumers.Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery.Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data).And the ap

44、pearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern.The internet has made data abundant, allpresent and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition.Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better.Bu

45、t recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power.So they have a “Gods eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data make

46、s the antitrust measures of the past less useful.Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again.A rethink is required and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust

47、 authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase pr

48、ice could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat.When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data

49、and give more to those who supply them.Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it.Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy.But i

50、f governments dont want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。随着网络的发展，有些大型数据公司控制着大量的数据。人们呼吁把这些巨头拆分。但问题的根源不在这里，反垄断部门应该出面打破这些公司的数据垄断局面，给小公司更多的生存机会。14Why is there a call to break up giants?AThey have controlled the data market.BThey collect enormous private data.C

51、They no longer provide free services.DThey dismissed some newborn giants.A细节理解题。根据第二段的首句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，这种形势要求科技巨头拆分。这种形势是指上文提及的那几家大公司垄断了数据市场，故本题答案为A。15What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?AData giants technology is

52、 very expensive.BGoogles idea is popular among data firms.CData can strengthen giants controlling position.DData can be turned into new services or products.C细节理解题。从第三段可知，以谷歌公司为例，这些科技巨头发现了数据可以转变为新的服务，例如翻译和视觉识别，这些都可以卖给其他公司。网络公司对于数据的控制赋予了他们巨大的权力，从而可以增强他们的控制地位。16By paying attention to firms data assets

53、, antitrust regulators could _Akill a new threatBavoid the size trapCfavour bigger firmsDcharge higher pricesB推理判断题。根据第五段可知，反垄断部门在考虑兼并时，通常根据规模的大小来决定何时进行干预，现在当评估这些交易的影响时，他们需要考虑到这些公司的数据资产的范围，再根据“The purchase price could .a newborn threat.”可知，通过重新考虑被兼并公司的数据资产，反垄断部门就可以避免落入规模大小这个陷阱。17What is the purpose

54、of loosening the giants control of data?ABig companies could relieve data security pressure.BGovernments could relieve their financial pressure.CConsumers could better protect their privacy.DSmall companies could get more opportunities.D推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，放松网络服务的供应商对于网络数据的控制，把更多的份额给数据提供者，从而让小公司也有机会发展。1

55、materialize v.发生；成真2potential n.潜力；潜能3worsen v.使变糟4ownership n.所有权 5aspect n.方面6loan n.借贷7clumsily adv.笨拙地8define v.认定；下定义9delay v.推迟；延期10issue n.问题；争论点11deadly adj.致命的12profitable adj.利润丰厚的13digital adj.数字的14initially adv.最初15assess v.评估 1debate n.& v.争论；辩论2harvest v.收获；收割3compete v.比赛；竞争4reform n.

56、改革5crash n.& v.撞坏；坠毁6check v.检查；核对7legal adj.合法的8control n.& v.控制9threat n.威胁1apparent adj.明显的apparently adv.显而易见地2safe adj.安全的safety n.安全3arrive v.到达arrival n.到达4appoint v.约会；约定appointment n.约会；约定5insure v.保险；担保insurance n.保险6confuse v.使困惑confusion n.困惑；混乱；混淆7deliver v.运送；输送delivery n.运送；输送8transla

57、te v.翻译translation n.翻译1lead the way 领先；带路2respond to 对作出反应3bring about 带来(变化)4far from 远非5stand out 突出即时演练单句语法填空1The late arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans.2Our daughter is a great dancer; she stands out above the rest.3Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash), only

58、 one survived.4She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in confusion(confuse)5With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.6The boy managed to climb out of the car, apparently(apparent) unhurt.7He set about helping homeless women and children to place

59、 of safety(safe)8He gave me his assurance that the goods should be delivered(deliver) tomorrow morning.9The great damage which the earthquake brought about made many people homeless or lose their lives.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)1There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair

60、farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us.引路2that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race.种族3Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.操作.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)1But in agriculture, small farmers