小升初英语语法复习-名词

1、 第一节 【知识梳理】一、可数名词和不可数名词初识“名词的数” 英语中名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。表示可以被基数词或与他们相当的词所修饰的人或物的名词叫可数名词；表示不可以被基数词或与他们相当的词所修饰的人或物的名词叫不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分。如果表示单个的概念，用名词的单数形式，单数名词前一般要用a或an。如要表示两个或两个以上的概念，用名词的复数形式。下面是名词的单数形式变复数形式的几种情况：1. 绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上“-s”。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音时，-s读s，结尾是浊辅音或元音时, 读z。 例：map maps;pen pens;ruler

2、 rulers 2. 凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上“-es”构成复数。 读音变化：-es统一加读iz。 例：bus buses; fox foxes;match matches;flash flashes 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加 “-es”。 读音变化：加读z。 例：lady ladies;story stories 4. 以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读z。 例：tomato tomatoes; potato potatoes 例外： piano pianos; photo photo

3、s 5. 以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为“-ves”，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音 f 改读 vz。 例：knife knives;life lives;leaf leaves 例外：roof roofs注意：1. 不可数名词所表示的事物无法以数计算，一般没有复数形式。如：water（水）2. 可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如：These girls are my friends. 这些女孩是我的朋友。3.不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：There is some broccoli on the table. 桌上有些花椰菜。 4.对

4、可数名词前的修饰语提问一般用how many。如：How many apples do you have? 你有多少个苹果？ 5.对不可数名词前的修饰语提问一般用how much。如：How much tea is there in the cup? 杯子里有多少茶水？6.有些可数名词复数变化无规律，如：manmen， woman-women， childchildren，footfeet， toothteeth, policemanpolicemen等。 7.有些名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但它们表达的意义不同。 可数名词不可数名词chicken (鸡，一种动物)fish（鱼，一种

5、动物）an ice cream（一个冰淇淋）a tomato salad（一种西红柿沙拉）chicken（鸡肉）fish（鱼肉）ice cream（冰淇淋这一类）salad（沙拉这一类）如：二、名词所有格：1）一般在名词末尾加s，用来表示人物或动物的所有格。2）当名词的结尾为字母s时，则只点撇即可。3) 表示同属于两个人的物品，应该在第二个名词末尾点撇()即可。4）复合名词或名词词组的所有格，只在最后一个词的末尾加s。另外：介词of，用来表示植物或无生命物体的所有格；如：the leaves of the tree、the legs of the table。注意：通常在单词拼写题目中, 考查

6、学生在理解题目的前提下，拼写一些常用名词。在单选题目中，考查学生对名词含义的理解及一些名词的变异。有时候也在完形填空题目中，考查在篇章理解的前提下，选用正确的名词，常见的考查点如下：1. 不可数名词所表示的事物无法以数计算，一般没有复数形式。如：water（水）2. 可数名词复数或不可数名词作主语时，要注意主谓一致。如：These girls are my friends. 这些女孩是我的朋友。There is some broccoli on the table. 桌上有些花椰菜。 3. how many用于对可数名词提问。如：How many apples do you have? 你有多

7、少个苹果？ 4. how much用于对不可数名词提问。如：How much tea is there in the cup? 杯子里有多少茶水？5.有些可数名词复数变化无规律，如：manmen， woman-women， childchildren，footfeet， toothteeth, policemanpolicemen等。第二节 【例题精讲】一、单项填空。根据句意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。( ) 1. Would you like something to drink, _or coffee?Coffee, please.Afruit B

8、tea Cmeat Dbread 答案与解析：B 关键词是drink“喝”, tea是一种饮料，是不可数名词。( ) 2. Would you like some _? Yes, please. Im a little thirsty.Abread Bmeat Cbeef Dwater答案与解析：D 关键词是thirsty“渴的”。water“水”是不可数名词。( ) 3. Whats your favorite _?Potatoes.AcolorBfruit Csubject Dvegetable答案与解析：D 关键词是Potatoes “土豆”, 属于蔬菜类。 ( ) 4. Hello,

9、may I speak to Ben, please ? Sorry youve got a wrong _.Aname Bway Cnumber Dtelephone 答案与解析：C May I speak to Ben, please.是打电话时常用的语言，have got“有”，本句话中表示“拨电话”的意思。( ) 5. Lunch is the second _ of the day. A. meal B. dinner C. supper D. food 答案与解析：A lunch“午饭/午餐”，meal“餐/饭”。( ) 6. I want to have a _ with you

10、 about the problem. A. fun B. word C. play D. rest 答案与解析：B have a word with sb“和某人说句话”，about“关于”，problem“问题”。( ) 7. Excuse me, what time is it? Sorry , I dont have a _. A. radio . B. cup C. watch D. camera答案与解析：C 关键词是：What time is it?“几点了？”；watch“手表”。( ) 8. How many _ are there in the kitchen? Only

11、one. A. a bag of rice B. some bags of rice C. bags of rice D. one bag of rice 答案与解析：C How many“多少个”，其后接可数名词复数。句意：厨房里有几袋大米？ ( ) .9 .Yao Ming is a popular(受欢迎的) basketball _. A. singer B. player C. actor D. dancer 答案与解析：B 根据主语“姚明”，得答案。player “运动员/选手”。( )10. Im too hungry. Bring me some _, please. A. m

12、edicine B. bread C. water D. books 答案与解析：B 关键词是hungry“饥饿的”，bread “面包”，是不可数名词。( )11. The two books here are _ . You may use the book over there. A. Mikes and Toms B. Tom and MikeC. Mike and Tom D. Mike and Toms答案解析：D 在人名后面写上 s，表示“某某人的”，如果某物同时属于两个人，这时应该在第二个人名的后面写上s。( )12. Is it your coat ? No, Its my

13、_.Asisters Bsister Csisters Dsisters答案解析：C 因为coat是单数形式，因此它一定属于一个人的。选项D表示“几个姐姐的/至少两个姐姐”。( )13. How far is your school from here? Not very far. Its about twenty _ walk. A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute答案解析：C twenty minutes “二十分钟的路”，twenty minutes walk “步行要二十分钟的路”，这是用时间表示路程的一种方法。选题意图：小学教材中已经有

14、名词的教学内容，但是对于可数名词和不可数名词没有更详细的教学内容。本题的意图是帮助学生们更明确可数名词和不可数名词的概念及用法，尤其是一些特殊的可数名词的变化形式是解题中的难点，也是中考试卷中的必考项目之一。二、单词拼写。根据句子的意思和括号中的所给的中文词语，写出真确的单词。1. The _ (双胞胎) are wearing the same clothes. 2. The little girl has a round face and long _ (头发).3. The farmer is working in the _ (田地).4. There is a lot of _ (雪

15、) in winter in Harbin.5. There are sixty _ (分钟) in an hour.6. When he heard the _ (消息)， he got angry.7. I pay ten yuan for two kilos of _ (肉).8. The _ (鸡肉) is very delicious.9. I usually have milk and _ (面包) for breakfast. 10. It takes them two hours to walk through the _ (森林).答案与解析：1.twins twins是可数

16、名词。2. hair hair是不可数名词。3. field field是土地、田地的意思，是集合名词，田地是没有界限的，本题中可视为不可数名词。4. snow snow是不可数名词。5. minutes minute是可数名词。6. news news本身是不可数名词，没有复数形式。7. meat 表示肉类的单词都是不可数名词，没有复数形式。8. chicken chicken是不可数名词，没有复数形式。9. bread bread是不可数名词，没有复数形式。10. forest forest是集合名词，本题可理解为森林是没有界限的，本题中可视为不可数名词。选题意图：本题从可数名词和不可数名

17、词的用法训练角度出发，不仅帮助提高学生阅读理解、分析判断的能力还可以提高学生记忆和拼写单词的能力。本题在部分地区也是中考试卷中的必考项目之一。三、单词拼写。根据句子意思和首字母提示完成句子。1. His sister eats lots of healthy f _. 2. I dont like milk for b _ in the morning. I usually have porridge.3. Here is a p_ of my family. There are five people in it.4. Would you like some w_? Yes, please.

18、 Im a little thirsty.5. I like f _, such as apples, bananas, oranges .答案：1. food 本题的关键词是eats。2. breakfast 本题的关键词是in the morning。3. picture/photo 本题的关键句子是There are five people in it. 4. water 本题的关键词是thirsty“渴的”。5. fruit 本题的关键词是apples, bananas, oranges。选题意图：本题从可数名词和不可数名词用法训练的角度出发，通过训练不仅可以培养学生阅读理解、分析判断

19、的能力还可以提高学生记忆和拼写单词的能力。但比起前一题稍有难度，因为空白部分只给一个首字母，需要提醒学生充分理解题意，在题干中寻找解题的关键词，才能写出正确的单词。本题在部分地区也是中考试卷中的必考项目之一。第三节 【巩固练习】一、单项填空。根据句意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。( )1. Lucy likes _. She has piano lessons on Sundays. A. moviesB. EnglishC. sports D. music( ) 2. Mary wants to be _ because she loves child

20、ren and school very much. A. a teacherB. a police officer C. an actress D.an engineer( ) 3. Would you like some _? Thank you, but Im not thirsty.Asandwiches Bcakes Cbread Dorange ( ) 4. Whats your favorite subject? _.Its interesting.A. T-shirt B. Math C. ToysD.E-mail( ) 5. She likes singing because

21、she has a very sweet _. A. face B. voice C. noise D. hands ( ) 6.I have a toothache. Maybe you should see a _. A. teacherB. nurse C. worker D. dentist( ) 7. Excuse me, what time is it ? Sorry , I dont have a _. A. radio . B. cup C. watch D. camera( )8. Grandma is ill, Please send her to the _. A. st

22、ation B. hospital C. shop D. bookshop ( )9. There is not enough _ in the corner to put the table. A. place B. room C. seat D. ground( )10. He likes English very much, hes a _ of the English club.A. number B. kind C. member D. student答案解析：1.D 关键词是piano“钢琴”。2. A 解题的关键时后面半句话 because she loves children

23、and school very much.“因为她非常喜爱孩子和学校”。3. D 因为答句说：我不渴，选项中只有orange和答句有关系，orange是不可数名词“橘汁”的意思。4. B 解题关键时subject “学科”。5. B like singing“喜欢唱歌”，voice“声音/嗓音”，noise“喧闹声”。6. D 四个选项的意思分别为：教师，护士，工人，牙医。have a toothache意为：（患了）牙疼。7. C 关键词是：What time is it?“几点了？”，watch“手表”。8. B send sb to a place“把某人送到某地”，ill “生病的”。

24、9. B room“房间”，是可数名词， 还有“空余之地/空间”的意思，是不可数名词。in the corner“在拐角处”。题意：拐角处没有多余的空间放那张桌子。10. C member“成员/会员”，句意：他非常喜欢英语，他是英语俱乐部的会员。二、写出下列各名词的复数形式。 (A) 1.policeman _ 2.problem _ 3.question _ 4.radio _ 5. reason _ 6. robot _ 7. sheep _ 8. shelf _9. thank _ 10.tooth _ 11. university _ 12.video _ 13.watch _ 14

25、.woman _ 15. wife _ (B) 1.friend _ 2.half _ 3. hero _ 4.house _ 5. idea _ 6. knife _ 7.life _ 8.market _ 9.monkey _ 10. mouth _ 11.movie _ 12.museum _ 13. page _ 14.parent _ 15.person _ (C) 1. piano _ 2. mouse _ 3.tomato _ 4. month _ 5. leaf _ 6. brush _ 7. baby _ 8. bus _ 9. century _ 10 child _ 11

26、. Chinese _ 12.city _ 13. company _ 14.country _ 15. foot _ (D) 1. activity _ 2.camera _ 3.glass _ 4 .movie _ 5. stone _ 6. ticket _ 7 .lady_ 8. bird _ 9. island _ 10.ticket _ 11. village _ 12.piece _ 13.hotel_ 14.difficulty _ 15. animal_ (E) 1. wish_ 2.flower _ 3.mile _ 4. song _ 5.table _ 6.key _

27、7. bottle _ 8. address _ 9. card _ 10.hole _ 11.newspaper _12. tie _ 13. ball _ 14.festival _ 15.baby _ (F) 1. bag _ 2.ice _ 3.factory _ 4. machine _ 5.shape _ 6.plane _ 7.object _ 8. dream_ 9.date _ 10.boat _ 11.box_ 12.dress _ 13.advice _ 14. place_ 15.fun _ 答案： (A)1.policemen 2.problems 3.questio

28、ns 4. radios 5. reasons 6. robots 7. sheep 8. shelves 9. thanks 10.teeth 11. universities 12.videos 13.watches 14.women 15. wives (B) 1.friends 2. halves 3. heroes 4. houses 5. ideas 6.knives 7. lives 8. markets9. monkeys 10. mouths 11. movies 12. museums 13. pages 14. parents 15. persons(C)1.pianos

29、 2. mice 3. tomatoes 4. months 5. leaves 6. brushes 7. babies 8. buses9. centuries 10. children 11. Chinese 12. cities 13. companies 14. countries 15. feet(D) 1. activities 2. cameras 3. glasses 4. movies 5. stones 6. tickets 7. ladies 8. birds9. islands 10. tickets 11 . villages 12. pieces 13. hote

30、ls 14 .difficulties 15. animals(E)1.wishes 2. flowers 3.miles 4.songs 5.tables 6.keys 7.bottles 8.addresses9. cards10.holes 11.newspapers 12.ties 13 .balls 14 .festivals 15.babies(F)1.bags 2. ice 3.factories 4.machines 5.shapes 6. planes 7.objects 8.dreams9.dates 10.boats 11. boxes 12.dresses 13 .ad

31、vice 14 . places 15.fun二、用括号中所给名词的适当形式填空。1. These friends come from many _ (country). 2. There are fifty _ (state) in America.3. How many _ (radio) are there on the shelf.4. She has saved many peoples_ (life).5. The little baby only has two _ .(tooth)6. Here are some flowers for you, with our best _

32、 (wish) 7. There are twelve_ (month) in a year.8. There are many _ ( monkey) in the zoo.9. Beijing is one of the most famous_ (city ) in the world. 10. We have a lot of _ (work ) to do every day. 11. I put them in_ (box) under my bed.12. Fish cant live without _ (water)13.June 1st is _ (child ) Day 14.I like collecting _ (watch) in my free time.15.There are seven _ (day ) in a week.16. Ms Jenny gave us some_ (advice)on how to learn English well.17. Several _ (woman ) are talking under the tree.18. After