美国概况,历史,文化等(英文版)

1、The culture of the United States Literature HYPERLINK /wiki/Mark_Twain o Mark Twain Mark Twain is regarded as among the greatest writers in American history.Main article: HYPERLINK /wiki/Literature_of_the_United_States o Literature of the United States Literature of the United StatesThe right to fre

2、edom of expression in the American constitution can be traced to German immigrant HYPERLINK /wiki/John_Peter_Zenger o John Peter Zenger John Peter Zenger and his legal fight to make truthful publications in the Colonies a protected legal right, ultimately paving the way for the protected rights of A

3、merican authors. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-22 23 HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-23 24In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. During its early history, America was a serie

4、s of HYPERLINK /wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas o British colonization of the Americas British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of HYPERLINK /wiki/English_literature o English literat

5、ure English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition. HYPERLINK /wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed o Wikipedia:Citation needed citation neededWriters such as HYPERLINK /wiki/Nathaniel_Hawth

6、orne o Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne, HYPERLINK /wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe o Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe, and HYPERLINK /wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau o Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the nineteenth century. HYPERLINK /w

7、iki/Mark_Twain o Mark Twain Mark Twain and poet HYPERLINK /wiki/Walt_Whitman o Walt Whitman Walt Whitman were major figures in the centurys second half; HYPERLINK /wiki/Emily_Dickinson o Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, would be recognized as Americas other ess

8、ential poet. Eleven U.S. citizens have won the HYPERLINK /wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature o Nobel Prize in Literature Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently HYPERLINK /wiki/Toni_Morrison o Toni Morrison Toni Morrison in 1993. HYPERLINK /wiki/Ernest_Hemingway o Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway, the

9、 1954 Nobel laureate, is often named as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-24 25A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and charactersuch as HYPERLINK /wiki/Herman_Melville o Herman Me

10、lville Herman Melvilles HYPERLINK /wiki/Moby-Dick o Moby-Dick Moby-Dick (1851), Twains HYPERLINK /wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn o Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and HYPERLINK /wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald o F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgeralds HYPERLI

11、NK /wiki/The_Great_Gatsby o The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby (1925)may be dubbed the HYPERLINK /wiki/Great_American_Novel o Great American Novel Great American Novel. Popular literary genres such as the HYPERLINK /wiki/Western_literature o Western literature Western and HYPERLINK /wiki/Hardboiled o

12、 Hardboiled hardboiled crime fiction were developed in the United States.National Holidays HYPERLINK /wiki/Fireworks o Fireworks Fireworks light up the sky over the HYPERLINK /wiki/Washington_Monument o Washington Monument Washington Monument. Americans traditionally shoot fireworks throughout the n

13、ight on the Fourth of July. HYPERLINK /wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Day o Martin Luther King Day Martin Luther King Day memorializes the legacy of HYPERLINK /wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. o Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King, who is often regarded as the patriarch of the HYPERLINK /wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement

14、o Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Movement. Dr. King is pictured above delivering his HYPERLINK /wiki/I_have_a_dream_speech o I have a dream speech I Have a Dream speech. HYPERLINK /wiki/Inauguration_Day o Inauguration Day Inauguration Day is the only HYPERLINK /wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_Unite

15、d_States o Federal holidays in the United States Federal holiday that is not annual but rather occurs only once every four years. The day begins with the inauguration ceremony and ends with a military parade. HYPERLINK /wiki/Halloween o Halloween Halloween is often observed in the United States. It

16、typically involves dressing up in costumes and an emphasis on the bizarre and frightening.The United States observes holidays derived from events in HYPERLINK /wiki/History_of_the_United_States o History of the United States American history, religious traditions, and HYPERLINK /wiki/Founding_father

17、s_of_the_united_states o Founding fathers of the united states national patriarchs. HYPERLINK /wiki/Thanksgiving o Thanksgiving Thanksgiving has become a traditional American holiday which evolved from the custom of English pilgrims to “give thanks” for their welfare. Today, Thanksgiving is generall

18、y celebrated as a family reunion with a large afternoon feast. HYPERLINK /wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas o British colonization of the Americas European colonization has led to many traditional Christian holidays such as Easter, HYPERLINK /wiki/Lent o Lent Lent, HYPERLINK /wiki/St._Patric

19、k%E2%80%99s_Day o St. Patricks Day St. Patricks Day, and Christmas to be observed albeit celebrated in a secular manner by many Americans today. HYPERLINK /wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States) o Independence Day (United States) Independence Day (colloquially known as the Fourth of July) celebrates

20、the anniversary of the countrys HYPERLINK /wiki/Declaration_of_Independence o Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence from Great Britain. It is generally observed by parades throughout the day and the shooting of fireworks at night. HYPERLINK /wiki/Halloween o Halloween Halloween is

21、thought to have evolved from the ancient Celtic festival of HYPERLINK /wiki/Samhain o Samhain Samhain which was introduced in the American colonies by Irish settlers. It has become a holiday that is celebrated by children and teens who traditionally dress up in costumes and go door to door trick-or-

22、treating for candy. It also brings about an emphasis on eerie and frightening HYPERLINK /wiki/Urban_legends o Urban legends urban legends and movies. The celebration of Halloween has become continuously popular among university students in the U.S. Both HYPERLINK /wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madiso

23、n o University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin-Madison and HYPERLINK /wiki/Ohio_University o Ohio University Ohio University in HYPERLINK /wiki/Athens,_Ohio o Athens, Ohio Athens, Ohio are known across the country for their Halloween street fairs. HYPERLINK /wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_need

24、ed o Wikipedia:Citation needed citation neededAdditionally, HYPERLINK /wiki/Mardi_Gras o Mardi Gras Mardi Gras, which evolved from the Catholic tradition of HYPERLINK /wiki/Carnival o Carnival Carnival, is observed notably in New Orleans, HYPERLINK /wiki/St._Louis o St. Louis St. Louis, and HYPERLIN

25、K /wiki/Mobile,_Alabama o Mobile, Alabama Mobile, Alabama as well as numerous other towns.Federally recognized holidays are as follows:DateOfficial NameRemarksJanuary 1New Years DayCelebrates beginning of the HYPERLINK /wiki/Gregorian_calendar o Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar year. Festivitie

26、s include counting down to midnight (12:00am) on the preceding night, New Years Eve. Traditional end of holiday season.Third Monday in JanuaryBirthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., or HYPERLINK /wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Day o Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Martin Luther King, Jr. DayHonors HYPERLINK

27、/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr. o Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., HYPERLINK /wiki/Civil_Rights o Civil Rights Civil Rights leader, who was actually born on January 15, 1929; combined with other holidays in several states.First January 20 following a Presidential election HYPERLINK /wi

28、ki/Inauguration_Day o Inauguration Day Inauguration DayObserved only by federal government employees in Washington D.C., and the border counties of HYPERLINK /wiki/Maryland o Maryland Maryland and HYPERLINK /wiki/Virginia o Virginia Virginia, in order to relieve the traffic congestion that occurs wi

29、th this major event. Swearing-in of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States. Celebrated every fourth year. Note: Takes place on January 21 if the 20th is a Sunday (although the President is still privately inaugurated on the 20th). If Inauguration Day falls on a Saturd

30、ay or a Sunday, the preceding Friday or following Monday is not a Federal HolidayThird Monday in February HYPERLINK /wiki/Washington%27s_Birthday o Washingtons Birthday Washingtons BirthdayWashingtons Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress. The Uniform Holidays Act,

31、 1968, shifted the date of the commemoration of Washingtons Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February. Many people now refer to this holiday as HYPERLINK /wiki/Presidents%27_Day_(United_States) o Presidents Day (United States) Presidents Day and consider it a day honoring all America

32、n presidents. However, neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washingtons Birthday to Presidents Day. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-25 26Last Monday in May HYPERLINK /wiki/Memorial_Day o Memorial Day Memorial DayHonors

33、the nations war dead from the Civil War onwards; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season. (traditionally May 30, shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968)July 4 HYPERLINK /wiki/Independence_Day_(US) o Independence Day (US) Independence DayCelebrates HYPERLINK /wiki/United_States_Declarat

34、ion_of_Independence o United States Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence, also called the Fourth of July.First Monday in SeptemberLabor DayCelebrates the achievements of workers and the labor movement; marks the unofficial end of the summer season.Second Monday in October HYPERLIN

35、K /wiki/Columbus_Day o Columbus Day Columbus DayHonors HYPERLINK /wiki/Christopher_Columbus o Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus, traditional discoverer of HYPERLINK /wiki/The_Americas o The Americas the Americas. In some areas it is also a celebration of Italian culture and heritage. (tradit

36、ionally October 12); celebrated as HYPERLINK /wiki/Columbus_Day o Columbus Day American Indian Heritage Day and HYPERLINK /wiki/Fraternal_Day o Fraternal Day Fraternal Day in HYPERLINK /wiki/Alabama o Alabama Alabama; HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-autogenerated1-26 27 cele

37、brated as HYPERLINK /wiki/Columbus_Day o Columbus Day Native American Day in HYPERLINK /wiki/South_Dakota o South Dakota South Dakota. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-27 28 In Hawaii, it is celebrated as Discoverers Day, though is not an official state holiday. HYPERLINK /wi

38、ki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-28 29November 11 HYPERLINK /wiki/Veterans_Day o Veterans Day Veterans DayHonors all veterans of the HYPERLINK /wiki/United_States_armed_forces o United States armed forces United States armed forces. A traditional observation is a moment of silence at 11:0

39、0am remembering those killed in war. (Commemorates the HYPERLINK /wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne) o Armistice with Germany (Compigne) 1918 armistice, which began at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.)Fourth Thursday in November HYPERLINK /wiki/Thanksgiving_(Uni

40、ted_States) o Thanksgiving (United States) Thanksgiving DayTraditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest. Traditionally includes the consumption of a HYPERLINK /wiki/Turkey_dinner o Turkey dinner turkey dinner. Traditional start of the HYPERLINK /wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_sea

41、son o Christmas and holiday season holiday season.December 25ChristmasCelebrates the Nativity of Jesus. Some people consider aspects of this religious holiday, such as giving gifts and decorating a HYPERLINK /wiki/Christmas_tree o Christmas tree Christmas tree, to be secular rather than explicitly C

42、hristian.Federal Holidays Calendars HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-29 30 from the U.S. HYPERLINK /wiki/Office_of_Personnel_Management o Office of Personnel Management Office of Personnel Management.CuisineMain article: HYPERLINK /wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States o Cuisine

43、of the United States Cuisine of the United StatesThe cuisine of the United States is extremely diverse, owing to the vastness of the continent, the relatively large population (1/3 of a billion people) and the number of native and immigrant influences. Mainstream HYPERLINK /wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Unite

44、d_States o Cuisine of the United States American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as HYPERLINK /wiki/Turkey_(bird) o Turkey (bird) turkey, HYPERLINK /wiki/White-tailed_deer o White-tai

45、led deer white-tailed deer HYPERLINK /wiki/Venison o Venison venison, potatoes, HYPERLINK /wiki/Sweet_potato o Sweet potato sweet potatoes, HYPERLINK /wiki/Maize o Maize corn, HYPERLINK /wiki/Squash_(plant) o Squash (plant) squash, and HYPERLINK /wiki/Maple_syrup o Maple syrup maple syrup, indigenou

46、s foods employed by American Indians and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef HYPERLINK /wiki/Barbecue o Barbecue barbecue, HYPERLINK /wiki/Crab_cake o Crab cake crab cakes, HYPERLINK /wiki/Potato_chip o Potato chip potato chips, HYPERLINK /wiki/Cotton_candy o Cotton candy cotton candy

47、 and HYPERLINK /wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie o Chocolate chip cookie chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American styles. HYPERLINK /wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed o Wikipedia:Citation needed citation neededThe types of food served at home vary greatly and depend upon the region of the country an

48、d the familys own cultural heritage. Recent immigrants tend to eat food similar to that of their country of origin, and HYPERLINK /wiki/Americanization o Americanization Americanized versions of these cultural foods, such as HYPERLINK /wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine o American Chinese cuisine America

49、n Chinese cuisine or HYPERLINK /wiki/Italian-American_cuisine o Italian-American cuisine Italian-American cuisine often eventually appear; an example is HYPERLINK /wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine o Vietnamese cuisine Vietnamese cuisine, HYPERLINK /wiki/Korean_cuisine o Korean cuisine Korean cuisine and HYPE

50、RLINK /wiki/Thai_cuisine o Thai cuisine Thai cuisine. HYPERLINK /wiki/German_cuisine o German cuisine German cuisine has a profound impact on American cuisine, especially mid-western cuisine, with potatoes, noodles, roasts, stews and cakes/pastries being the most iconic ingredients in both cuisines.

51、 HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-Dealing_with_Diversity-4 5 Dishes such as the hamburger, pot roast, baked ham and hot dogs are examples of American dishes derived from German cuisine. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-History_of_the_hot_dog-30 31 HYPE

52、RLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-History_of_the_Hamburger-31 32 Different regions of the United States have their own cuisine and styles of cooking. The state of Louisiana, for example, is known for its HYPERLINK /wiki/Cajun_cuisine o Cajun cuisine Cajun and HYPERLINK /wiki/Louis

53、iana_Creole_cuisine o Louisiana Creole cuisine Creole cooking. Cajun and Creole cooking are influenced by French, Acadian, and Haitian cooking, although the dishes themselves are original and unique. Examples include Crawfish Etouffee, Red Beans and Rice, Seafood or Chicken Gumbo, Jambalaya, and Bou

54、din. Italian, German, Hungarian and Chinese influences, traditional Native American, Caribbean, Mexican and Greek dishes have also diffused into the general American repertoire. It is not uncommon for a middle class family from middle America to eat, for example, restaurant pizza, home-made pizza, e

55、nchiladas con carne, chicken paprikas, beef stroganof and bratwurst with sauerkraut for dinner throughout a single week. HYPERLINK /wiki/Soul_food o Soul food Soul food, developed by African slaves, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. HYPERLINK /wiki/Syncretism o

56、Syncretism Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana creole, Cajun, HYPERLINK /wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_cuisine o Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine Pennsylvania Dutch, and HYPERLINK /wiki/Tex-Mex_cuisine o Tex-Mex cuisine Tex-Mex are regionally important. Iconic American dishes such as HYPERLINK /wiki/Apple_pie

57、o Apple pie apple pie, HYPERLINK /wiki/Fried_chicken o Fried chicken fried chicken, HYPERLINK /wiki/Pizza o Pizza pizza, HYPERLINK /wiki/Hamburger o Hamburger hamburgers, and HYPERLINK /wiki/Hot_dog o Hot dog hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants and domestic innovations. So-called

58、HYPERLINK /wiki/French_fried_potatoes o French fried potatoes French fries, Mexican dishes such as HYPERLINK /wiki/Burrito o Burrito burritos and HYPERLINK /wiki/Taco o Taco tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are consumed. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_

59、note-IFT-32 33Americans generally prefer coffee to tea, with more than half the adult population drinking at least one cup a day. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-33 34 Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making HYPERLINK /wiki/Orange_juice o Orange juice

60、orange juice and milk (now often fat-reduced) ubiquitous breakfast beverages. HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-34 35 During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans caloric intake rose 24%; HYPERLINK /wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States l cite_note-IFT-32 33 frequent dining at fast food