·given有哪些用用法

1、given有哪些用用法1. 用作 give 的过去分词，引出过去分词短语作状语，意为“如果有，“假定等义，此时要注意其逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致，句子谓语是否用虚拟语气，要视句子的具体含义而定。如：Given time, theyll probably agree. 给以时间的话，他们可能会同意。=If we give them time或If they are given timeGiven more attention, the trees could have grown better. 要是对树多加注意，它们会长得更好。=If the trees had been given more

2、 attention, they could be grown better.)2. 在现代英语中可用作介词，后接名词或代词，意为“考虑到或“鉴于。如：Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们已干得很不错了。Given her interest in children, Im sure teaching is the right career for her. 鉴于她对小孩的兴趣，我敢肯定教书是她最适合的职业。注意，given 后也可接 that 从句。如上面两句也可以改为：Given that they

3、re inexperienced, they have done a good job. Given that she is interested in children, Im sure teaching is the right career for her. 3. 用作形容词，意为“特定的“一定的“规定的等，通常用作定语。如：The work must be done within the given time. 工作必须在规定时间内完成。They were to meet at a given time and place. 他们定了个特定时间和地点见面。比拟下面一句，given为过去

4、分词，用作后置定语：The book given to him was an English novel. (= The book which was given to him was an English novel). 送给他的那本书是本英语。不用主语或宾语的as和than从句As和than可以引导没有主语或宾语代词有点像as和than是关系代词的从句。没有主语代词的从句主要用在正式文体中。Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected.他们的婚姻正如所预料的那样一波三折。不能说as it had been expected.Annes

5、going to join us, as was agreed last week.正如上周大家同意了的，安妮将参加到我们中间来。不能说as it was agreed last week.He worries more than is good for him.他担心过度，对他没有好处。不能说 He worries more than it/what is good for him.Dont lose your passport, as I did last year.别像我去年一样把你的护照丢了。不能说 as I did it last yearThey sent more than I

6、had ordered.他们送来的比我预定的要多。不能说more than I had ordered it.as can be中as的用法 asas can could be结构通常可译为“极其“非常“要多就多。如：Both houses were as clean as could be. 两座房子都极其干净。A：What was the weather like on your holiday? 你度假时天气样?B：It was as good as could be expected. 好得很。关于as.as 结构的几个句式在讲到形容词比拟级as.as 时，绝大多数讲的都是 as +形

7、容词+ as 结构。例如：He is as handsome as his brother (is). 他和他哥哥一样英俊。Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does. 朱迪像莎拉一样时常去看电影。Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does. 老约翰像婴儿一样容易入睡。He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他不能有你跑得那么快。但是，像上面那样的例子多了，就产生一个问题：不少学生都以为as .as 中间只有形容词。实际上，在 as.as 结构中，还可以有其它的几个句式

8、。1、 as 形容词+名词 as 句式这种结构在文章中也很常见，但很多学生不习惯。这里给几个例子，请大家仔细研究一下，提一点请大家注意，就是：形容词后面(包括many/much) 的名词有单数、有复数、有不可数。例如：This is as good an example as the other is. 这和另外一个一样是个好例子。He is as nice a boy as Peter (is). 他和彼得一样都是好男孩。The girls are as busy with their work as bees. 女孩子就跟蜜蜂一样忙着工作。She has as many friends a

9、s Mary (does). 她和玛丽一样有许多朋友。He has as much money as John (does). 他和约翰一样有很多钱。I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能搬多少。2、as many as 与 as much as这两个比拟的意思是“像一样多，既可以把它们作为比拟级看，也可以把它们看作是一个固定的词组。同样，在 .many/much. 后面可以插入名词，形成 as.many/much +名词.as 的句式。例如：(1) 作为固定词组来使用的，相当于“那么多。She has as many as seven

10、 sisters. 她的姊有七人之多。As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash. 这次空难中多达一百人丧生。I gave the beggar as much as 1,00 yen. 我给了这乞丐整整一百元。Building costs ran up to as much as $ 20 million. 建筑费用涨到高达两千万。类似的“长达、“宽达、“早在等，也可以用这种结构表示。例如：I have been learning English (for) as long as 15 years. 我学英文已有十五年之久。He ca

11、me home as late as two in the morning. 他迟至清晨两点才回家。I saw your brother as late as last week. 上个礼拜我还看到你哥哥。The river is as wide as 100 meters. 这条河宽达一百公尺。I mailed the letter as early as Friday. 我早在星期五就把信寄了。We walked as far as the railroad station. 我们走到火车站那样远的地方。(2) 作为比拟级来使用的，后面可以插入名词，意思是“一样。To eat too mu

12、ch is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing. 吃太多和都不吃同样是坏事。He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom. 他和汤姆同样是管弦乐队的成员。ets are just as much members of the suns family as (are) the other planets. 彗星和其他的行星同样是太阳家族的成员。as.as.结构用法讲解一、asas 结构的根本用法其根本意思为“与一样，其中的第一个as为副词，其后通常接形容词或副词(用原级)，第二个as可用作介词(后接名词或代词

13、)或连词(后接从句)。使用时应注意以下几点：1. 在否认句中，第一个 as 也可换成 so：He doesnt study as so hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。2. 在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但假如涉与数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as和“as many+可数名词复数+as：Youve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。I havent got as much money as I thought. 我不像原来想像的有那么多钱。其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可

14、修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)：She is as good a cook as her mother. 她和她妈妈一样是位好厨师。也可说：She is a cook as good as her mother.但不说：She is as a good cook as her mother. 或They are as good cooks as us. 二、关于第二个as的词性第二个as后接从句时，该as通常为连词，但有时这个as还充当其后从句的主语或宾语，此时该as实为关系代词。如：I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就给

15、了他多少。Weve got food for as many people as want it. 我们的食物，无论多少人吃都够了。注：假如第二个as用作连词引导一个表示将来意义的从句，如此该从句可用现在时表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态。如：Well get there as soon as you do will. 你一到，我们就到。 三、asas结构的修饰语该结构根据情况可用使用以下修饰语：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 p

16、er cent等，并且修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后。如：He doesnt play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不与他姐姐的一半。This dress is twice as expensive as that. 这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。 四、asas结构的省略在非正式场合(尤其是美国英语中)，有时可以省略第一个as。如：When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself. 他在40多岁时娶了一个像他本人一样穷的女人。另外，假如意思明确，有时可省略第二个as与其后的相关词语。如：The

17、 pianos in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good. 那家商店的收音机会廉价些，但质量没那么好。whatever的用法Whatever有两个用法，一是引导名词性从句如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，二是用于引导让步状语从句。 1. 用于引导名词性从句 Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。 Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。 I will do whatever you wish. 我可做任何你想我做的事。 Give them whatever they des

18、ire. 他们想要就给他们。 Whatever I have is at your service. 我所有的一切都由你使用。 You may do whatever you want to do. 无论你想做事，你都可以做。 Ill just say whatever es into my head. 一我想到就说。 One should stick to whatever one has begun. 开始了的事就要坚持下去。 She would tell him whatever news she got. 她得到的任何消息都会告诉他。 Im going to learn whateve

19、r my tutor wishes. 我将学习任何我的导师愿意我学的东西。 College students are seen doing whatever work they can find. 我们可以看到,只要有工作，大学生们都干。 Do whatever she tells you and youll have peace. 她叫你干你就干,那你就太平了。 2. 用于引导让步状语从句 Whatever we said, hed disagree. 无论我们说，他都不同意。 Whatever happened I must be calm. 不管发生情况我都要镇静。 Well go al

20、ong together whatever happens. 不管发生情况我们都要起干。 Dont lose heart whatever difficulties you meet. 不管遇到困难都不要灰心。 Whatever you do, I wont tell you my secret. 不管你做，我都不会把我的告诉你。 Whatever happens, well meet here tonight. 不管发生事情，我们今晚都在这儿碰头。 Whatever happens, the first important thing is to keep cool. 不管发生事,头等重要的

21、是保持冷静。 【注意1】 whatever还可用于加强语气，相当于what ever, what on earth等。如： Whatever is the matter? 这是回事? Whatever does he mean? 他到底是意思? 【注意2】 Whatever从句有时可以省略。如： Whatever your argument, I shall hold to my decision. 不管你怎样争辩，我还是坚持自己的决定While用法小结一、while作名词用，表示“一会儿“一段时间1.Shelikestoliedownforawhileafterlunch. 她喜欢午饭后躺一

22、会儿。2. ingtoanothercountrytostudyrequiresabigadjustmentandittakesawhiletofitin. 来到另一个国家求学，需要花一段时间来适应。While作连词引导时间状语1.Wemuststrikewhiletheironishot.趁热打铁。2.Whileshewaslisteningtotheradio，shefellasleep.她听着收音机睡着了。引起让步状语从句，意思是“虽然但是.、“尽管但是(多放于句首)1.Whileheloveshisstudents，heisverystrictwiththem. 虽然他爱他的学生，可是

23、他对他们很严格。2.Werestinganduseful，itisimportanttorememberthattheymaynotalwaystellusmuch.虽然实验很有趣也有用，但是很重要的是要记住，实验也可能不会告诉你很多。引起条件状语，意思是“只要1.Whilethereislifethereishope.只要生命存在，就有希望。2.Whilethereisawaythereisaway.有志者事竟成。三、While作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而，表比照。而but表转折。注意用心比拟体会while与but的句中用意1.Somepeoplewastefoodwhileothersh

24、aventenough.有些人很费粮食，然而有些人却吃不饱。2.Thesonwashavingagoodmealathome，whiletheparentswereworkinginthefields.儿子在家吃好饭而父母却在田里辛勤劳作。3.Ioughttohavehelpedher，butInevercould.我本该帮她但没能。4.Honeyissweet，butthebeestings.蜂蜜很甜，但蜜蜂有刺蜇人。四.while，when，as的用法区别都译为“当的时候，区别为：when后的从句谓语动词既可是延续性动词，也可是短暂性动词，而且还可作并列连词，译为“这时。但以下句型一定用w

25、hen，作并列连词：句型A：beabouttodowhen正要做这时(发生另一事)句型B：was/weredoingwhen正在这时(发生另一事)句型C：haddonewhen刚要做这时(发生另一事)1.Wewereabouttosetoutwhenitbegantorain.我们刚要出发天突然下雨了。2.Hehadhardlysatdownwhenhismobilerang.他刚一坐下手机就响了。3.IwaswalkingalongthebankoftheriverwhenIoit.我正沿河岸散步突然掉进水里。while后的从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词，强调主从句的两个动词同时发生；whil

26、e也可作并列连词，表示两个动作的比照，译为“而“然而。as如此表示两个变化中的动作的同时性，译为“一边一边。1.Whilehismotherwascookinginthekitchen，theboyfellasleepinthechair.(在一个延续动作过程中发生另一个动作)2.Hehurriedhome，lookingbehindashewent.他匆匆回家，边走边往后看。巩固练习：一.改错1.SheisfatbutIamthin.2.Itwasrainingwhilewearrived.3.Shesangwhilehewalked.4.Idontknowthemwell，whilethe

27、yaremyneighbors.二.选择最优答案：1.ShethoughtIwaspraisingherchild，_，infact，Iwasscoldinghimforhisbadbehaviorsatschool. A.what B.while C.sothat D.therefore2.Idoeverysinglebitofhousework_myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen. A.while B.since C.when D.as3._itisexpectedthatstudentseuniversitywiththeabilitytota

28、keagoodsetofnotes，thisisnotalwaysthecase.A.When B.As C.For D.While4.Wewereswimminginthelake_suddenlythestormstarted.A.when B.while C.until D.before5.Youseemtohavehadthatcarforyears.Yes，itsingoodcondition，butIshouldsellit_itstillruns.A.if B.before C.because D.while答案：一1.but改成while。因为fat与thin形成比照2.whi

29、le改成when。因为arrived为短暂动词3.while改成as。表示“一边一边4.Whiletheyaremyneighbors，Idontknowthemwell.主句和从句颠倒位置。“而，但是“然而。“尽管。4.选A。wasdoingwhen一个固定句式。“趁着1、大多数形容词既作表语又作定语。例: It is a beautiful city. 这是一座美丽的城市。 The city is beautiful. 这座城市美丽。 2、但是,有些形容词总是作表语而不作定语,这就是表语形容词(predicative adjectives)。我们说:Birds are alike in m

30、any ways. ( 鸟在许多方面相似),或者说:Scientists found these birds alike in many ways. (科学家发现鸟在许多方面相似);我们不说:The alike birds.。 许多表语形容词以a-开头,例如ablaze(着火的),afire(燃烧的),aglow(发红的),afraid(害怕的),alike(相像的), alive(活着的),alone(孤单的),ashamed(惭愧的),asleep(睡着的),astir(活动的),averse(反对的),awake(醒着的),aware(意识到的), awash(被波浪冲打的), awry

31、(歪的)等。其它的表语形容词:有content(满足的),glad(高兴的),ill(生病的),likely(可能的),ready(准备好的),sorry(遗憾的),sure(肯定的),unable(无能的),unlikely(不可能的),well( 健康的)等。 3、而另一些形容词又只作定语,不作表语。我们说:atomic energy(原子能),而不说:*The energy is atomic. 常见的定语形容词还有:countless, cubic, digital, east, eastern, eventual, existing, federal, indoor, institu

32、tional, introductory, investigative, lone, maximum, nationwide, neighboring, north, northern, occasional, outdoor, phonetic, remedial, reproductive, south, southern, supplementary, underlying, west, western, woolen 等。 4. 形容词作表语或定语还与词义有关。例如ill作“生病的讲,一般作表语。我们说:The man was ill. 我们不说:*the ill man? ill作“

33、有害的、坏的讲又只作定语。我们说:The war had many ill consequences.(造成了很多恶劣后果);我们不说:*The war consequence was ill. 又例:“His wife was late. 是“他的迟到了。,而his late wife 如此是“他的已故。 后置是相对于前置而言的，一般来说在英语中一个词做定语要前置，两个与两个以上要后置，这是英语中的平衡原如此，为了防止头重脚轻以下是具体讲解： 英语定语就其在句中的位置来说，可分为前置定语和后置定语，而汉语定语一般放在名词之前。英汉两种语言中，定语在句中的顺序有其一样之处，也有其不同之处。在教

34、学实践中，我们常常发现学生在英译汉的作业中由于不谙两种语言中定语顺序的不同，造成译文不通顺，或由此造成种种误解。如果我们能够通过英汉两种语言的比照，找出英语定语汉译中顺序上一些可以遵循的规律，如此有助于人们防止或少犯这类错误。本文拟就在这方面作些初步探讨。 一、 英语中两个或两个以上前置定语汉译时的顺序问题 I.专有形容词同描述形容词、数词、冠词等之间的顺序： 英语专有形容词修饰名词时通常放在描述形容词、数词和冠词之后，但是译成汉语时，专有形容词一般需移至他们之前。例如： He wrote an article on the ancient Chinese history. 他写了一篇关于中国

35、古代史的文章。 这句中的the ancient Chinese history,不宜照英语原文词序译为“古代中国史，因为汉语“古代中国史的含义是“古代中国的历史，译成英语变为the history of ancient China.。其实，the ancient Chinese history的原义是“中国古代的历史。英语相当于Chinas ancient history,所以这里的专有形容词Chinese译成汉语完全可以移至描述形容词之前，应译为中国古代史。 2An American university president mented 如果这句也照原文词序译为“一位美国大学校长。词语之间

36、的修关系不太清楚，可能使人误为“一位美国大学的校长，即把句中的American误解为修饰university，其实它是修饰president，或者更确切地说，修饰university president这个意群。所以翻译时可将专有形容词American移至不定冠词an之前，译为“美国的一位大学校长这样译法就把修饰关系表达清楚了。 II一般形容词之间的顺序： 这里所说的英语一般形容词，泛指除了专有形溶词以外的所有其它形容词。英语一般形容词之间的顺序，译成汉语有时可照英语原文顺序，但有时必须改变它们之间的顺序。下面举几个需要改变词序的译例： 3The property is of fundamen

37、tal spiritual and cultural value to such countries. 这种财产对国家具有思想与文化的根本价值。 这句中的形容词fundamental和spiritual and cultural都修饰value，如按照英语词序译为“根本的思想与文化价值，有可能误解为“根本的修饰“思想，不如在译文中将“根本的移至“思想与文化之后意义明确。又如There are other theoretical possibilities,不宜译为“其它理论上的可能性，这样译法可能给人一种错觉，好象“其它修饰“理论，应把other与theoretical之间的次序颠倒，译为“理

38、论上的其它可能性。 4 All petent university scientists should be supported to do work of their own choice. 应该支持大学里所有合格的科学家从事他们自己选择的工作。 这句中的名词scientists前面有三个前置定语：all, petent和用作形容词的名词university，如果按照英语顺序译为“所有合格的大学科学家，似乎“合格的有可能被误解为修饰“大学，而不是修饰“科学家，所以在汉语译文中将“大学里移至“所有合格的之前。 从上述各例句中可看出，英语中两个以上的前置定语译成汉语时有时需要变动顺序，其原如此是

39、：一、防止译文引起误解。二、符合汉语习惯。 二 英语中两个或两个以上后置定语汉译时的顺序问题。 英语中两个或两个以上后置定语译成汉语时，一般来说，后面的定语须相应地移至前面，换句话说，第二个后置定语应移于第一个之前。例如： 5、People of good will in the Arab countries are struggling against Israeli aggression. 阿拉伯国家善良的人们正在为对抗以色列的侵略而斗争。 这句原文中的两个介词短语定语of good will和 in the Arab countries都修饰people，译成汉语时宜把第二个后置定语in

40、 the Arab countries移至第一个 of good will之前。 6. They have already fulfilled the targets of industrial production set by the new Five-Year Plan. 他们已经完成了新五年计划所规定的工业生产的目标。 这句中的targets有两个后置定语：第一个是 of industrial production，第二个是过去分词引导的定语短语 set by the new Five-Year Plan，译成汉语时，第二个移至第一个之前。当然，有些后置定语的结构含义不同，汉译时的处理

41、方法也不尽一样。例如： 7. Another well-known instance of the role of chance is connected with the discovery of penicillin by Fleming. 偶然性作用的另一个众所周知的例子，是弗来明发现青霉素。 这句中的 the discovery of penicillin by Fleming，从形式上看of penicillin和by Fleming，都是修饰discovery的后置定语，但从意义上看，这个短语相当于Fleming discovered penicillin，句中的of表示动宾关系，

42、而例6和例 7 中的短语表示描述关系，所以不能机械地照前面两例那样译为“弗来明的青霉素的发现，应根据不同结构的不同含义，采用不同的方法，译为“弗来明发现青霉素。 三 英语中前置定语和后置定语汉译时的一般顺序 英语句子中，如果一个被修饰语既有前置定语，又有后置定语，译成汉语时，一般的顺序是后置定语放在前置定语之前。例如： 8. Petroleum is the largest source of liquid fuel. 石油是液体燃料的最大来源。 初学者翻译时，往往按照原文中的先后顺序，译为“石油是最大液体燃料的来源，这样译法容易产生误解，好象是“最大的修饰“液体燃料，但原文中的 the la

43、rgest无疑修饰source ，译成汉语应将“液体燃料移至“最大之前，即将后置定语 of liquid fuel放在前置定语largest之前，所以译为“石油是液体燃料的最大来源。 9. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. 然而，很多人认为，我们的进步依靠科学的两个不同方面。 如果把这句中的 two different aspects of science译为“两个不同的科学方面，译文中的“两个不同的好似修饰“科学或“科学方面，其实原文中的tw

44、o和different都修饰aspects，译成汉语应将后置定语of science放在前置定语two和different之前，译为“科学的两个不同方面。 以上分三个方面举例说明了英语中前置定语之间、后置定语之间以与前置定语与后置定语之间汉译时变动词序的一般规律。然而，语言的现象千变万化，翻译的灵活性有很大。因此翻译时既要运用一般规律，又要根据不同文体、不同的语言现象作出灵活处理。定 语 从 句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。它的作用相当于形容词, 用来修饰主句中的某一个名词或代词或整个主句，所以也称之为形容词性从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 关系词除起连接作用外还在句中担

45、当一定的句子成分.被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。根据关系词在从句中充当成分的不同,关系词可分为关系代词: who, whom (people), which(things), that, whose关系副词: when, where, why。Who 指人, 在从句中作主语 e.g. Your friend who studies in the college came to see you yesterday. This is the man who helped me.Whom 指人, 在从句中作动词或介词的宾语 e.g. The man whom you want to see has e

46、. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.注：whom 通常被省略或用who/that 替换。常用于非限制性定于从句。Which 指物, 在从句中作主语,宾语，Which 在作宾语时可省略。 e.g. Here is the book which tells about grammar. I have found the car which you lost yesterday.有时候，定语从句指的不是它前面的名词，而是整个句子 e.g. He showed me a photo which upset me. He tore u

47、p my photo, which upset me.正确使用关系代词, 关系代词前要有名词(代词)关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要充当主语,宾语否如此,关系代词前要接介词, 该介词可移至句尾.e.g. He is a man whom I enjoy working with.Whom 前有名词, whom是宾格, 在从句中作宾语。Enjoy 後的动名词working是由不与物动词转化Whom 不能直接作宾语, 所以要加介词。e.g. He is a man for/ with whom I enjoy working.For 可移至句尾：e.g. He is a man whom I enj

48、oy working with/ for. Whom/ which 作介词后作宾语时不能省略.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句用于对主句先行词的补充说明，没有它不影响主句意思的完整，常用逗号把主句和从句分开。从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。 e.g. We were given a lovely double room, which had a sea view. I, who am blind, advise you to use your eyes well. 专有名词, 如: John, Peter, Beijing 独一性名词, 如: my father/mother,

49、 my school 被定语从句修饰时, 由于本身具有特殊性,不需被定语从句加以限定。 e.g. I like John, who works hard. I like my school, which is famous. 限定性定语从句用于对主句先行词加以限制或分类，是句中不可缺少的组成局部，主句和从句之间不能用逗号分开。 普通名词不具有特殊性,定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语,省 去了如此主句的意思就会不完整.从句前不可加逗号. e.g. I like the boy who studies hard. Is this the book which you were looking for

50、.作关系代词的 that 的用法: that 可以代替who, whom, which, 可指人,物， 在从句中作主语, 宾语, 表语。 e.g. Who is the man that is reading the newspaper. He is the man (whom/ that) I can trust. The letter (that /which) I received was from my father.注：作表语表身份时只能用that: e.g. He is not the man (who ) that he was ten years ago. He is not

51、the happy boy that he used to be. The teacher that you are should know how to teach grammar.在限制性定于从句中，用that替换其他关系代词who, whom, which 应注意:其前不可置介词其前不可有逗点 (不可用于非限定性定语从句)e.g. The earth on which we live is a big ball.The earth that / which we live on is a big ball.由that 引导的定语从句1.先行词为不定代词：all/ both/ neithe

52、r/ none/ either/ each/ other/ others/ another/ much/ many/ few/ little/ one/ some/ anything/ nothing/everything等 e.g. All that we can do is to believe her. Is there anything that I can do for you. Much you have read is nonsense.2.先行词被形容词最高级, 序数词, 修饰时e.g. The first lesson that he gave was interesting

53、. It is the most beautiful park that I have ever been to. This is the best that can be done now.3.先行词被不定代词all, every, no, some, any, little, few, much, each等, 和the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时e.g. This is the very dictionary that I want. The only thing that we could do was to wait. You may

54、borrow any book that interest you. I have read all the books (that) you gave me.4.先行词为数词时e.g. I caught two fish yesterday. Now you can see the two that are still alive.5.先行词既有人又有物e.g. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are well known.6.如果有两个定语从句, 应防止重复e.g. The student that was

55、punished is the monitor who studies hard.He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.7.当句中已有who/ which时,定语从句要用that 而不用who(m) / whiche.g. Who is the person that is standing at the gate. Who is the man that is reading the newspaper? Which of us that knows something abou

56、t physics does not know this.Of whom/which, etc.名词和不定代词 (some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many and few) 可以和 of whom/ of which 连用 e.g. Its a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music. He has written a book, the name of which I have forgotten. Weve tested these boots, none o

57、f which is pletely waterproof.这种结构也可以和表数量quantity和最高级the superlatives连用 e.g. a number of whom/three of which/half of which The majority of whom/the youngest of whomOf whom/which 在从句中作主语时，有以下两种结构e.g. Do you see the house the windows of which are all broken?(of which the windows) The eighty passengers

58、, ten of whom were British, all escaped.(of whom ten)定语从句和不定式 介词 + 关系代词 可以和不定式连用 e.g. We moved to the country so the children would have a garden in which to play. 没有介词，不能用这种结构 I cant think of anybody whom to invite. 即使有介词，这种结构也非常正式和不常见的，我们常用更简单的结构。(a garden to play in; neighbours to quarrel with).W

59、hich as determiner有时用抽象名词(case, point, reason, situation, time等)来总结主句的内容时，which 可以用作限定词，构成介词+which+抽象名词 构成定语从句。可以和名词连用的这种结构很正式，常用在介词之后，对所提的事进展不从说明。e.g. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. Ten years of hard work changed her

60、greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight. It rained all night, during which time the ship broke in pieces.Whose 为关系代词所有格, 由his/ her/ their/ my/ your/ its 等所有格变化而成. 在引导的定语从句中作定语,可指人/物 e.g. This is John, whose father is a teacher. People whose home are in town want to liv