虾的营养需求与管理

1、Ahead of your needsShrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding management虾的营养需求和饲养管理Jacques Gabaudan, VMA 葛博顿 博士Omnivorous feeding behavior; active detritivore; forager, but not as aggressive as stylirostris.Diurnal and nocturnal feeding behavior 白天和夜间喂食习惯Low protein requirements in juvenile and sub-ad

2、ult phases (18-20% in the lab; 25-35% in the field) 幼虾和小虾阶段对蛋白需求低（实验室18-20%，野外25-35%）Feed conversions generally 1.0 1.4 under ideal conditions 在理想状态下FCR通常为1.0-1.4Nutritional characteristics of L. Vannamei南美白对虾的营养特征Protein & amino acids 蛋白质和氨基酸Digestive enzymes 消化酶Main digestive enzymes similar to st

3、omachless fishno pepsin无胃蛋白酶trypsin胰岛素chymotrypsin胰凝乳蛋白酶astacin (not in vertabrates)虾红素carboxypeptidases羧肽酶Protease activity increases with dietary protein level 蛋白酶活动性随着饲料蛋白水平的上升而增加Protein & amino acids 蛋白质和氨基酸Apparent digestibility of proteins 蛋白质的表观消化率CP digestibility in shrimps is at least as hi

4、gh as in fishCP digestibility of animal (marine) sources vegetable sourcesThis is due to cell wall components (fiber) antinutritional factors (antitrypsin factor, phytates, gossypol, etc)Few data available for farmed species. When not available, fish data should be considered as reasonable estimates

5、 养殖品种蛋白消化率的数据很少。在鱼中的有关数据可以合理估计Protein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸Apparent protein digestibility, Asian seabass(Boonyaratpalin & Williams, 2000)Protein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸Protein sources for L. vanameiFish meal seem to have lower nutritional value for shrimp than for fishWheat gluten higly digestible but l

6、imiting in Lys, Met and ArgSoybean meal good source of protein. Inclusion levels can range from 20 to 50% and thus can replace part of the FM. Palatability of feed might decrease as SBM increases.Cottonseed meal is relatively palatable to P. vannamei but inclusion level 25% (or 1100 ppm free gossypo

7、l). CSM is low in Lys and MetPoultry by-product meal could replace up to 66% of the fish meal in an 8- week trial (final BW2.2g)Rapeseed meal Upper limit for growth and survival 15 % of the dietary proteinSupplementation with free aminoacidsCrustacea 添加自由氨基酸甲壳动物many investigators believe that free A

8、A are not efficiently used by juvenile shrimps.Teshima (1992) improved the efficiency by binding AA to proteins, making a plastein.Chen et al (1992) showed that microencapsulated crystalline arginine enhanced growth of P monodon as opposed to pure cristalline arginineLeaching seem to be the main rea

9、son for the poor results obtained with free AAHowever free AA can stimulate feed intake and thus improve shrimp performance without contributing to dietary protein valueSupplementation with free aminoacidsFish - 1 添加自由氨基酸鱼类（一）Supplemental available lysine (% dry diet)Weight gain (g/fish)Free lysine,

10、 T1Protein-bound lysine, T2Zarate & Lovell 1997Comparison of the slopesshow that protein-boundlysine was 63 % more efficient than free lysineGrowth response of channel catfish fed diets containing increasingconcentrations of free lysine or protein-bound lysineSupplementation with free aminoacidsFish

11、 - 2 添加自由氨基酸鱼类（二） L-lysine.HCl utilisation in rainbow trout is related to CP level :55% for CP = 35%71% for CP = 55% Rodehutscord et al 2000aL-lysine.HCl and L-lysine sulfate utilisation in rainbow trout is equivalent and averages 68% (CP=55%)Lovell (1998) suggests that fish do not utilize free AA w

12、ell because free AA are not absorbed at the same time as AA from the dietary proteinsProtein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸Protein requirement 蛋白质需求Protein requirement depends on : 蛋白质需求取决于：Optimum dietary requirement : 最佳日粮需求Protein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸IAA 必须氨基酸Qualitative : - Same as those for vertabrates-

13、Cystine and tyrosine spare MET and PHEQuantitative :- Most requirements not determined- Recommendations based on shrimp muscle and clam compositionAkiyama et al. 1991; NRC 1993Lipid requirement脂类需求量Most studies indicate that best survival and weight gain is obtained with dietary level of one or a mi

14、xture of oils ranging from5 to 8 % and 16-18 MJ/kg*An excess of lipids increases the lipid concentration of the hepatopancreas which reduces the metabolic rateL. vannamei have a requirement for n-3 (linolenic) and n-6 fatty (linoleic) acids as well as for HUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) 0.5% n-3 and 0.5%

15、 n-6HUFAS show a greater nutritive value than PUFASBest sources are : fish oil, linseed oil and soybean oilSources: DAbramo 1998 and Lim et al 1997* GEDietary cholesterol and soy lecithin (PL)饲料中的胆固醇和大豆磷脂Crustaceans cannot synthesize sterols de novo and therefore require a dietary source of sterols

16、for survival and growth.Cholesterol has a high nutrutive value as a source of sterols which are precursors of steroid and molting hormones.Phospholipids accelerate transport of cholesterol and other lipids and were found to be indispensible to support growth and survival.Interaction between choleste

17、rol and phospholipids is higly significant:Gong-Hui et al. 2000L. vannameiCarbohydrates碳水化合物Shrimp utilize carbohydrates for energy but efficiency varies with source and dietary level.Polysaccharides are better utilized than monosaccharidesCarbohydrates have a sparing effect on the utilization of pr

18、oteinsFew studies with L. vannameiMineral requirements 矿物需求Davis and Lawrence, 1997Interactions between Ca and PJuvenile L. monodon grew better with no supplemental Ca and 0.5% supp. Pthan with Ca and 0.5, 1.0 or more supp. P(Penaflorida, 1999)Ca should therefore be kept low in the formula in order

19、to minimize supplemental PVitamin requirements维生素需求量Per kg feedChemoattractants and feeding stimulants化学引诱剂和摄食刺激物 Shrimp/fish utilize “chemical signals” to identify and orient towards prey, vision Chemoattractants work from a distance while stimulants function upon contact with chemoreceptors Chemic

20、al classes : amino acids, nucleotides, small amines, small peptides, organic acids and hexoses. These chemicals are common metabolites of marine animals. Complex mixtures elicit stronger responses than individual chemicals.Sites for chemoreceptor cells in shrimpChemoattractants & feeding stimulants

21、of Crustacea 甲壳类的化学引诱剂和摄食刺激物I- ChemoattractantsFish mealfish solublesSquid mealSquid liver mealSquid oilShrimp mealShrimp head offalII- Feeding stimulantsArginineGlycineBetaineGlutamateGlucoseTaurineNucleotidesAstaxanthin Metabolism in Shrimp虾类的虾青素代谢Dietary intake of astaxanthin + precursorsConversi

22、on by shrimp to astaxanthinStorage in epidermis + hepatopancreas as astaxanthin estersConverted back to astaxanthin as needed for catabolismMaturation and gonadal developmentNormal requirementsIncreased requirements for stressCarotenoid content of shrimp depends on life history (P. monodon data)Lats

23、cha, 1988Yamada et al., 1990Effect of dietary astaxanthin on survival of penaeid shrimp饲料中虾青素对虾成活率的影响Tissue astaxanthin content is correlated to survival in post larval Penaeus monodon班节对虾仔虾成活率与组织中虾青素含量相关1729390204060102030405060Shrimp astaxanthin concentration (mg/kg dry weight)Survival (%)R2 = 0.3

24、947P 0.001y = -2.69 + 1.51xPan et al. (1999)Dietary astaxanthin improves survival following ammonia stress in juvenile Penaeus monodon饲料中的虾青素可提高经过氨氮应激的班节对虾幼虾的成活率Chien et al. (in review)Hemolymph superoxide dismutase affected by dietary astaxanthin in juvenile Penaeus monodon 饲料中的虾青素对班节对虾幼虾血液淋巴超氧化物Ch

25、ien et al. (in review)Astax-fecundity/g.ppt Effect of astaxanthin on fecundity of pond sourced Penaeus monodon broodstockFecundity (eggs/gram female)Analyzed dietary astaxanthin (ppm)2.350100Natural food control*50% squid, 50% musselPanganthihon-Kuhlmann et al., (1999)Example of a high performance 3

26、5% protein grow-out feed for intensive culture of vannamei 实例：精养系统中， 35%蛋白的南美白对虾高效成长饲料0.07Vit C 35% 维生素C 35%2.0Wheat gluten meal 小麦麸0.12Choline chloride 氯化胆碱2.7Squid meal 鱿鱼粉0.2Vitamin premix 维生素预混料3.0Menhaden oil 曼哈顿鱼油0.2Mineral premix 矿物预混料3.0Soy lecithin 大豆卵磷脂0.69Potassium phosphate dibasic 磷酸二氢钾

27、3.0Brewers yeast 啤酒酵母0.69Calcium phosphate monobasic 磷酸一钙10.5Soybean meal 豆粕2.0Binder 粘和剂24.5Fish meal 鱼粉2.0Krill hydrolysate 磷虾水解产物45.3Whole wheat 小麦Clifford, 200235% protein grow-out feed for semi-intensive and intensive culture of vannamei 精养和半精养系统中， 35%蛋白的南美白对虾高效成长饲料0.2Choline chloride 氯化胆碱7.0Wh

28、eat middlings 次粉1.0Lecithin 卵磷脂8.0Shrimp meal 虾粉1.0Tuna oil 金枪鱼油10.0Wheat flour 小麦面粉1.5Dicalcium phosphate 磷酸二氢钙 14.0Ground corn 玉米（破碎）2.0Vitamin mineral premix 维生素矿物质预混料15.0Corn gluten meal 玉米粕2.0Brewers yeast 啤酒酵母16.0Soybean meal 豆粕4.0Menhaden (fish) meal 曼哈顿鱼粉18.0Herring (fish) meal 青鱼粉Clifford,

29、2002Composite %BW feeding curve ( 30C) compiled from major feed manufacturers in the Americas 30C时投饲量指南（综合美洲主要饲料生产商的数据而得）1.9243.0122.0233.1112.0223.3102.1213.592.1203.882.2194.172.3184.462.4175.352.5166.142.6157.332.7149.522.81313.91% BW / daySize (g)% BW / daySize (g)Clifford, 2002“Peruvian method”

30、: 15-25 trays/ha; 100% of feed on trays; check all trays; measures actual consumption; labor-intensive; not commonIndicator method: 1-2 trays/ha.; sub-sampling; estimate consumption; low labor; most popularFeeding tray strategies投饲盘策略Checking feed trays 检查投料盘Clifford, 2002Peruvian feed tray method 秘

31、鲁投料盘方法Clifford, 2002Deploy 25-30 trays per ha. for 25 shrimp/m; add one tray/ha for each additional shrimp/m. This is equivalent to 10,000 shrimp/tray.Trays placed 20 m apart, 5-10 m from dike; position changed after each harvest.Weeks 1-2 of cycle: no trays3rd week: use trays, but no adjustmentsRemove uneaten feed, measure volumetrically, and convert to weight basis.Feed 3-6x/day, depending upon age of shrimp.Dont feed at night due to difficulty of reading trays.Workers motivated by bonuses linked to FCR and growth.Peruvian method Example fro